Atnaujinkite slapukų nuostatas

Monte Carlo Calculations in Nuclear Medicine: APPLICATIONS IN DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING [Kietas viršelis]

Edited by (University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester, USA), Edited by (Lund University Hospital, Sweden, and Lund University, Sweden), Edited by (Lund University Hospital, Sweden, and Lund University, Sweden)
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Monte Carlo Calculations in Nuclear Medicine: APPLICATIONS IN DIAGNOSTIC IMAGINGDidesnis paveikslėlis
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Pastovi nuoroda: https://www.kriso.lt/db/9780750304795.html
Raktažodžiai:
Monte Carlo (MC) methods have proved invaluable in developing a range of computer programs to enhance images in different modalities, including PET and SPECT. Monte Carlo Calculations in Nuclear Medicine: Applications in Diagnostic Imaging is the first book to cover applications of MC methods in nuclear medicine, from first principles to current computer applications. Written by international contributors, the book reviews different types of computer code and provides reference software packages. It also demonstrates how MC techniques can be used to evaluate scatter in SPECT and PET imaging, collimation, and image deterioration.
List of Contributors xvii Preface xxi Introduction to the Monte Carlo Method 1(12) M Ljungberg Introduction 1(1) The random number generator 2(1) Sampling techniques 3(2) The distribution function method 3(1) The `rejection method 4(1) Mixed methods 4(1) Examples of sampling in photon interaction simulations 5(6) Cross-section data 5(1) Photon path length 6(1) Selection of the type of photon interaction 7(1) Incoherent photon scattering 7(2) Coherent photon scattering 9(1) Coordinate calculations 9(1) Example of a calculation scheme 10(1) Variance reduction methods 11(1) References 11(2) Variance Reduction Techniques 13(12) D R Haynor Why are variance reduction techniques necessary? 13(1) Weights and their management 14(4) Weights and the Monte Carlo evaluation of definite integrals 14(3) Weights in the simulation of random walk processes 17(1) Applications of variance reduction techniques in nuclear medicine simulations 18(5) Photoelectric absorption 18(1) Sampling from complex angular distributions: coherent scattering and the use of form factors in Compton scattering 18(1) Detector interactions 19(1) Preventing particle escape 20(1) Collimator penetration/scatter 20(1) Forced detection 21(1) Stratification 22(1) Use of weight windows, splitting, and Russian roulette 23(1) Modifications for positron imaging 23(1) Conclusions 23(1) References 24(1) Anthropomorphic Phantoms 25(12) I G Zubal Introduction 25(1) Early anthropomorphic phantoms 26(2) Voxel-based phantoms 28(3) Access and display 31(1) Dedicated brain phantom 31(2) Discussion 33(1) Acknowledgment 34(1) References 34(3) General Monte Carlo Codes for Use in Medical Radiation Physics 37(16) P M Ljungberg Introduction 37(1) Monte Carlo codes in the public domain 38(5) The EGS system 38(2) The ETRAN and Its systems 40(1) The MCNP system 41(1) Other Monte Carlo codes 42(1) Geometry in the Monte Carlo codes 43(1) Comparison between EGS and Its for low-energy photons 44(3) Conclusions 47(1) Appendix 4.1 48(1) Appendix 4.2 49(1) Appendix 4.3 50(1) References 50(3) An Introduction to Scintillation Detector Physics 53(10) P D Esser Introduction 53(1) Scintillators: NaI(Tl) 54(4) Scintillators: bismuth germinate (BGO) 58(1) Pulse shape 59(1) Photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) 59(3) Acknowledgment 62(1) References 62(1) The Scintillation Camera---Basic Principles 63(14) S-E Strand Introduction 63(1) Principles for the scintillation camera 64(1) The detector 65(1) Optical coupling---the light guide 65(1) Electronics 66(1) Analogue circuits 66(1) Digital circuits 67(1) Pileup and mispositioning 67(1) Correction circuits 68(1) Corrections in light guide and preamplifier 68(1) Correction for position nonlinearity 68(1) Correction for energy nonlinearity 68(1) Correction for remaining nonuniformity 68(1) Correction for drift 69(1) Correction for dead time and pulse pileup 69(1) Sensitivity and resolution 69(2) Photon collimation 71(1) System sensitivity and system resolution 71(1) Intrinsic linearity 72(1) Intrinsic uniformity 72(1) SPECT 72(1) 511 keV imaging 73(1) Monte Carlo simulations for scintillation cameras 74(1) Acknowledgments 74(1) References 75(2) The Simset Program 77(16) T K Lewellen R L Harrison S Vannoy Introduction 77(1) Software development 78(2) Photon history generator 80(6) The binning module 86(2) The collimator and detector modules 88(1) Utilities 89(1) Future development 89(2) Acknowledgment 91(1) References 91(2) Vectorized Monte Carlo Code for Modelling Photon Transport in Nuclear Medicine 93(18) M F Smith Introduction 93(1) Monte Carlo code structures 94(3) MCMATV: a vectorized Monte Carlo code for photon transport in a uniform cylinder 97(4) Description of the code 97(3) Program performance and applications 100(1) MCMATV3D: a vectorized Monte Carlo code for photon transport in heterogeneous media 101(5) Description of the code 101(1) Program performance and applications 102(3) Additional development of MCMATV3D 105(1) Acknowledgments 106(1) References 107(4) The Simspect Simulation System 111(14) M-J Belanger, A B Dobrzeniecki J C Yanch Introduction 111(1) The SimSPECT code 112(1) The ListMode output 113(1) The requirements 114(1) Validation 115(7) Collimator response 115(1) Noise simulation 116(5) Comparison of experimental and simulated data 121(1) Current applications 122(1) References 123(2) Monte Carlo Simulation of Photon Transport in Gamma Camera Collimators 125(20) D J de Vries S C Moore Introduction 125(1) Methods 126(12) Photon interactions in matter 127(1) Variance reduction techniques 128(2) Simulated sources and phantoms 130(2) Simulated collimators 132(1) Simulated detector 133(2) User interface 135(2) Validation of the simulation program 137(1) Results and discussion 138(2) Future work 140(1) Conclusion 140(1) Appendix 10.1 Constraints for determination of effective values for the backscatter compartment 140(2) Appendix 10.2 Estimate of statistical uncertainty for simulated point spread functions 142(1) References 143(2) The Simind Monte Carlo Program 145(20) M Ljungberg Introduction 145(2) Basic algorithm 147(1) Interactions in the phantom 148(2) Programming SIMIND 150(4) The score routine 151(1) The source routine 152(2) The isotope routine 154(1) The user interface 154(1) Transmission imaging 155(1) Temporal resolution 156(1) Examples of research work undertaken with SIMIND 157(3) References 160(5) Monte Carlo in Spect Scatter Correction 165(18) K F Koral The basic problem 165(1) Solution by energy discrimination? 165(1) Use of the Monte Carlo method 166(1) Scatter correction without subtraction 166(1) Scatter correction by subtraction 167(1) 99mTc 167(9) Correction techniques 167(6) Reconstructed activity from scatter and comparison of correction methods 173(3) Accuracy of Monte Carlo 176(1) 201T1 176(1) 11In 177(1) 131I 177(1) Alternatives to Monte Carlo 178(1) Additions to Monte Carlo 178(1) Conclusions from Monte Carlo 179(1) References 179(4) Design of a Collimator for Imaging 111In 183(1) S C Moore D J de Vries B C Penney S P Mueller M F Kijewski Introduction 183(12) Study of spectral components 184(2) Collimator PSFs and efficiencies: functional parametrizations 190(7) Conclusions 193(1) Acknowledgment 193(1) References 193(2) Estimation of the Lung Regions from Compton Scatter Data in Spect 195(12) Tin-Su Pan M A King Introduction 195(1) Phantom study 196(1) Estimation of the lung regions 197(2) Patient study 199(2) Cold lung regions 201(3) Conclusions and future work 204(1) References 204(3) The Monte Carlo Method Applied in Other Areas of Spect Imaging 207(14) M Ljungberg Introduction 207(1) Energy pulse-height distribution analysis 207(1) Monte Carlo simulation in the development and simulation of scatter models for Spect 208(5) Monte Carlo simulation of multi-window imaging 213(3) Evaluation of lesion detection by ROC analysis using the Monte Carlo method 216(2) References 218(3) Positron Emission Tomography---Basic Principles 221(12) K Erlandsson T Ohlsson Introduction 221(1) The β+ decay 222(1) PET scanners 222(5) Area detector scanners 223(2) Ring detector scanners 225(2) Data corrections 227(2) Monte Carlo simulations for PET 229(1) References 229(4) Petsim: Monte Carlo Simulation of Positron Imaging Systems 233(16) C J Thompson Y Picard Introduction 233(2) Structure of the PET simulation 235(1) Source distribution simulation 236(1) Source scattering geometry simulation 237(3) Collimator simulation 240(1) Detector simulation 241(2) Analysis program 243(1) Resolution program 244(1) Examples 245(2) Efficiency and scatter fraction dependence changes with ring offset 245(1) Components of spatial resolution with crystal size 246(1) Acknowledgments 247(1) References 247(2) Monte Carlo in Quantitative 3D PET: Scatter 249(24) R S Miyaoka R L Harrison Introduction 249(1) Scatter corrections for 3D PET 250(1) Scatter in 3D PET emission imaging 251(10) The effect of energy---thresholds and windows 253(3) Single and multiple scatter 256(2) Other considerations 258(3) Scatter in transmission imaging 261(5) Experimental methods 262(1) The effect of energy---thresholds and windows 263(2) Single and multiple scatter 265(1) Conclusion 266(2) Acknowledgments 268(1) References 268(5) Application of Monte Carlo Methods in 3D PET Design 273(16) M Dahlbom L Eriksson Introduction 273(1) The block-detector design 274(1) Geometrical design of the positron camera systems 275(2) Monte Carlo simulations 277(1) Scatter distribution 278(2) Modelling of the electronic performance 280(2) Noise equivalent counts 282(1) Count rate simulations 283(1) Discussion 283(4) Summary 287(1) References 287(2) Summary 289(2) M Ljungberg S-E Strand M A King Biosketches 291(12) Index 303