1 A Brief History of Fetal Monitoring, Historical Overview |
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1 | (9) |
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Randomized Trials of Electronic Fetal Monitoring |
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2 | (2) |
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Research at the End of the Twentieth Century |
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4 | (1) |
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Fetal Monitoring in the Twenty-First Century |
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5 | (1) |
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6 | (4) |
2 Physiologic Basis for Electronic Fetal Heart Rate Monitoring |
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10 | (17) |
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Transfer of Oxygen from the Environment to the Fetus |
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10 | (13) |
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11 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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13 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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15 | (6) |
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21 | (1) |
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21 | (2) |
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Fetal Response to Interrupted Oxygen Transfer |
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23 | (2) |
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23 | (1) |
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24 | (1) |
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25 | (2) |
3 Methods and Instrumentation |
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27 | (48) |
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Intermittent Auscultation of Fetal Heart Rate |
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27 | (9) |
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27 | (3) |
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30 | (2) |
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Utilization, Procedure, and Frequency of Intermittent Auscultation |
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32 | (1) |
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Documentation of Auscultated Fetal Heart Rate |
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33 | (2) |
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Interpretation of Auscultated Fetal Heart Rate |
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35 | (1) |
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Benefits and Limitations of Auscultation |
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35 | (1) |
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Electronic Fetal Monitoring |
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36 | (3) |
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36 | (1) |
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Converting Raw Data Into a Visual Display of FHR |
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37 | (2) |
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External Mode of Monitoring |
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39 | (5) |
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39 | (3) |
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42 | (2) |
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Advantages and Limitations of External Transducers |
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44 | (1) |
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Internal Mode of Monitoring |
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44 | (7) |
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44 | (1) |
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45 | (1) |
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Situations Requiring Caution |
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46 | (1) |
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Intrauterine Pressure Catheter |
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47 | (3) |
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Advantages and Limitations of Internal Monitoring |
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50 | (1) |
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Display of Fetal Heart Rate, Uterine Activity, and Other Information |
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51 | (18) |
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52 | (1) |
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Monitoring Multiple Gestations |
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52 | (4) |
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Artifact Detection and Signal Ambiguity (Coincidence) with MHR |
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56 | (5) |
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61 | (1) |
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Troubleshooting the Monitor |
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61 | (3) |
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Computerized Perinatal Data Systems |
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64 | (4) |
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68 | (1) |
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Integrated Abdominal Fetal Heart Rate and Uterine Activity Monitoring |
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69 | (3) |
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72 | (3) |
4 Uterine Activity Evaluation and Management |
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75 | (28) |
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Assessment Methods: Palpation and Electronic Monitoring |
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75 | (5) |
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75 | (1) |
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Electronic Monitoring of Uterine Activity |
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76 | (4) |
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80 | (1) |
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Defining Adequate Uterine Activity |
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81 | (4) |
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Defining Excessive Uterine Activity |
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85 | (6) |
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Common Underlying Causes of Excessive Uterine Activity |
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91 | (1) |
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Interventions to Decrease Excessive Uterine Activity |
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91 | (1) |
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New Trends in Labor Support and Management |
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91 | (4) |
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Latent Phase Abnormalities |
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92 | (1) |
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Active-Phase Abnormalities |
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93 | (1) |
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Second-Stage Abnormalities |
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94 | (1) |
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Uterine Activity and Oxytocin Use |
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95 | (3) |
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98 | (5) |
5 Pattern Recognition and Interpretation |
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103 | (41) |
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The Evolution of Standardized FHR Definitions |
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103 | (5) |
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The 2008 NICHD Consensus Report |
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103 | (3) |
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Evidence-based Interpretation of FHR Patterns |
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106 | (2) |
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NICHD Definitions: General Considerations |
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108 | (1) |
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Five Essential Components of an FHR Tracing |
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109 | (1) |
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Definitions, Physiology, and Interpretation of Specific FHR Patterns |
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109 | (2) |
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109 | (2) |
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Categories of Baseline Rate |
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111 | (6) |
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111 | (2) |
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113 | (1) |
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114 | (3) |
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Categories of Baseline Variability |
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117 | (6) |
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117 | (2) |
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119 | (1) |
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119 | (1) |
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120 | (1) |
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120 | (1) |
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121 | (1) |
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122 | (1) |
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123 | (8) |
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123 | (1) |
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124 | (2) |
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126 | (3) |
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129 | (2) |
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131 | (1) |
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Terms and Concepts Not Supported by Evidence or Consensus |
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132 | (6) |
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132 | (1) |
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132 | (1) |
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132 | (1) |
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133 | (1) |
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End-stage Bradycardia and Terminal Bradycardia |
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133 | (1) |
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134 | (1) |
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Atypical Variable Decelerations |
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134 | (1) |
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Variable Deceleration with a Late Component |
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134 | (1) |
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Mild, Moderate, and Severe Variable Decelerations |
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135 | (1) |
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V-shaped Variables and W-shaped Variables |
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136 | (1) |
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Good Variability Within the Deceleration |
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136 | (1) |
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Other Mechanisms That Lack Scientific Basis |
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136 | (2) |
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138 | (6) |
6 Intrapartum Management of the Fetal Heart Rate Tracing |
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144 | (24) |
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144 | (14) |
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145 | (1) |
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Confirm FHR and Uterine Activity |
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146 | (1) |
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146 | (2) |
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A Standardized "ABCD" Approach to FHR Management |
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148 | (3) |
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A: Assess the Oxygen Pathway and Consider Other Causes of FHR Changes |
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151 | (1) |
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B: Begin Corrective Measures as Indicated |
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152 | (3) |
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C: Clear Obstacles to Rapid Delivery |
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155 | (1) |
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156 | (1) |
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Expectant Management Versus Delivery |
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156 | (2) |
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Other Methods of Fetal Monitoring |
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158 | (5) |
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Intrapartum Fetal Scalp pH and Lactate Determination |
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158 | (1) |
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Fetal Scalp Stimulation and Vibroacoustic Stimulation |
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158 | (1) |
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159 | (1) |
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159 | (1) |
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159 | (2) |
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Umbilical Cord Blood Gas Analysis |
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161 | (2) |
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163 | (5) |
7 Influence of Gestational Age on Fetal Heart Rate |
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168 | (21) |
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168 | (13) |
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Baseline Fetal Heart Rate in the Preterm Fetus |
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170 | (1) |
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Baseline Variability in the Preterm Fetus |
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170 | (1) |
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Periodic and Episodic Heart Rate Changes in the Preterm Fetus |
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170 | (2) |
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Behavioral States in the Preterm Fetus |
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172 | (3) |
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175 | (1) |
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Tocolytic Therapy and Effect on Fetal Heart Rate |
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175 | (5) |
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Monitoring the Preterm Fetus |
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180 | (1) |
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The Late Term and Postterm Fetus |
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181 | (2) |
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Risks Associated with Postterm Pregnancy |
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182 | (1) |
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Management of Postterm Pregnancy |
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183 | (1) |
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183 | (6) |
8 Fetal Assessment in Non-obstetric Settings |
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189 | (21) |
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Pregnancy Anatomy and Physiology |
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189 | (2) |
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Emergency Department Assessment and Care |
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191 | (2) |
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Pregnant Trauma Victim Assessment and Care |
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193 | (8) |
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MaternalFetal Transport, Assessment, and Care |
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193 | (3) |
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Primary and Secondary Survey in the Emergency Department |
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196 | (3) |
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Emergent and Perimortem Cesarean Birth |
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199 | (2) |
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Stabilization and Discharge |
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201 | (1) |
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Non-obstetric Surgical Procedures: MaternalFetal Assessment and Care |
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201 | (5) |
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Intraoperative MaternalFetal Assessment |
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202 | (2) |
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Surgery When Gestation Is Greater Than |
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204 | (1) |
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205 | (1) |
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206 | (1) |
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206 | (4) |
9 Antepartum Fetal Assessment |
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210 | (22) |
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Comparing Antepartum Testing Methods |
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210 | (4) |
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214 | (3) |
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Contraction Stress Test and Oxytocin Challenge Test |
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214 | (1) |
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Interpretation and Management |
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214 | (1) |
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Advantages and Limitations |
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215 | (1) |
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Procedures for Contraction Stress Testing |
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216 | (1) |
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217 | (3) |
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Interpretation and Management |
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218 | (1) |
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Advantages and Disadvantages |
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219 | (1) |
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220 | (2) |
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Interpretation and Management |
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220 | (1) |
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Advantages and Limitations |
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221 | (1) |
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The Modified Biophysical Profile |
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222 | (2) |
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Interpretation and Management |
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222 | (1) |
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Advantages and Limitations |
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223 | (1) |
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224 | (1) |
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Interpretation and Management |
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224 | (1) |
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Umbilical Artery Doppler Velocimetry |
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224 | (1) |
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225 | (3) |
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Amniocentesis for Fetal Lung Maturity |
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225 | (3) |
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228 | (4) |
10 Patient Safety, Risk Management, and Documentation |
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232 | (32) |
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232 | (3) |
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Error Prevention and Risk Reduction |
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235 | (6) |
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High-Reliability Perinatal Units |
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235 | (1) |
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Guidelines to Promote Safety and Reduce Risks |
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236 | (5) |
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Adverse Outcomes and Litigation |
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241 | (4) |
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Disclosure of Unanticipated Outcomes |
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242 | (1) |
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242 | (1) |
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EFM, IA, and Informed Consent |
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243 | (1) |
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Notification and Clinical Review |
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244 | (1) |
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Reporting of Sentinel Events |
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245 | (1) |
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245 | (13) |
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Components of Care: Assessment, Communication, Documentation |
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246 | (4) |
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Documentation Issues Specific to Electronic Fetal Monitoring |
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250 | (4) |
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Electronic Medical Records and Information Systems |
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254 | (4) |
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258 | (6) |
11 Obstetric Models and Electronic Fetal Monitoring in Europe |
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264 | (14) |
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264 | (2) |
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Electronic Fetal Monitoring (EFM)-Cardiotocography (CTG) |
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266 | (8) |
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266 | (1) |
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Guidelines for Terminology and Interpretation |
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267 | (1) |
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Examples of 1- and 2-cm CTG Tracings |
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268 | (1) |
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Methods of Determining Fetal AcidBase Status |
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268 | (6) |
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274 | (4) |
Appendix A: Amnioinfusion |
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278 | (3) |
Appendix B: Instructions for Reviewing Appendix B FHR Tracings |
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281 | (31) |
Appendix C: Self-Assessment |
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312 | (6) |
Index |
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318 | |