| Preface |
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xv | |
| 1 Introduction to MPLS and SDN |
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1 | (42) |
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1 | (4) |
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5 | (14) |
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Router Types in a Service Provider |
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6 | (2) |
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8 | (5) |
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BGP Route Signaling and Redundancy |
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13 | (5) |
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Packet Forwarding in a BGP-Less Core |
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18 | (1) |
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19 | (12) |
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20 | (2) |
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22 | (1) |
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MPLS Configuration and Forwarding Plane |
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23 | (7) |
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Forwarding Equivalence Class |
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30 | (1) |
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30 | (1) |
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31 | (3) |
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OpenFlow-Flow-Based Forwarding |
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32 | (1) |
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33 | (1) |
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34 | (3) |
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Separation of the Control and Forwarding Planes |
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35 | (1) |
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36 | (1) |
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37 | (6) |
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38 | (5) |
| 2 The Four MPLS Builders |
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43 | (82) |
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44 | (24) |
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LDP Discovery and LDP Sessions |
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45 | (3) |
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48 | (8) |
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LDP and Equal-Cost Multipath |
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56 | (4) |
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LDP Implementation Details |
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60 | (4) |
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64 | (1) |
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Protecting LDP Networks from Traffic Blackholing |
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65 | (3) |
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68 | (24) |
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70 | (8) |
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78 | (7) |
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RSVP-Constrained Paths and ECMP |
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85 | (5) |
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90 | (1) |
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91 | (1) |
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92 | (12) |
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94 | (5) |
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99 | (3) |
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SPRING Adjacency Segments |
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102 | (1) |
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A Comparison of LDP, RSVP-TE, and SPRING |
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103 | (1) |
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104 | (21) |
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IGP-Free Large-Scale Data Centers |
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105 | (3) |
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108 | (6) |
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Service Configuration in an IGP-Less Topology |
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114 | (5) |
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BGP-LU-Signaling and Forwarding Plane |
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119 | (2) |
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121 | (4) |
| 3 Layer 3 Unicast MPLS Services |
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125 | (52) |
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6PE: IPv6 Transport in an IPv4/MPLS Core |
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126 | (11) |
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6PE-Backbone Configuration at the PEs |
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127 | (1) |
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128 | (1) |
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6PE-Access Configuration at the PEs |
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129 | (2) |
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131 | (2) |
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133 | (4) |
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BGP/MPLS IP Virtual Private Networks |
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137 | (29) |
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Attachment Circuits and Access Virtualization |
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138 | (2) |
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140 | (1) |
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141 | (5) |
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146 | (2) |
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L3VPN-Backbone Configuration at the PEs |
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148 | (1) |
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149 | (1) |
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L3VPN-VRF Configuration at the PEs |
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150 | (4) |
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L3VPN-Routing Tables in Junos |
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154 | (2) |
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L3VPN-Service Label Allocation |
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156 | (1) |
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157 | (6) |
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163 | (2) |
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Internet Access from a VRF |
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165 | (1) |
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166 | (4) |
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166 | (2) |
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168 | (1) |
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169 | (1) |
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Coupling MPLS Services to Transport Planes |
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170 | (7) |
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Configuring Several Loopbacks in the Default Instance |
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170 | (1) |
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Signaling LSPs to Different Loopback Addresses |
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171 | (4) |
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Changing the Service Routes' BGP Next Hop |
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175 | (2) |
| 4 Internet Multicast Over MPLS |
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177 | (42) |
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178 | (3) |
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179 | (1) |
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180 | (1) |
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Classic Internet Multicast |
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181 | (10) |
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Starting Multicast Sources and Receivers |
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181 | (2) |
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Signaling the Multicast Tree |
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183 | (5) |
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Classic Internet Multicast-Connecting Multicast Islands Across the Core |
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188 | (3) |
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Signaling Join State Between Remote PEs |
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191 | (8) |
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Carrier IP Multicast Flavors |
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191 | (1) |
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Direct Inter-PE Model-PE-to-PE PIM Adjacencies over Unicast IP Tunnels |
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192 | (2) |
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Direct Inter-PE Model-PE-to-PE PIM Adjacencies over Multicast IP Tunnels |
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194 | (3) |
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Direct Inter-PE Model-PE-PE PIM Adjacencies over MPLS Label- Switched Paths |
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197 | (1) |
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Beyond the Direct Inter-PE Model-Not Establishing PE-PE PIM Adjacencies |
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198 | (1) |
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Internet Multicast over MPLS with In-Band Multipoint LDP Signaling |
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199 | (20) |
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200 | (1) |
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201 | (7) |
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Life of a C-Multicast Packet in an mLDP P2MP LSP |
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208 | (5) |
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213 | (3) |
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216 | (1) |
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Other Internet Multicast over MPLS Flavors |
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217 | (2) |
| 5 Multicast VPN |
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219 | (52) |
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BGP Multicast VPN with mLDP Transport |
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220 | (27) |
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220 | (4) |
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224 | (2) |
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226 | (2) |
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Signaling C-Multicast (S, G) Join State with BGP |
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228 | (6) |
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Signaling Provider Tunnels-BGP and the PMSI Attribute |
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234 | (7) |
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Signaling Provider Tunnels-Multipoint LDP for Transport |
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241 | (6) |
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BGP Multicast VPN with RSVP-TE P2MP Transport |
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247 | (10) |
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Advertising the Inclusive PMSI-RSVP-TE P2MP |
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248 | (2) |
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Advertising Selective PMSIs-RSVP-TE P2MP |
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250 | (2) |
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Signaling P- Tunnels with RSVP-TE P2MP |
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252 | (5) |
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BGP Multicast VPN with Ingress Replication |
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257 | (3) |
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258 | (1) |
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259 | (1) |
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BGP Multicast VPN with Other P- Tunnel Flavors |
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260 | (1) |
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CE Multihoming in BGP Multicast VPN |
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260 | (3) |
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260 | (1) |
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260 | (2) |
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Choosing the Best RD Scheme |
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262 | (1) |
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BGP Multicast VPN with C-PIM ASM |
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263 | (5) |
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263 | (3) |
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C-Rendezvous Point-PE and CE Configuration |
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266 | (1) |
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C-Multicast Signaling-ASM Mode with C-RP at the PEs |
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267 | (1) |
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Noncongruent C-Unicast and C-Multicast |
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268 | (3) |
| 6 Point-to-Point Layer 2 VPNs |
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271 | (46) |
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271 | (9) |
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272 | (3) |
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L2VPN Topological Classification |
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275 | (1) |
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L2VPN Signaling and Transport |
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276 | (1) |
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P2P L2VPN-Varied Access Technologies |
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277 | (1) |
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L2VPN Flavors Covered in This Book |
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278 | (2) |
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280 | (27) |
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280 | (1) |
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BGP VPWS Configuration at the PEs |
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281 | (3) |
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284 | (5) |
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289 | (2) |
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BGP VPWS-CE Multihoming to Several PEs |
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291 | (6) |
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Ethernet OAM (802.3ah, 802.1ag) |
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297 | (1) |
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BGP VPWS-VLAN Tag Multiplexing |
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298 | (2) |
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BGP VPWS-VLAN Tag Translation and Manipulation |
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300 | (3) |
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BGP VPWS-PW Head-End (PWHE) |
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303 | (3) |
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306 | (1) |
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307 | (10) |
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LDP VPWS Configuration at the PEs |
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308 | (1) |
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LDP VPWS Signaling and Forwarding Planes |
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309 | (1) |
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LDP VPWS-CE Multihoming and PW Redundancy |
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310 | (2) |
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LDP VPWS-VLAN Tag Multiplexing |
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312 | (2) |
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LDP VPWS-VLAN Tag Translation and Manipulation |
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314 | (1) |
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314 | (1) |
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315 | (2) |
| 7 Virtual Private LAN Service |
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317 | (30) |
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317 | (3) |
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320 | (6) |
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320 | (2) |
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322 | (2) |
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BGP VPLS-Efficient BUM Replication |
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324 | (2) |
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326 | (6) |
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326 | (2) |
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328 | (2) |
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LDP VPLS-Autodiscovery via BGP |
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330 | (2) |
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VLANs and Learning Domains in VPLS |
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332 | (5) |
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VPLS in default VLAN mode |
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333 | (1) |
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Junos VPLS Instances-Normalized VLAN Mode |
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334 | (1) |
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Junos VPLS Instances-VLAN-Free Mode |
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335 | (1) |
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Junos VPLS Instances-VLAN-Aware Mode |
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336 | (1) |
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336 | (1) |
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Integrated Routing and Bridging in VPLS |
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337 | (6) |
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IRB Configuration in Junos VPLS Instances |
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338 | (1) |
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IRB Configuration in Junos Virtual Switches |
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339 | (1) |
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IRB Configuration in IOS XR |
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339 | (1) |
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VPLS-IRB Redundancy and Traffic Tromboning |
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340 | (3) |
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343 | (4) |
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H-VPLS Model with LDP Signaling |
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344 | (1) |
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H-VPLS Models with BGP for Autodiscovery and Signaling |
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345 | (2) |
| 8 Ethernet VPN |
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347 | (42) |
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347 | (23) |
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347 | (1) |
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348 | (1) |
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EVPN-This Book's Topology |
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349 | (1) |
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349 | (1) |
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EVPN with MPLS Transport-Junos Configuration |
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350 | (1) |
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EVPN MPLS-Inclusive Tunnel and Autodiscovery |
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351 | (2) |
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EVPN with MPLS Transport-Advertising MACS |
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353 | (1) |
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EVPN with MPLS Transport-Intra-VLAN Bridging |
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354 | (2) |
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EVPN with MPLS Transport-Inter-VLAN Forwarding |
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356 | (6) |
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EVPN with MPLS Transport-All-Active Multihoming |
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362 | (8) |
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Ethernet VPN with VXLAN Transport |
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370 | (7) |
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370 | (1) |
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371 | (2) |
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EVPN with VXLAN Transport-Motivation |
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373 | (1) |
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EVPN with VXLAN Transport-Forwarding Plane |
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374 | (1) |
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EVPN with VXLAN Transport-Junos Configuration |
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375 | (1) |
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EVPN with VXLAN Transport-Signaling |
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376 | (1) |
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Provider Backbone Bridging EVPN |
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377 | (12) |
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377 | (2) |
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379 | (1) |
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379 | (1) |
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380 | (4) |
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384 | (3) |
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387 | (2) |
| 9 Inter-Domain MPLS Services |
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389 | (32) |
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Inter-Domain Architectures |
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389 | (2) |
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This
Chapter's Example Topology |
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390 | (1) |
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391 | (2) |
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393 | (2) |
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395 | (12) |
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Inter-AS Option B-Signaling and Forwarding |
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395 | (5) |
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Inter-AS Option B-Junos Configuration |
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400 | (3) |
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Inter-AS Option B-IOS XR Configuration |
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403 | (1) |
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Inter-AS Option B with Local VRF |
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404 | (3) |
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407 | (10) |
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BGP Sessions in Inter-AS Option C |
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408 | (1) |
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Inter-AS Option C-Signaling and Forwarding |
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409 | (3) |
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Inter-AS Option C-Configuration |
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412 | (5) |
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Carrier Supporting Carrier |
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417 | (2) |
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Inter-Domain RSVP-TE LSPs |
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419 | (2) |
| 10 Underlay and Overlay Architectures |
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421 | (28) |
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422 | (1) |
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Overlay and Underlay Are Relative Concepts |
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422 | (1) |
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Other Fundamental Concepts |
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423 | (1) |
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Multiforwarder Network Devices |
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423 | (8) |
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Single-Chassis Network Devices-Forwarding Plane |
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424 | (1) |
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Single-Chassis Network Devices-Control Plane |
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425 | (6) |
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Multichassis Network Devices |
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431 | (1) |
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Legacy Data Center Networking |
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431 | (5) |
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The Challenges of L2 Bridged Networks |
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431 | (2) |
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Underlays in Modern Data Centers |
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433 | (1) |
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Overlays in Modern Data Centers |
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434 | (2) |
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Data Center Underlays-Fabrics |
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436 | (7) |
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IP Fabrics-Forwarding Plane |
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437 | (4) |
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IP Fabrics with Distributed-Only Control Plane |
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441 | (1) |
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IP Fabrics with Hybrid Control Plane |
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442 | (1) |
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Network Virtualization Overlay |
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443 | (6) |
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445 | (1) |
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Virtual Network Controllers |
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446 | (1) |
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NVO-Transport of Control Packets |
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447 | (1) |
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447 | (2) |
| 11 Network Virtualization Overlays |
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449 | (40) |
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OpenContrail in a Nutshell |
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450 | (4) |
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451 | (1) |
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Compute, Gateway, and Service Nodes |
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452 | (2) |
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Case Study: A Private Cloud |
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454 | (15) |
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vRouter-VM Link Addressing |
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457 | (1) |
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Initializing vNICs-XMPP as a DHCP-Like Protocol |
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458 | (4) |
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Interconnecting VMs-XMPP as a BGP-Like Protocol |
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462 | (4) |
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Interconnecting Subscribers to Cloud VMs |
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466 | (3) |
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Communication Between Virtual Networks |
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469 | (1) |
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Network Virtualization Overlay: L2_L3 Mode |
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470 | (8) |
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470 | (2) |
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Intrasubnet (L2) and Intersubnet (L3) Traffic |
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472 | (1) |
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Interconnecting VMs-IntraSubnet Traffic with VXLAN |
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473 | (3) |
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vRouter and Gateway Nodes-L2_L3 Mode |
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476 | (2) |
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Integrating Legacy L2 World into the NVO |
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478 | (11) |
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479 | (1) |
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480 | (1) |
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Binding a Bare-Metal Server to the Overlay |
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481 | (4) |
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485 | (2) |
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Bare-Metal Servers and OVSDB-the Forwarding Plane |
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487 | (2) |
| 12 Network Function Virtualization |
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489 | (26) |
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NFV in the Software-Defined Networking Era |
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490 | (4) |
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490 | (2) |
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Applicability of NFV to Service Providers |
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492 | (2) |
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494 | (2) |
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496 | (2) |
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498 | (6) |
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Legacy VRF Layout-Transit VN Model |
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500 | (1) |
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Modern VRF Layout-Two-VN Model |
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501 | (3) |
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NFV-Long Version of the Life of a Packet |
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504 | (2) |
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506 | (2) |
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NFV Scaling and Redundancy |
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508 | (3) |
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NFV Scaling and Redundancy-Load Balancing |
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509 | (2) |
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511 | (4) |
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In-Network Service Instances |
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511 | (1) |
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In-Network-NAT Service Instances |
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512 | (1) |
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Transparent Service Instances |
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512 | (1) |
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Network Service Function Outside a VM or Container |
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512 | (3) |
| 13 Introduction to Traffic Engineering |
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515 | (34) |
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516 | (1) |
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516 | (1) |
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TE Information Distribution |
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517 | (9) |
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518 | (5) |
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TE Distribution via IS-IS |
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523 | (2) |
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525 | (1) |
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526 | (18) |
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526 | (4) |
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Link Coloring-Administrative Group |
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530 | (5) |
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Extended Administrative Groups |
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535 | (1) |
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536 | (8) |
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544 | (5) |
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545 | (4) |
| 14 TE Bandwidth Reservations |
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549 | (24) |
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TE Static Bandwidth Constraints |
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549 | (11) |
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550 | (1) |
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Default TE Interface Bandwidth |
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550 | (1) |
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Basic RSVP-TE Bandwidth Reservation |
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551 | (4) |
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LSP Priorities and Preemption |
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555 | (3) |
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Traffic Metering and Policing |
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558 | (2) |
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560 | (8) |
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Introduction to Auto-Bandwidth |
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560 | (3) |
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563 | (3) |
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Auto-Bandwidth Configuration |
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566 | (1) |
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Auto-Bandwidth Deployment Considerations |
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567 | (1) |
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Dynamic Ingress LSP Splitting/Merging |
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568 | (5) |
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Dynamic Ingress LSP Splitting/Merging-Configuration |
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569 | (1) |
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Dynamic Ingress LSP Splitting/Merging in Action |
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570 | (3) |
| 15 Centralized Traffic Engineering |
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573 | (18) |
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574 | (1) |
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575 | (6) |
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576 | (1) |
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Interaction Between PCE and PCC |
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577 | (1) |
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PCE-Initiated RSVP-TE LSPs |
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577 | (3) |
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PCC-Initiated RSVP-TE LSPs |
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580 | (1) |
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PCC Label-Switched Path Signaling |
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581 | (1) |
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581 | (1) |
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581 | (1) |
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582 | (1) |
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582 | (4) |
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PCC Templates for PCE-Initiated LSPs |
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583 | (2) |
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Delegating PCC-Initiated LSPs to the PCE |
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585 | (1) |
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586 | (5) |
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Extending the Link Attributes Palette |
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586 | (2) |
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Enhanced LSP Preemption Logic |
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588 | (1) |
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588 | (3) |
| 16 Scaling MPLS Transport and Seamless MPLS |
|
591 | (50) |
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592 | (3) |
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594 | (1) |
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594 | (1) |
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Scaling an IGP-MPLS Protocols |
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595 | (1) |
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595 | (4) |
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RSVP-TE Protocol Best Practices |
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597 | (2) |
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Intradomain LSP Hierarchy |
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599 | (8) |
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Tunneling RSVP-TE LSPs Inside RSVP-TE LSPs |
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|
600 | (1) |
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Tunneling LDP LSPs Inside RSVP-TE LSPs |
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|
600 | (5) |
|
Tunneling SPRING LSPs Inside RSVP-TE LSPs |
|
|
605 | (2) |
|
Interdomain Transport Scaling |
|
|
607 | (24) |
|
Nonhierarchical Interdomain Tunnels |
|
|
608 | (1) |
|
Hierarchical Interdomain Tunnels (Seamless MPLS) |
|
|
609 | (22) |
|
IGP-Less Transport Scaling |
|
|
631 | (10) |
|
|
|
632 | (6) |
|
MPLS-Capable Servers and Static Labels |
|
|
638 | (3) |
| 17 Scaling MPLS Services |
|
641 | (32) |
|
|
|
641 | (32) |
|
Default Route L3VPN Model |
|
|
644 | (21) |
|
Default Route with Local Routes L3VPN Model |
|
|
665 | (4) |
|
Pseudowire Head-End Termination L3VPN Model |
|
|
669 | (4) |
| 18 Transit Fast Restoration Based on the IGP |
|
673 | (66) |
|
Fast Restoration Concepts |
|
|
673 | (3) |
|
Ingress/Transit/Egress Transport Protection Concepts |
|
|
673 | (1) |
|
|
|
674 | (1) |
|
|
|
675 | (1) |
|
|
|
676 | (19) |
|
|
|
678 | (5) |
|
|
|
683 | (12) |
|
Extending LFA Backup Coverage |
|
|
695 | (36) |
|
LFA with LDP Backup Tunnels (Remote LFA) |
|
|
696 | (7) |
|
RLFA with RSVP-TE Backup Tunnels |
|
|
703 | (4) |
|
Topology Independent Fast ReRoute |
|
|
707 | (3) |
|
Modifying the default LFA selection algorithm |
|
|
710 | (11) |
|
|
|
721 | (10) |
|
Maximally Redundant Trees |
|
|
731 | (8) |
| 19 Transit Fast Restoration Based on RSVP-TE |
|
739 | (44) |
|
|
|
739 | (12) |
|
RSVP-TE Facility (Node-Link) Protection |
|
|
751 | (24) |
|
Manual Link Protection Bypass |
|
|
753 | (9) |
|
Manual Node-Link Protection Bypass |
|
|
762 | (4) |
|
Facility Protection in Action |
|
|
766 | (5) |
|
Automatic Protection Bypass |
|
|
771 | (4) |
|
RSVP-TE One-to-One Protection |
|
|
775 | (6) |
|
Transit Fast-Restoration Summary |
|
|
781 | (2) |
| 20 FIB Optimization for Fast Restoration |
|
783 | (28) |
|
|
|
783 | (16) |
|
Topology used in
Chapter 20 and in
Chapter 21 |
|
|
784 | (9) |
|
|
|
786 | (2) |
|
Indirect Next Hop (Junos) |
|
|
788 | (5) |
|
Chained Composite Next Hop (Junos) |
|
|
793 | (4) |
|
|
|
797 | (2) |
|
Preinstalled Next Hops to Multiple Egress PEs (PIC Edge) |
|
|
799 | (12) |
|
Active/Standby Next Hops to Egress PEs |
|
|
802 | (3) |
|
Active/Active Next Hops to Egress PEs |
|
|
805 | (2) |
|
BGP Best External Failover |
|
|
807 | (4) |
| 21 Egress Service Fast Restoration |
|
811 | (68) |
|
Service Mirroring Protection Concepts |
|
|
811 | (4) |
|
Combined Protector/Backup Egress PE Model |
|
|
815 | (9) |
|
Separate (Centralized) Protector and Backup Egress PE Model |
|
|
824 | (10) |
|
Context-ID Advertisement Methods |
|
|
834 | (9) |
|
|
|
835 | (3) |
|
|
|
838 | (5) |
|
L3VPN PE-±CE Egress Link Protection |
|
|
843 | (5) |
|
Layer 2 VPN Service Mirroring |
|
|
848 | (14) |
|
BGP-Based L2VPN Service Mirroring |
|
|
848 | (5) |
|
LDP-Based L2VPN Service Mirroring |
|
|
853 | (9) |
|
Egress Peer Engineering Protection |
|
|
862 | (6) |
|
Protection in Seamless MPLS Architecture |
|
|
868 | (10) |
|
Border Link (ASBR-ASBR) Protection |
|
|
868 | (1) |
|
Border Node (ABR or ASBR) Protection |
|
|
869 | (9) |
|
|
|
878 | (1) |
| Index |
|
879 | |
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