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El. knyga: Multigrid Finite Element Methods for Electromagnetic Field Modeling

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Senior consultant Zhu and Cangellaris (electrical and computer engineering, U. of Illinois, Urbana-Champagne) use concepts from multigrid and multilevel methods for the effective preconditioning of matrices resulting from the approximation of electromagnetic boundary value problems (BVPs) using finite methods. As they simultaneously cover a new computer-aided design technology and give applications, they describe hierarchical basis functions for triangles and tetrahedra, finite element formulations of electromagnetic BVPs, iterative methods, preconditioners, the multigrid, the nested multigrid preconditioner, the nested multigrid vector and scalar potential preconditioner, hierarchical multilevel and hybrid potential preconditioners, Eigenvalue analysis (Krylov-subspace based, two-dimensional analysis of waveguides and three-dimensional analysis of resonators), model order reduction of electromagnetic systems, and finite element analysis of periodic structures. They include a handy appendix on identities and theorems from vector calculus. Annotation ©2006 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)

This is the first comprehensive monograph that features state-of-the-art multigrid methods for enhancing the modeling versatility, numerical robustness, and computational efficiency of one of the most popular classes of numerical electromagnetic field modeling methods: the method of finite elements. The focus of the publication is the development of robust preconditioners for the iterative solution of electromagnetic field boundary value problems (BVPs) discretized by means of finite methods.

Specifically, the authors set forth their own successful attempts to utilize concepts from multigrid and multilevel methods for the effective preconditioning of matrices resulting from the approximation of electromagnetic BVPs using finite methods. Following the authors' careful explanations and step-by-step instruction, readers can duplicate the authors' results and take advantage of today's state-of-the-art multigrid/multilevel preconditioners for finite element-based iterative electromagnetic field solvers.

Among the highlights of coverage are:
* Application of multigrid, multilevel, and hybrid multigrid/multilevel preconditioners to electromagnetic scattering and radiation problems
* Broadband, robust numerical modeling of passive microwave components and circuits
* Robust, finite element-based modal analysis of electromagnetic waveguides and cavities
* Application of Krylov subspace-based methodologies for reduced-order macromodeling of electromagnetic devices and systems
* Finite element modeling of electromagnetic waves in periodic structures

The authors provide more than thirty detailed algorithms alongside pseudo-codes to assist readers with practical computer implementation. In addition, each chapter includes an applications section with helpful numerical examples that validate the authors' methodologies and demonstrate their computational efficiency and robustness.

This groundbreaking book, with its coverage of an exciting new enabling computer-aided design technology, is an essential reference for computer programmers, designers, and engineers, as well as graduate students in engineering and applied physics.
List of Figures
xiii
List of Tables
xxi
Preface xxiii
Acknowledgments xxvii
Introduction
1(12)
Statement of the Boundary Value Problem
2(1)
Ritz Finite Element Method
2(2)
Petrov-Galerkin's Finite Element Method
4(1)
Time-Harmonic Maxwell's Equations and Boundary Conditions
4(4)
Boundary conditions at material interfaces
5(1)
Boundary conditions at the enclosing boundary
6(1)
Uniqueness in the presence of impedance boundaries
7(1)
Present and Future Challenges in Finite Element Modeling
8(5)
Hierarchical Basis Functions for Triangles and Tetrahedra
13(48)
The Importance of Proper Choice of Finite Element Bases
14(5)
Two-Dimensional Finite Element Spaces
19(5)
Two-dimensional potential space
19(1)
Two-dimensional field space
20(3)
Two-dimensional flux space
23(1)
Two-dimensional charge space
24(1)
Relationship Among 2D Finite Element Spaces
24(2)
Gradient, Curl and Divergence Matrices for 2D Finite Element Spaces
26(1)
Three-Dimensional Finite Element Spaces
27(22)
Three-dimensional potential space
28(3)
Three-dimensional field space
31(8)
Three-dimensional flux space
39(9)
Three-dimensional charge space
48(1)
Relationship Among 3D Finite Element Spaces
49(2)
Gradient, Curl and Divergence Matrices for 3D Finite Element Spaces
51(1)
The Spaces HP(curl) and HP(div)
52(2)
The Issue of Orthogonality in Hierarchical Bases
54(7)
Finite Element Formulations of Electromagnetic BVPs
61(50)
Electrostatic Boundary Value Problems
63(8)
Governing equations and boundary conditions
63(2)
Weak statement of the electrostatic BVP
65(3)
The case of unbounded domains
68(3)
Magnetostatic Boundary Value Problems
71(14)
Governing equations and boundary conditions
71(3)
Weak statement of the magnetostatic BVP
74(3)
Existence of solution (solvability)
77(5)
Uniqueness of solution
82(3)
Magneto-Quasi-Static (Eddy-Current) Problems
85(6)
Governing equations and boundary conditions
86(1)
Electric field formulation
87(1)
Potential formulation
88(3)
Full-Wave Boundary Value Problems
91(5)
Governing equations and boundary conditions
91(1)
Electric field formulation
92(1)
Potential formulation
93(1)
Field-flux formulation
94(2)
Partial Element Equivalent Circuit Model
96(15)
Electric field integral equation
96(3)
Development of the PEEC model
99(2)
The case of surface current flow
101(2)
Low-frequency numerical instability
103(8)
Iterative Methods, Preconditioners, and Multigrid
111(34)
Definitions
112(4)
Vector space, inner product, and norm
112(1)
Matrix eigenvalues and eigenvectors
113(1)
Properties of Hermitian matrices
114(1)
Positive definite matrices
115(1)
Independence, invariant subspaces, and similarity transformations
115(1)
Iterative Methods for the Solution of Large Matrices
116(3)
Stationary methods
117(1)
Convergence of iterative methods
118(1)
Non-stationary methods
119(1)
Generalized Minimum Residual Method
119(4)
Conjugate Gradient Method
123(5)
The Preconditioner Matrix
128(3)
The Jacobi preconditioner
128(1)
The symmetric Gauss-Seidel preconditioner
129(1)
Incomplete LU factorization
130(1)
Multigrid Process and Its Use as a Preconditioner
131(14)
Motivation for multigrid
133(5)
The two-grid process
138(3)
The multigrid process
141(4)
Nested Multigrid Preconditioner
145(14)
Weak Statement of the Two-Dimensional Helmholtz Equation
145(3)
Total field formulation
146(1)
Scattered field formulation
147(1)
Development of the Finite Element System
148(1)
Nested Multigrid Preconditioner
149(1)
Intergrid Transfer Operators
150(3)
Applications
153(6)
Plane wave scattering by a PEC cylinder
153(1)
Plane wave scattering by dielectric cylinder
154(1)
Plane wave scattering by electrically large cylinders
155(4)
Nested Multigrid Vector and Scalar Potential Preconditioner
159(56)
Two-Dimensional Electromagnetic Scattering
161(18)
Two-dimensional field formulation -- TEz case
161(2)
The finite element matrix and its properties
163(3)
Two-dimensional potential formulation
166(3)
Nested multigrid potential preconditioner
169(2)
Two-dimensional intergrid transfer operators
171(4)
Applications
175(4)
Three-Dimensional Electromagnetic Scattering
179(16)
Three-dimensional field formulation
179(2)
Three-dimensional potential formulation
181(1)
Nested multigrid potential preconditioner
182(1)
Three-dimensional intergrid transfer operators
183(6)
Grid truncation via a boundary integral operator
189(2)
Approximate boundary integral equation preconditioner
191(2)
Applications
193(2)
Finite Element Modeling of Passive Microwave Components
195(13)
Electromagnetic ports and associated boundary condition
195(4)
Transfinite-element boundary truncation
199(5)
Nested multigrid potential TFE preconditioner
204(2)
Applications
206(2)
Symmetry of the Nested Multigrid Potential Preconditioner
208(7)
Potential smoothing operators
209(1)
Symmetric nested two-grid potential preconditioner
210(5)
Hierarchical Multilevel and Hybrid Potential Preconditioners
215(20)
Higher-Order Field Formulation
216(2)
Higher-Order Potential Formulation
218(3)
Hierarchical Multilevel Potential Preconditioner
221(1)
Hybrid Multilevel/Multigrid Potential Preconditioner
222(2)
Numerical Experiments
224(6)
Symmetric Hierarchical Multilevel Potential Preconditioner
230(2)
Potential smoothing operations
230(1)
Symmetric hierarchical two-level potential preconditioner
231(1)
Key Attributes of Multigrid and Multilevel Potential Preconditioners
232(3)
Krylov-Subspace Based Eigenvalue Analysis
235(18)
Subspace Iteration
235(2)
Methods Based on Krylov Subspace Projection
237(3)
Arnoldi algorithm
237(2)
Lanczos algorithm
239(1)
Deflation Techniques
240(4)
Deflation techniques for symmetric matrices
240(2)
Deflation techniques for non-symmetric matrices
242(2)
Non-standard Eigenvalue Problems
244(6)
Generalized eigenvalue problems
244(5)
Quadratic eigenvalue problems
249(1)
Shift-and-Invert Preconditioner
250(3)
Two-Dimensional Eigenvalue Analysis of Waveguides
253(42)
FEM Formulations of the Two-Dimensional Eigenvalue Problem
254(4)
Mathematical statement of the 2D vector eigenvalue problem
255(3)
Transverse-Field Methods
258(3)
Transverse-Longitudinal-Field Methods
261(13)
Field TLF formulation
261(2)
Potential TLF formulation
263(4)
Computer algorithms for eigenvalue calculation
267(4)
Numerical examples
271(3)
Transverse-Transverse-Field Method
274(10)
Finite element formulation
274(6)
Algorithms
280(1)
Applications
281(3)
Equivalent Transmission-Line Formalism for Planar Waveguides
284(11)
Multi-conductor transmission line theory
285(5)
S-parameter representation of a section of an MTL
290(5)
Three-Dimensional Eigenvalue Analysis of Resonators
295(26)
FEM Formulation of the Three-Dimensional Electromagnetic Eigenvalue Problem
296(7)
Finite element approximation: The case of symmetric material tensors
297(2)
Finite element approximation: The case of Hermitian material tensors
299(3)
Lumped parallel resonant circuit
302(1)
Eigensolver for Lossless Media
303(4)
Elimination of spurious DC modes
304(1)
Extraction of multiple modes
305(2)
Eigensolver for Lossy Media
307(6)
Elimination of spurious DC modes
309(2)
Extraction of multiple modes
311(2)
Multigrid/Multilevel Eigenvalue Analysis
313(1)
Numerical Validation
313(8)
Model Order Reduction of Electromagnetic Systems
321(44)
Asymptotic Waveform Evaluation
324(4)
Krylov Subspace-Based Model Order Reduction
328(7)
Pade Via Lanczos process
329(3)
Arnoldi process: SISO system
332(1)
Arnoldi process: MIMO system
333(2)
Passive Reduced-Order Interconnect Macromodeling Algorithm (PRIMA)
335(7)
Preservation of moments in PRIMA
336(2)
Preservation of passivity
338(1)
Error estimate in model order reduction
339(1)
Pole-residue representation of the reduced order model
340(2)
Model Order Reduction of Electric Field-Based Finite Element Models
342(5)
Adaptive Lanczos-Pade sweep
345(2)
Maxwell's Curl Equations-Based Model Order Reduction
347(6)
Passivity of discrete model
348(1)
Incorporation of lumped elements
349(2)
Prima-based model order reduction
351(2)
Applications
353(12)
Finite Element Analysis of Periodic Structures
365(36)
Finite Element Formulation of the Scattering and Radiation Problem
366(2)
Computational Domain Truncation Schemes
368(9)
Space harmonics expansion of EM fields
369(2)
Grid truncation using transfinite flements
371(1)
Grid truncation using anisotropic perfectly matched layers
372(5)
Finite Element Approximation Inside the Unit Cell
377(1)
Periodic Boundary Condition
378(6)
Multilevel/Multigrid Preconditioner
384(3)
Applications
387(6)
Finite Element Modeling of Periodic Waveguides
393(3)
Application
396(5)
Appendix A: Identities and Theorems from Vector Calculus 401(3)
Index 404


Dr.Yu Zhu has been a member of the consulting staff in Custom IC at Cadence Design Systems, Inc. since 2002.  He earned his B.S. in Electrical Engineering at Nanjing University in 1995, his M.S. at Ohio State University in 1998, and his Ph.D. at University of Illinois @ Urbana-Champaign in 2002.  He is a member of the IEEE and SigmaXi. Dr. Andreas Cangellaris has been a full professor at University of Illinois @ Urbana-Champaign since 1997.  His research work has been in the area of applied and computational electromagnetics with emphasis on thier application to electrical modeling simulation of RF/microwave components and systems, high-speed digital interconnects at the board, package, and chip level, as well as the modeling and simulation of electromagnetic compatibility and electromagnetic interference.  He has co-authored more than 150 refereed papers and three book chapters on topics related to computational electromagnetics and interconnects and package modeling and simulation.  He was elected a Fellow of the IEEE in January 2000.