Preface |
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ix | |
About the Authors |
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xi | |
Acknowledgments |
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xiii | |
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1 | (4) |
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5 | (8) |
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5 | (2) |
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7 | (4) |
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11 | (2) |
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Chapter 3 Non-Vertebrate Chordates and the Origin of the Muscles of Vertebrates |
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13 | (14) |
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Ciona intestinalis and Branchiostoma floridae as Examples of Urochordates and Cephalochordates |
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14 | (3) |
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Evolution and Homology of Chordate Muscles Based on Developmental and Anatomical Studies |
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17 | (5) |
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Recent Findings on the "New Head Hypothesis" and the Origin of Vertebrates |
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22 | (2) |
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Development and Evolution of Chordate Muscles and the Origin of Head Muscles of Vertebrates |
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24 | (1) |
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25 | (2) |
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Chapter 4 General Discussion on the Early Evolution of the Vertebrate Cephalic Muscles |
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27 | (22) |
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45 | (4) |
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Chapter 5 Cephalic Muscles of Cyclostomes and Chondrichthyans |
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49 | (36) |
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Myxine glutinosa: Atlantic Hagfish |
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61 | (2) |
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Petromyzon marinus: Sea Lamprey |
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63 | (2) |
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Hydrolagus colliei: Spotted Ratfish |
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65 | (2) |
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Squalus acanthias: Spiny Dogfish |
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67 | (1) |
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Leucoraja erinacea: Little Skate |
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68 | (2) |
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Evolution of Cephalic Muscles in Phylogenetically Basal Vertebrates |
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70 | (6) |
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Metamorphosis, Life History, Development, Muscles, and Chordate Early Evolution |
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76 | (6) |
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82 | (3) |
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Chapter 6 Cephalic Muscles of Actinopterygians and Basal Sarcopterygians |
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85 | (28) |
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85 | (11) |
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96 | (10) |
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106 | (3) |
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109 | (2) |
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111 | (2) |
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Chapter 7 Development of Cephalic Muscles in Chondrichthyans and Bony Fishes |
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113 | (8) |
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116 | (5) |
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Chapter 8 Head and Neck Muscle Evolution from Sarcopterygian Fishes to Tetrapods, with a Special Focus on Mammals |
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121 | (108) |
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Origin and Evolution of the Mammalian Mandibular Muscles |
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122 | (89) |
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211 | (6) |
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Branchial, Pharyngeal, and Laryngeal Muscles |
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217 | (6) |
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223 | (1) |
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Emblematic Example of the Remarkable Diversity and Evolvability of the Mammalian Head: The Evolution of Primate Facial Expression Muscles, with Notes on the Notion of a Scala Naturae |
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223 | (4) |
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227 | (2) |
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Chapter 9 Head and Neck Muscles of Amphibians |
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229 | (14) |
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229 | (5) |
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234 | (2) |
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236 | (3) |
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239 | (1) |
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240 | (3) |
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Chapter 10 Head and Neck Muscles of Reptiles |
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243 | (24) |
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243 | (10) |
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253 | (2) |
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255 | (4) |
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259 | (5) |
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264 | (3) |
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Chapter 11 Development of Cephalic Muscles in Tetrapods |
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267 | (12) |
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Development of Mandibular Muscles |
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267 | (3) |
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Development of Hyoid Muscles |
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270 | (3) |
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Development of Branchial Muscles |
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273 | (1) |
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Development of Hypobranchial Muscles |
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273 | (1) |
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Development of Cephalic Muscles in the Axolotl in a Broader Comparative Text |
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274 | (3) |
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277 | (2) |
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Chapter 12 Pectoral and Pelvic Girdle and Fin Muscles of Chondrichthyans and Pectoral-Pelvic Nonserial Homology |
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279 | (14) |
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Muscles of Paired Appendages of Squalus acanthias |
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282 | (1) |
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Muscles of Paired Appendages of Leucoraja erinacea |
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283 | (3) |
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Muscles of Paired Appendages of Hydrolagus colliei |
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286 | (1) |
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Plesiomorphic Configuration for Chondrichthyans and Evolution of the Cucullaris |
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287 | (2) |
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Forelimb--Hindlimb Serial Homology Dogma |
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289 | (1) |
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290 | (3) |
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Chapter 13 Pectoral and Pelvic Muscles of Actinopterygian Fishes |
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293 | (12) |
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Muscles of the Pectoral and Pelvic Appendages of Actinopterygians |
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293 | (11) |
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304 | (1) |
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Chapter 14 Muscles of Median Fins and Origin of Pectoral vs. Pelvic and Paired vs. Median Fins |
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305 | (16) |
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305 | (5) |
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310 | (2) |
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Evolution of Muscles of Median Fins |
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312 | (2) |
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Similarities and Differences between the Musculature of Paired Fins |
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314 | (4) |
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Similarities and Differences between the Musculature of the Median Fins |
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318 | (1) |
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Can the Muscles of the Median Fins Correspond to Those of the Paired Fins? |
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318 | (1) |
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Is the Zebrafish an Appropriate Model for the Appendicular Musculature of Teleosts? |
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319 | (1) |
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320 | (1) |
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Chapter 15 Development of Muscles of Paired and Median Fins in Fishes |
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321 | (16) |
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Development of the Paired and Median Muscles of the Zebrafish |
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321 | (7) |
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Developmental and Evolutionary Uniqueness of the Caudal Fin |
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328 | (5) |
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333 | (4) |
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Chapter 16 Pectoral and Pelvic Appendicular Muscle Evolution from Sarcopterygian Fishes to Tetrapods |
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337 | (20) |
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Muscle Anatomy and Reduction of the Pectoral Fin of Neoceratodus |
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346 | (7) |
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Previous Anatomical Studies of Latimeria and Neoceratodus |
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353 | (1) |
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Evolution and Homology of Appendicular Muscles in Sarcopterygians |
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353 | (2) |
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355 | (2) |
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Chapter 17 Forelimb Muscles of Tetrapods, Including Mammals |
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357 | (68) |
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Pectoral Muscles Derived from the Postcranial Axial Musculature |
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357 | (52) |
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Appendicular Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Arm |
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409 | (4) |
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Appendicular Muscles of the Forearm and Hand |
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413 | (4) |
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Marsupials and the Evolution of Mammalian Forelimb Musculature |
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417 | (5) |
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422 | (3) |
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Chapter 18 Forelimb Muscles of Limbed Amphibians and Reptiles |
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425 | (62) |
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Pectoral Muscles Derived from the Postcranial Axial Musculature |
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425 | (46) |
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Appendicular Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Arm |
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471 | (2) |
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Appendicular Muscles of the Forearm and Hand |
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473 | (6) |
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Chameleon Limb Muscles, Macroevolution, and Pathology |
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479 | (6) |
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485 | (2) |
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Chapter 19 Hindlimb Muscles of Tetrapods and More Insights on Pectoral--Pelvic Nonserial Homology |
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487 | (108) |
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Evolution and Homologies of Hindlimb Muscles, with Special Attention to Mammals |
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505 | (85) |
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Comparison between the Tetrapod Hindlimb and Forelimb Muscles |
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590 | (3) |
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593 | (2) |
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Chapter 20 Development of Limb Muscles in Tetrapods |
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595 | (16) |
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Development of Pectoral and Arm Muscles |
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595 | (2) |
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Development of Ventral/Flexor Forearm Muscles |
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597 | (1) |
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Development of Dorsal/Extensor Forearm Muscles |
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598 | (1) |
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Development of Hand Muscles |
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599 | (1) |
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Development of Pelvic and Thigh Muscles |
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600 | (2) |
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Development of Ventral/Flexor Leg Muscles |
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602 | (1) |
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Development of Dorsal/Extensor Leg Muscles |
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602 | (2) |
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Development of Foot Muscles |
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604 | (1) |
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Morphogenesis and Myological Patterns |
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605 | (3) |
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Fore--Hindlimb Enigma and the Ancestral Bauplan of Tetrapods |
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608 | (2) |
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610 | (1) |
References |
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611 | (24) |
Index |
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635 | |