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El. knyga: Mycorrhizal Mediation of Soil: Fertility, Structure, and Carbon Storage

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(Regents Professor, School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, AZ, USA), (Professor, Department of Biological Sciences, and Merriam-Powell Center for Enviro),
  • Formatas: PDF+DRM
  • Išleidimo metai: 03-Nov-2016
  • Leidėjas: Elsevier Science Publishing Co Inc
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780128043837
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Mycorrhizal Mediation of Soil: Fertility, Structure, and Carbon StorageDidesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: PDF+DRM
  • Išleidimo metai: 03-Nov-2016
  • Leidėjas: Elsevier Science Publishing Co Inc
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780128043837
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Mycorrhizal Mediation of Soil: Fertility, Structure, and Carbon Storage offers a better understanding of mycorrhizal mediation that will help inform earth system models and subsequently improve the accuracy of global carbon model predictions. Mycorrhizas transport tremendous quantities of plant-derived carbon below ground and are increasingly recognized for their importance in the creation, structure, and function of soils. Different global carbon models vary widely in their predictions of the dynamics of the terrestrial carbon pool, ranging from a large sink to a large source.

This edited book presents a unique synthesis of the influence of environmental change on mycorrhizas across a wide range of ecosystems, as well as a clear examination of new discoveries and challenges for the future, to inform land management practices that preserve or increase below ground carbon storage.

  • Synthesizes the abundance of research on the influence of environmental change on mycorrhizas across a wide range of ecosystems from a variety of leading international researchers
  • Focuses on the specific role of mycorrhizal fungi in soil processes, with an emphasis on soil development and carbon storage, including coverage of cutting-edge methods and perspectives
  • Includes a chapter in each section on future avenues for further study

Daugiau informacijos

A concise but in-depth synthesis of the latest research on the interaction between environmental change and mycorrhizas across a wide range of ecosystems
List of Contributors
xi
Preface xiii
1 Mycorrhizas: At the Interface of Biological, Soil, and Earth Sciences
N.C. Johnson
J. Jansa
1.1 Successful Coexistence of Plants and Fungi
1(1)
1.2 Mycorrhizal Research: Past, Present, and Future
2(3)
1.3 Goals and Objectives
5(4)
References
5(4)
I MYCORRHIZAL MEDIATION OF SOIL DEVELOPMENT
2 Mycorrhizal Symbioses and Pedogenesis Throughout Earth's History
J.R. Leake
D.J. Read
2.1 The Importance of Reciprocal Effects of Plant-Mycorrhiza-Soil Interactions in the Evolution and Assembly of Terrestrial Ecosystems
9(2)
2.2 Plants and Mycorrhizas as Agents of Pedogenesis: Coupling Plant Photosynthate Energy to the Actions of Fungal Mycelial Networks
11(3)
2.3 Evolutionary Origins of Plants and Mycorrhizas
14(7)
2.4 Coevolution of Plants, Mycorrhizas, and Photosynthate-Driven Weathering and Pedogenesis
21(4)
2.5 Feedback Between Plant-Driven Pedogenesis, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, and the Evolution of Plants and Mycorrhizal Functioning
25(1)
2.6 Conclusions
26(9)
Acknowledgments
27(256)
References
283
3 Role of Mycorrhizal Symbiosis in Mineral Weathering and Nutrient Mining from Soil Parent Material
M.M. Smits
H. Wallander
3.1 Introduction
35(1)
3.2 Mechanisms of Mineral Weathering
36(1)
3.3 Fungal Weathering in the Laboratory
37(2)
3.4 From Laboratory to Field
39(4)
3.5 Conclusions and Future Research Directions
43(4)
References
43(4)
4 Mycorrhizal Interactions With Climate, Soil Parent Material, and Topography
N.C. Johnson
R.M. Miller
G.W.T. Wilson
4.1 Introduction
47(1)
4.2 Mycorrhizal Interactions With Climate
48(7)
4.3 Mycorrhizal Interactions With Parent Material
55(4)
4.4 Mycorrhizal Interactions With Topography
59(2)
4.5 Conclusions
61(6)
References
61(6)
5 Mycorrhizas Across Successional Gradients
F.P. Teste
I.A. Dickie
5.1 Succession
67(2)
5.2 Succession in Mycorrhizal Fungal
Communities
69(1)
5.3 Habitat Drivers
70(4)
5.4 Plant Drivers
74(2)
5.5 Fungal Drivers
76(2)
5.6 Interacting Drivers
78(15)
References
83(10)
II MYCORRHIZAL MEDIATION OF SOIL FERTILITY
Nancy Collins Johnson
6 Introduction: Perspectives on Mycorrhizas and Soil Fertility
L.K. Abbott
N.C. Johnson
6.1 Introduction
93(2)
6.2 Contributions of Mycorrhizal Fungi to Soil Fertility
95(2)
6.3 Soil Fertility Influences Mycorrhizal Fungi
97(3)
6.4 Principles for Management of Mycorrhizal Fungi for Soil Fertility
100(1)
6.5 Looking Forward
101(6)
References
101(6)
7 Fungal and Plant Tools for the Uptake of Nutrients in Arbuscular Mycorrhizas: A Molecular View
M. Giovannetti
V. Volpe
A. Salvioli
P. Bonfante
7.1 Introduction
107(2)
7.2 Nitrogen Nutrition Within Arbuscular Mycorrhizas
109(3)
7.3 Phosphate Transport in Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis
112(3)
7.4 Sulfur Metabolism and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis
115(2)
7.5 From Root to Shoot and Back: Evidence for a Systemic Signaling and Gene Regulation in Mycorrhizal Plants
117(4)
7.6 Perspectives and Conclusions
121(8)
Acknowledgments
121(1)
References
122(7)
8 Accessibility of Inorganic and Organic Nutrients for Mycorrhizas
A. Hodge
8.1 Introduction
129(2)
8.2 Movement of Phosphate and Nitrate Ions to Roots
131(1)
8.3 Inorganic Phosphorus and Nitrogen Acquisition by Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi
131(2)
8.4 Inorganic Phosphorus and Nitrogen Acquisition by Ectomycorrhizal Fungi
133(2)
8.5 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Organic Nutrient Forms
135(3)
8.6 Ectomycorrhizal Fungi and Organic Nutrient Forms
138(5)
8.7 Conclusions
143(6)
Acknowledgments
144(1)
References
144(5)
9 Mycorrhizas as Nutrient and Energy Pumps of Soil Food Webs: Multitrophic Interactions and Feedbacks
P.M. Antunes
A. Koyama
9.1 Introduction
149(4)
9.2 Mycorrhizas and Saprotrophs
153(3)
9.3 Mycorrhizas and Herbivores
156(1)
9.4 Mycorrhizas and Fungivores
157(3)
9.5 Mycorrhizas and Bacterivores
160(1)
9.6 Mycorrhizas and Higher Trophic Levels
161(1)
9.7 The Way Forward
162(13)
Acknowledgments
163(1)
References
163(12)
10 Implications of Past, Current, and Future Agricultural Practices for Mycorrhiza-Mediated Nutrient Flux
C. Hamel
C. Plenchette
10.1 Introduction
175(1)
10.2 Agriculture in the Past
175(2)
10.3 Modern Agriculture
177(2)
10.4 Agriculture in the Future
179(3)
10.5 Conclusion
182(5)
References
182(5)
11 Integrating Ectomycorrhizas Into Sustainable Management of Temperate Forests
M.D. Jones
11.1 Introduction
187(1)
11.2 Harvesting Systems
188(7)
11.3 Stand Reestablishment
195(3)
11.4 Seedling Production
198(2)
11.5 Stand Management
200(2)
11.6 Conclusions
202(11)
Acknowledgment
203(1)
References
203(10)
12 Mycorrhizal Mediation of Soil Fertility Amidst Nitrogen Eutrophication and Climate Change
M.F. Allen
E.B. Allen
12.1 Introduction
213(1)
12.2 Mechanisms of Mycorrhizal Nutrition and Stoichiometry
214(1)
12.3 Nutrient Uptake and Mycorrhizal Fungi: the Basics
215(6)
12.4 Mycorrhizas and Global Change
221(3)
12.5 Mycorrhizas and Nitrogen Deposition
224(2)
12.6 What is Needed? A Stoichiometric Challenge
226(9)
Acknowledgments
227(1)
References
227(8)
III MYCORRHIZAL MEDIATION OF SOIL STRUCTURE AND SOIL-PLANT WATER RELATIONS
Catherine Gehring
13 Introduction: Mycorrhizas and Soil Structure, Moisture, and Salinity
C.A. Gehring
13.1 Introduction
235(1)
13.2 Soil Structure
235(1)
13.3 Soil Salinity
236(2)
13.4 Soil Moisture
238(3)
References
239(2)
14 Mycorrhizas and Soil Aggregation
A. Lehmann
E.F. Leifheit
M.C. Rillig
14.1 Introduction: Soil Aggregation, Its Component Processes, and Significance of Soil Structure
241(1)
14.2 Evidence for Involvement of Different Types of Mycorrhizas in Soil Aggregation
242(3)
14.3 Mechanisms of Soil Aggregation
245(6)
14.4 Relative Importance of Mycorrhizas
251(3)
14.5 Avenues and Needs for Future Research
254(9)
References
255(8)
15 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Soil Salinity
M. Miransari
15.1 Introduction
263(2)
15.2 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Salt Stress
265(3)
15.3 Salinity in Combination with Drought and Warming
268(1)
15.4 Studies of Salinity Responses of Indigenous Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi
269(1)
15.5 Plant Root Properties, Mycorrhizal Fungi and Salinity Stress
270(1)
15.6 Signaling, Mycorrhizal Fungi, and Salinity Stress
270(1)
15.7 Tripartite Interactions and Salinity Stress
271(2)
15.8 Agronomical Consequences of Using Mycorrhizal Fungi in Saline Fields
273(1)
15.9 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
273(6)
References
274(5)
16 Mycorrhizas, Drought, and Host-Plant Mortality
C.A. Gehring
R.L. Swaty
R.J. Deckert
16.1 Introduction
279(1)
16.2 Mycorrhizas, Plants, and Drought
280(6)
16.3 Drought-Related Host Mortality and Consequences for Mycorrhizas
286(13)
Acknowledgments
293(1)
References
294(5)
17 Soil Water Retention and Availability as Influenced by Mycorrhizal Symbiosis: Consequences for Individual Plants, Communities, and Ecosystems
J.I. Querejeta
17.1 Introduction
299(1)
17.2 Influence of Vegetation on Soil Hydraulic Properties
300(1)
17.3 Mycorrhizal Fungal Influence on Soil Hydraulic Properties: Review of Published Evidence
301(6)
17.4 Mycorrhizal Fungal Role in Hydraulic Redistribution and Hydraulic Connectivity in the Vadose Zone
307(1)
17.5 Mycorrhizal Fungal Role in Reducing Soil Erosion
308(1)
17.6 Consequences for Individual Plants, Communities, and Ecosystems, and Implications for Terrestrial Ecosystems Response to Global Change
309(1)
17.7 Knowledge Gaps, Research Needs, and Future, Research Directions
310(9)
References
312(7)
18 Mycorrhizal Networks and Forest Resilience to Drought
B.J. Pickles
S.W. Simard
18.1 Introduction
319(1)
18.2 Forest Resilience
320(1)
18.3 The Role of Mycorrhizas in Water Uptake
320(3)
18.4 Mycorrhizal Networks and Their Role in Hydraulic Redistribution and Drought Responses
323(4)
18.5 Rooting Depth
327(1)
18.6 The Role of Drought in Global Forest Decline
328(1)
18.7 Climate Change Projections for Drought Effects on Forests and the Domino Effect
329(1)
18.8 Incorporating Mycorrhizal Networks in Forest Management
330(1)
18.9 Knowledge Gaps and Future Research Directions
331(2)
18.10 Conclusions
333(10)
References
334(9)
IV MYCORRHIZAL MEDIATION OF ECOSYSTEM CARBON FLUXES AND SOIL CARBON STORAGE
Jan Jansa
19 Introduction: Mycorrhizas and the Carbon Cycle
J. Jansa
K.K. Treseder
19.1 The Carbon Cycle
343(1)
19.2 The Key Role of the SOM in Soil Processes
344(1)
19.3 Position of Mycorrhizal Fungi Within the Soil Food Webs
344(2)
19.4 Mycorrhizal Symbiosis and the Soil C Cycling
346(1)
19.5 Functional Diversity in Mycorrhizal Symbioses with Respect to C Cycling
347(2)
19.6 Open Questions, Experimental Challenges
349(8)
Acknowledgment
351(1)
References
351(6)
20 Carbon and Energy Sources of Mycorrhizal Fungi: Obligate Symbionts or Latent Saprotrophs?
T.W. Kuyper
20.1 Introduction
357(2)
20.2 Two Concepts of Saprotrophy
359(2)
20.3 Phylogenetic Evidence
361(1)
20.4 Enzymatic Evidence
361(2)
20.5 Carbon Signatures
363(1)
20.6 Ectomycorrhizal Fungi Involved
364(1)
20.7 Nonenzymatic Nutrient Mining by Ectomycorrhizal Fungi
365(1)
20.8 Stoichiometric Considerations
366(2)
20.9 Modeling Studies
368(1)
20.10 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi
369(1)
20.11 Saprotrophic Capabilities of Ectomycorrhizal Fungi: The Way Forward
370(5)
Acknowledgments
371(1)
References
371(4)
21 Magnitude, Dynamics, and Control of the Carbon Flow to Mycorrhizas
K.J. Field
S.J. Davidson
S.A. Alghamdi
D.D. Cameron
21.1 Introduction
375(1)
21.2 How Does the Physiology and Magnitude of Plant-to-Fungus C Flow Depend on Mycorrhizal Functional Group?
376(4)
21.3 How Does C Availability (CO2 and Shading) Influence the Carbon Flux Between Plant and Mycorrhizal Fungal Communities?
380(5)
21.4 To What Extent Is the Carbon Flow between Plant and Symbiotic Fungal Partners Regulated by Reciprocal Nutrient Exchange?
385(3)
21.5 Conclusions
388(7)
Acknowledgments
388(1)
References
389(6)
22 Trading Carbon Between Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Their Hyphae-Associated Microbes
B. Drigo
S. Donn
22.1 Mycorrhizas and Hyphae-Associated Microbes
395(2)
22.2 Carbon Allocation From Mycorrhizal Fungi to the Hyphae-Associated Microbes in the Hyphosphere
397(3)
22.3 Involvement of the Hyphae-Associated Microbes in Nutrient Cycling and Carbon Transformation in the Hyphosphere
400(4)
22.4 Dynamics of the Mycorrhizosphere Associations Under Fluctuating Environmental Conditions
404(2)
22.5 Unresolved Questions on Trading Carbon and Nutrient Between Mycorrhizas and Hyphae-Associated Microbes
406(7)
References
407(6)
23 Immobilization of Carbon in Mycorrhizal Mycelial Biomass and Secretions
R.D. Finlay
K.E. Clemmensen
23.1 Introduction
413(2)
23.2 Mycelial Biomass Production and Turnover
415(7)
23.3 Secretions of Mycorrhizal Mycelia
422(3)
23.4 Necromass Properties and Decomposition
425(2)
23.5 Incorporation Into Stable Carbon
427(5)
23.6 Conclusions
432(9)
Acknowledgments
434(1)
References
434(7)
24 Mycorrhizal Interactions With Saprotrophs and Impact on Soil Carbon Storage
E. Verbruggen
R. Pena
C.W. Fernandez
J.L. Soong
24.1 Introduction
441(3)
24.2 Mycorrhizal Fungi As a Source of C in Soil
444(5)
24.3 Competition for Nutrients and Habitat
449(3)
24.4 Interactions Among Mycorrhizal Fungi, Soil Fauna, and Soil Organic Carbon
452(1)
24.5 Conclusion
453(8)
Acknowledgments
454(1)
References
454(7)
25 Biochar---Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Interaction in Temperate Soils
R.T. Koide
25.1 Introduction
461(2)
25.2 Biochar and Mycorrhizas
463(3)
25.3 Biochar Influences Mycorrhizal Colonization via Its Effects on Soil Properties
466(3)
25.4 Biochar Influences Plant Response to Mycorrhizal Colonization via Its Impact on the Level of Plant Stress
469(2)
25.5 Conclusions
471(8)
Acknowledgments
472(1)
References
472(7)
26 Integrating Mycorrhizas Into Global Scale Models: A Journey Toward Relevance in the Earth's Climate System
E.R. Brzostek
K.T. Rebel
K.R. Smith
R.P. Phillips
26.1 Introduction
479(2)
26.2 Existing Model Frameworks
481(6)
26.3 Critical Mycorrhizal Functions for Terrestrial Biosphere Models
487(4)
26.4 Mycorrhizal Fungi as Trait Integrators
491(2)
26.5 Challenges Moving Forward
493(1)
26.6 Conclusion
494(7)
References
494(7)
Index 501
Nancy Collins Johnson has been a professor of soil ecology at Northern Arizona University since 1997. She earned a PhD in Ecology and Plant Pathology from the University of Minnesota (with David Tilman) and a MS degree in Botany from the University of Wisconsin. Johnson and her students study interactions among communities of plants and soil organisms in natural and human managed ecosystems throughout the world. They have discovered that mycorrhizas and soil communities are sensitive to global change factors and they are seeking first principles to understand these responses. These studies are important because mycorrhizal symbioses influence plant community composition, soil stability, and belowground carbon storage. Professor Catherine Gehring works in the department of Biological Sciences and Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research at Northern Arizona University The Gehring Lab conducts research to understand the functioning of fungi in natural and managed systems. Of particular interest is how abiotic and biotic factors interact to affect the abundance and community composition of plant-associated fungi and how changes in these parameters then feedback to affect the performance of host plants. Current projects explore the influence of host plant genetics on fungal abundance and diversity; the impact of climate change on interactions among host plants, fungi, and insects; and the belowground mechanisms by which invasive plants may harm native plants. Jan Jansa studied biology at Charles University in Prague and agricultural sciences at ETH Zurich, where he also obtained PhD in 2002. He also worked at ETH Zurich and the University of Adelaide (with Sally E. Smith). Jansa currently leads the Laboratory of Fungal Biology at the Institute of Microbiology in Prague. His aim is the quantification of the involvement of mycorrhizal symbiosis in the turnover of soil organic matter, fluxes of mineral nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen from the soil to plants and carbon from the plants to the soil. Together with his team, he studies the exchange of mineral nutrients for carbon between the symbiotic partners under spatially and temporarily variable conditions, including light deprivation, using a suite of isotopic and molecular techniques
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