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El. knyga: Nanobiotechnology: Human Health and the Environment

Edited by (Ahmedabad University, Gurat, India), Edited by (Ahmedabad University, Gujrat, India), Edited by (Ahmedabad University, Gurat, India), Edited by (Ahmedabad University, Gurat, India)
  • Formatas: 512 pages
  • Išleidimo metai: 26-Mar-2018
  • Leidėjas: CRC Press Inc
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781351031578
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Nanobiotechnology: Human Health and the EnvironmentDidesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: 512 pages
  • Išleidimo metai: 26-Mar-2018
  • Leidėjas: CRC Press Inc
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781351031578
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This book combines the contributions from the experts of material science, molecular biology, toxicology bio-organic and bio-inorganic chemistry, toxicologists and environmental and food technology etc. to fathom the full scope of current and future of developments in the area of Nanobiotechnology.

Provides brief overview of nanobiotechnology for general readers who are not familiar with the research fields and presents a strong overview of most of the critical areas in field

This book can also be used as text book for graduate students as an essential reference material, and as an reading material for general readers having a curiosity in Nanobiotechnology.
Preface vii
Acknowledgments ix
Editors xi
Contributors xv
1 Contemporary Developments in Nanobiotechnology: Applications, Toxicity, Sustainability and Future Perspective 1(34)
Anubhav Kaphle
Navya Nagaraju
Hemant Kumar Daima
1.1 Introduction
1(4)
1.2 Types of Nanomaterials and Their Applications
5(8)
1.2.1 Gold (Au)-Based Nanomaterials
7(2)
1.2.2 Iron-Oxide Nanoparticles
9(1)
1.2.3 Quantum Dots
9(1)
1.2.4 Carbon-Based Materials
10(3)
1.3 Physicochemical Properties of Nanomaterials
13(3)
1.4 Exposure State and Routes of Uptake of Nanomaterials
16(1)
1.5 Interaction with Biological Systems, Cellular Uptake, and Distribution
17(3)
1.6 Nanotoxicity and Possible Molecular Mechanisms
20(1)
1.7 Assessing Nanotoxicity: Characterization Steps, Assay Methods, and Reliability
21(3)
1.8 Conclusion, Sustainability, and Future Outlook
24(1)
Competing Interests
25(1)
Acknowledgments
25(1)
References
25(10)
2 Nanotheranostics: Implications of Nanotechnology in Simultaneous Diagnosis and Therapy 35(34)
Brahmeshwar Mishra
Ravi R. Patel
2.1 Introduction
35(2)
2.2 Different Types of Theranostic Nanomedicines
37(20)
2.2.1 Polymeric Nanoparticles
37(2)
2.2.2 Polymer Drug Conjugates
39(2)
2.2.3 Dendrimers
41(2)
2.2.4 Gold Nanoparticles
43(3)
2.2.5 Magnetic Nanoparticles
46(2)
2.2.6 Silica Nanoparticles
48(1)
2.2.7 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles
48(1)
2.2.8 Liposomes
49(2)
2.2.9 Polymeric Micelles
51(2)
2.2.10 Nanoemulsion
53(2)
2.2.11 Carbon-Based Nanostructures
55(2)
2.3 Conclusion and Future Perspective
57(1)
References
58(11)
3 Nanodevices for Early Diagnosis of Cardiovascular Disease: Advances, Challenges and Way Ahead 69(36)
Alok Pandya
Madhuri Bollapalli
3.1 Understanding Cardiovascular Disease
70(2)
3.1.1 What Are Cardiovascular Diseases?
70(2)
3.2 What Are the Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease?
72(1)
3.3 Cardiovascular Disease in the Developing World
73(3)
3.3.1 Why Is the Rate of CVD Increasing in the Developing World?
75(1)
3.4 Current Tools for Diagnosis of CVDs
76(4)
3.4.1 Electrocardiography
77(1)
3.4.2 Imaging Techniques
77(1)
3.4.3 Echocardiography
78(1)
3.4.4 Coronary Angiography
78(1)
3.4.5 Immunoassay Technique
78(2)
3.5 Biomarkers and Their Role in Cardiovascular Risk
80(2)
3.6 Detection of Cardiac Biomarkers
82(8)
3.6.1 Enzyme-Linked Immune Sorbent Assay
82(1)
3.6.2 Chemiluminescence-Based Immunoassays
83(1)
3.6.3 Fluorescence-Based Immunoassays
84(1)
3.6.4 Electrical Detection-Based Assay
85(3)
3.6.5 Surface Plasmon Resonance-Based Detection
88(2)
3.6.6 Colorimetric Detection-Based Assay
90(1)
3.7 Point-of-Care Assay and Technology in the Market
90(7)
3.7.1 Point-of-Care Devices Currently Available on the Market
93(2)
3.7.2 Point of Care under Development in the Laboratory
95(1)
3.7.3 Microfluidic-Based Immunoassay and Chip-Based Devices
96(1)
3.7.4 Paper-Based Devices
96(1)
3.7.5 Aptamer
96(1)
3.8 Challenges and Way Ahead
97(1)
Acknowledgments
98(1)
References
99(4)
Suggested Further Reading
103(2)
4 Emerging Trends in Nanotechnology for Diagnosis and Therapy of Lung Cancer 105(66)
Nanda Rohra
Manish Gore
Sathish Dyawanapelly
Mahesh Tambe
Ankit Gautam
Meghna Suvarna
Ratnesh Jain
Prajakta Dandekar
4.1 Introduction
106(10)
4.1.1 Lung Cancer
106(1)
4.1.2 Types of Lung Cancer
107(1)
4.1.3 Causes of Lung Cancer
107(1)
4.1.4 Stages of Lung Cancer
107(1)
4.1.5 Diagnosis of Lung Cancer
108(1)
4.1.6 Conventional Treatment Modalities
108(8)
4.1.6.1 Surgery
110(1)
4.1.6.2 Radiation Therapy
110(2)
4.1.6.3 Chemotherapy
112(1)
4.1.6.4 Immunotherapy
112(3)
4.1.6.5 Small Molecule Inhibitors
115(1)
4.2 Need for Nanotechnology in Diagnosis and Therapy of Lung Cancer
116(6)
4.2.1 Nanotechnology
116(2)
4.2.2 Advantages of Nanocarriers
118(1)
4.2.3 Targeting Approaches for Nanocarriers
118(4)
4.2.3.1 Passive Targeting for Lung Cancer
118(2)
4.2.3.2 Active Targeting for Lung Cancer
120(2)
4.3 Nanoplatforms for Lung Cancer
122(27)
4.3.1 Polymer-Based Nanoparticles for Lung Cancer
122(11)
4.3.1.1 Poly (Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) Nanoparticles for Lung Administration
123(2)
4.3.1.2 Stealth Polymer: Poly Ethylene Glycol-Coated Nanoparticles for Lung Cancer
125(1)
4.3.1.3 Chitosan Nanoparticles for Lung Cancer
126(1)
4.3.1.4 Dendrimers-Architectural Nanoparticles for Lung Cancer
127(1)
4.3.1.5 Polymeric Micelles
128(1)
4.3.1.6 Polymeric Nanofibers
128(5)
4.3.2 Metal-Based Nanoparticles and Miscellaneous Nanoparticles for Lung Cancer
133(8)
4.3.2.1 Gold Nanoparticles
133(1)
4.3.2.2 Silver Nanoparticles
134(1)
4.3.2.3 Magnetic Nanoparticles
135(1)
4.3.2.4 Carbon-Based Nanoparticles
136(2)
4.3.2.5 Quantum Dots
138(1)
4.3.2.6 Nanoshells
139(1)
4.3.2.7 Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles
140(1)
4.3.2.8 Lanthanide Nanoparticles
140(1)
4.3.3 Bio-Based Nanoparticles
141(8)
4.3.3.1 Apoferritin
145(1)
4.3.3.2 Viral Nanoparticles
145(1)
4.3.3.3 Protein-Based Nanoparticles
146(1)
4.3.3.4 Liposomes
147(1)
4.3.3.5 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles
148(1)
4.4 Clinical Studies of Nanosystems for Lung Cancer
149(8)
4.4.1 Abraxane®
149(5)
4.4.2 Lipoplatin™
154(1)
4.4.3 Genexol®-PM
155(2)
4.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
157(1)
Acknowledgments
158(1)
References
158(13)
5 Surface Modification of Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications: Strategies and Recent Advances 171(48)
Ragini Singh
Sanjay Singh
5.1 Introduction
172(1)
5.2 Ligand Exchange Reactions
173(5)
5.2.1 Gold NPs
174(1)
5.2.2 Iron Oxide NPs
175(1)
5.2.3 Quantum Dots
176(1)
5.2.4 Carbon Nanotubes
177(1)
5.3 Silanization of NP Surface
178(3)
5.3.1 Gold NPs
178(1)
5.3.2 Iron Oxide NPs
179(1)
5.3.3 Carbon Nanotubes
180(1)
5.3.4 Quantum Dots
180(1)
5.4 Use of Click Chemistry for Surface Modification
181(5)
5.4.1 Gold NPs
181(2)
5.4.2 Iron Oxide NPs
183(1)
5.4.3 Carbon Nanotubes
184(1)
5.4.4 Quantum Dots
185(1)
5.5 Amphiphilic Polymer Coating
186(4)
5.5.1 Gold NPs
186(1)
5.5.2 Iron Oxide NPs
187(1)
5.5.3 Carbon Nanotubes
188(1)
5.5.4 Quantum Dots
189(1)
5.6 Use of Polyethylene Glycol
190(3)
5.6.1 Gold NPs
190(1)
5.6.2 Iron Oxide NPs
191(1)
5.6.3 Carbon Nanotubes
192(1)
5.6.4 Quantum Dots
193(1)
5.7 Surface Modification with Biomolecules
193(4)
5.7.1 Gold NPs
194(1)
5.7.2 Iron Oxide NPs
195(1)
5.7.3 Carbon Nanotubes
196(1)
5.7.4 Quantum Dots
197(1)
5.8 Use of Block Copolymers
197(4)
5.8.1 Gold NPs
199(1)
5.8.2 Iron Oxide NPs
199(1)
5.8.3 Carbon Nanotubes
200(1)
5.8.4 Quantum Dots
200(1)
5.9 Lipid Coating over NP Surfaces
201(3)
5.9.1 Gold NPs
202(1)
5.9.2 Iron Oxide NPs
202(1)
5.9.3 Carbon Nanotubes
203(1)
5.9.4 Quantum Dots
204(1)
5.10 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
204(1)
Acknowledgments
205(1)
Conflict of Interest
205(1)
References
205(14)
6 Nanoparticle Contrast Agents for Medical Imaging 219(32)
Rabee Cheheltani
Johoon Kim
Pratap C. Naha
David P. Cormode
6.1 Introduction
220(5)
6.1.1 Quantum Dots
221(1)
6.1.2 Nanocrystals
222(1)
6.1.3 Micelles
223(1)
6.1.4 Liposomes
223(1)
6.1.5 Polymeric Nanoparticles
224(1)
6.1.6 Natural Nanoparticles
224(1)
6.1.7 Dendrimers
224(1)
6.1.8 Emulsions
224(1)
6.1.9 Imaging Modalities and Contrast Agents
224(1)
6.2 Computed Tomography
225(3)
6.2.1 Iodine-Containing Nanoparticles
226(1)
6.2.2 Gold Nanoparticles
227(1)
6.2.3 Upconverting Nanoparticles
227(1)
6.2.4 Other Heavy Metal Nanoparticles
227(1)
6.3 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
228(4)
6.3.1 T1 Contrast Agents
229(1)
6.3.2 T2 Contrast Agents
229(1)
6.3.3 Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer Agents
230(1)
6.3.4 Fluorine Contrast Agents
231(1)
6.4 Fluorescence Imaging
232(3)
6.4.1 Quantum Dots
232(1)
6.4.2 Gold Nanoparticles
233(1)
6.4.3 Carbon Nanostructures
234(1)
6.4.4 Fluorescently Labeled Liposomes
235(1)
6.4.5 Cerenkov Luminescence Imaging
235(1)
6.5 Nuclear Imaging
235(2)
6.5.1 Liposomes
236(1)
6.5.2 Polymeric Nanoparticles
236(1)
6.5.3 Radiolabeled Inorganic Nanoparticles
236(1)
6.6 Photoacoustic Imaging
237(2)
6.6.1 Metal Nanoparticles
238(1)
6.6.2 Fluorophores
238(1)
6.7 Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy
239(2)
6.8 Discussion
241(1)
Acknowledgments
242(1)
References
242(9)
7 Recapitulating Tumor Extracellular Matrix: Design Criteria for Developing Three-Dimensional Tumor Models 251(28)
Dhaval Kedaria
Rajesh Vasita
7.1 Introduction
251(1)
7.2 Tumor Microenvironment
252(5)
7.2.1 Components of Tumor Extracellular Matrix
253(3)
7.2.2 Role of Extracellular Matrix in Regulation of Cancer Cell Behavior
256(1)
7.3 Mimicking Properties of Tumor Extracellular Matrix
257(8)
7.3.1 Geometrical Properties
257(4)
7.3.1.1 Topography
258(1)
7.3.1.2 Dimensionality
258(2)
7.3.1.3 Porosity
260(1)
7.3.2 Mechanical Properties
261(2)
7.3.2.1 Stiffness
261(2)
7.3.3 Biochemical Properties
263(2)
7.3.3.1 Surface Chemistry
264(1)
7.3.3.2 Chemical Composition
265(1)
7.4 Mimicking Approaches by Three-Dimensional Platforms for Drug Screening
265(5)
7.4.1 Hydrogel
266(2)
7.4.2 Nanofibers
268(1)
7.4.3 Microfluidics Models
269(1)
7.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
270(1)
Acknowledgments
271(1)
References
271(8)
8 Understanding the Interaction of Nanomaterials with Living Systems: Tissue Engineering 279(20)
Shashi Singh
8.1 Fabrication of Nanoscaffolds
281(2)
8.2 Types of Scaffolds
283(1)
8.3 Two Main Categories of Bioscaffolds
283(1)
8.3.1 Injectables
283(1)
8.3.2 Custom Scaffold
284(1)
8.4 Interactions with Cells
284(9)
8.4.1 Biocompatibility
284(1)
8.4.2 Surface of the Nanomaterial
285(1)
8.4.3 Nanoscale Features
286(2)
8.4.4 Nanoscale Composition
288(1)
8.4.5 Porosity
289(2)
8.4.6 Mechanosensing
291(1)
8.4.7 Responses of Cells and Signaling Pathways
291(1)
8.4.8 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathway
292(1)
8.4.9 Rho-Associated Protein Kinases
292(1)
8.4.10 Transforming Growth Factor-beta Pathways
292(1)
8.4.11 The PI3 kinase/Akt
292(1)
8.4.12 Wnt/beta-Catenin
292(1)
References
293(6)
9 Nanoparticles and the Aquatic Environment: Application, Impact and Fate 299(24)
Violet A. Senapati
Ashutosh Kumar
9.1 Introduction
299(2)
9.2 Environmental Applications of Engineered Nanoparticles
301(4)
9.2.1 Degradation of Organic Pollutants
302(1)
9.2.2 Engineered Nanoparticles as Adsorbents
303(1)
9.2.3 Treatment and Remediation
303(1)
9.2.4 Abatement of Pollution
304(1)
9.2.5 Nanosensors
304(1)
9.2.6 Construction
304(1)
9.2.7 Nanomembranes
304(1)
9.2.8 Catalysis
305(1)
9.3 Ecotoxicological Impacts of Engineered Nanoparticles
305(2)
9.4 Fate and Accumulation of Engineered Nanoparticles
307(2)
9.4.1 Water
307(2)
9.4.2 Air
309(1)
9.4.3 Soil
309(1)
9.5 Safety of Nanotechnology
309(6)
9.5.1 Risk Assessment
314(1)
9.5.2 Risk Management
314(1)
9.6 Conclusion
315(1)
Acknowledgments
315(1)
References
316(7)
10 Iron Nanoparticles for Contaminated Site Remediation and Environmental Preservation 323(52)
Adam Truskewycz
Sayali Patil
Andrew Ball
Ravi Shukla
10.1 What Are Nanoparticles?
324(1)
10.2 Environmental Pollution Due to Anthropogenic Activities
325(1)
10.3 Iron in the Environment
326(2)
10.4 Iron Nanoparticles: Potential Use in Remediation
328(1)
10.5 Different Types of Iron Nanoparticles
329(1)
10.5.1 Nanoscale Zero-Valent Iron (Fe°)
329(1)
10.5.2 Magnetite (Fe3O4)
329(1)
10.5.3 Maghemite (gamma-Fe2O3)
329(1)
10.5.4 Hematite (alpha-Fe2O3)
329(1)
10.5.5 Goethite (alpha-FeO(OH))
330(1)
10.5.6 Lepidocrocite (gamma-FeO(OH))
330(1)
10.5.7 Ferrihydrite
330(1)
10.5.8 Amorphous Mixtures
330(1)
10.6 Parameters for the Application of Iron Nanoparticles to Bioremediation
330(3)
10.6.1 Size
330(1)
10.6.2 Agglomeration
331(1)
10.6.3 Shape and Particle Uniformity
332(1)
10.6.4 Aging/Storage Times/Stability/Passivation
332(1)
10.7 Synthesis of Iron Nanoparticles
333(6)
10.7.1 Ball Milling
333(1)
10.7.2 Co-Precipitation
334(1)
10.7.3 Reduction of Aqueous Iron Salts
335(1)
10.7.4 Hydrothermal/Hydrosolvo Synthesis
335(1)
10.7.5 Thermal Decomposition
336(1)
10.7.6 Microwave-Assisted Synthesis
336(1)
10.7.7 Microemulsion
336(1)
10.7.8 Sonochemical
337(2)
10.7.9 Optimization
339(1)
10.8 Different Methods of Generating Coatings
339(5)
10.8.1 Natural Polymers-Starch
340(1)
10.8.2 Polyelectrolyte-Carboxymethyl Cellulose
341(1)
10.8.3 Polyvinyl Alcohol
341(1)
10.8.4 Poly(Methacrylic Acid)-Block-(Methyl Methacrylate)-Block-(Styrenesulfonate) Triblock
341(1)
10.8.5 Mesoporous Carbon/Silica Coated
342(1)
10.8.6 Emulsified Nanoscale Zero-Valent Iron
342(1)
10.8.7 Biological Capping Agents-Plant/Algal-Based Polyphenols
343(1)
10.8.8 Immobilized Nanoparticles on Solid Supports
343(1)
10.8.9 Bimetallic Particles
344(1)
10.9 Characterization Techniques
344(4)
10.9.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy
344(1)
10.9.2 Transmission Electron Microscopy
345(1)
10.9.3 X-Ray Diffraction
345(1)
10.9.4 Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy
346(1)
10.9.5 Fourier Transform Infrared
346(1)
10.9.6 Dynamic Light Scattering
347(1)
10.9.7 X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy
347(1)
10.9.8 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
347(1)
10.10 Application of Iron Nanoparticles for Pollution Remediation
348(1)
10.10.1 Comparison of Nanoparticles with Other Technologies
348(1)
10.11 Types of Pollutants Iron Nanoparticles Catabolize
349(4)
10.11.1 Chlorinated Solvents
349(1)
10.11.2 Dyes
350(1)
10.11.3 Pesticides
350(1)
10.11.4 Nitrogen
351(1)
10.11.5 Metals
351(1)
10.11.6 Fenton/Fenton-Like Reactions
352(1)
10.12 In Situ Remediation Using Iron Nanoparticles
353(4)
10.12.1 Groundwater Remediation
353(1)
10.12.2 Migration and Monitoring
354(1)
10.12.3 Surface Waters
355(1)
10.12.4 Terrestrial Remediation
355(1)
10.12.5 Cost of Iron Nanoparticle Remediation/Feasibility
356(1)
10.13 Fate of Fe NP's in the Environment and Ecotoxicity Concerns
357(4)
10.13.1 Microorganisms
357(2)
10.13.2 Plants
359(1)
10.13.3 Fish
359(1)
10.13.4 Mammals
360(1)
10.13.5 Ecotoxicity Extrapolations
361(1)
10.14 Conclusions
361(1)
Acknowledgment
362(1)
References
362(13)
11 Solubility of Nanoparticles and Their Relevance in Nanotoxicity Studies 375(14)
Archini Paruthi
Superb K. Misra
11.1 Dissolution of Nanoparticles
375(1)
11.2 Factors Affecting Dissolution
376(1)
11.3 Measurement of Nanoparticle Dissolution
377(1)
11.4 Biological Implications of Dissolution
378(3)
11.5 Case Study for Silver Nanoparticles
381(4)
References
385(4)
12 Nanotechnology in Functional Foods and Their Packaging 389(24)
Satnam Singh
Shivendu Ranjan
Nandita Dasgupta
Chidambaram Ramalingam
12.1 Introduction
389(1)
12.2 Nanotechnology in Development of Functional Foods
390(8)
12.2.1 Nutrition and Food Processing
390(3)
12.2.2 Food Nanoadditives and Nanoingredients
393(1)
12.2.3 Nanoencapsulation of Nutrients and Their Delivery Mechanisms
394(3)
12.2.4 Antimicrobial Activity
397(1)
12.3 Nanotechnology in Food Packaging Research Trends
398(7)
12.3.1 Nanoreinforcements in Food Packaging Materials
398(1)
12.3.2 Nanocomposite Active Food Packaging
399(4)
12.3.2.1 Antimicrobial Systems
399(1)
12.3.2.2 Oxygen Scavengers
400(1)
12.3.2.3 Enzyme Immobilization Systems
401(2)
12.3.3 Nanocomposite Smart Packaging Systems
403(12)
12.3.3.1 Time Temperature Integrators and Moisture Indicators
403(1)
12.3.3.2 Freshness Indicators
403(1)
12.3.3.3 Detection of Gases
404(1)
12.3.3.4 Oxygen Sensors
404(1)
12.3.3.5 Detection of Microorganisms
405(1)
12.4 Conclusion
405(1)
Acknowledgments
405(1)
References
406(7)
13 Use of Nanotechnology as an Antimicrobial Tool in the Food Sector 413(40)
Maria Ruiz-Rico
Edgar Perez-Esteve
Jose M. Barat
13.1 Introduction
413(2)
13.2 Metallic Nanoparticles
415(5)
13.2.1 Silver and Gold Nanoparticles
416(1)
13.2.2 Iron Oxide Nanoparticles
416(1)
13.2.3 Other Metal Oxide Nanoparticles
417(3)
13.2.4 Application of Metallic Nanoparticles as Components of Antimicrobial Food Packaging
420(1)
13.3 Nanoencapsulation Systems
420(16)
13.3.1 Organic Nanoencapsulation Systems
424(5)
13.3.1.1 Nanoemulsions
424(2)
13.3.1.2 Microemulsions
426(1)
13.3.1.3 Liposomes
426(1)
13.3.1.4 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles
427(1)
13.3.1.5 Nanofibers
428(1)
13.3.1.6 Application of Food-Grade Nanoparticles in Food Packaging
428(1)
13.3.2 Inorganic Nanoencapsulation Systems
429(7)
13.3.2.1 Antimicrobial-Loaded Mesoporous Silica Particles
431(3)
13.3.2.2 Antimicrobial Functionalized MSPs
434(1)
13.3.2.3 Antimicrobial Loaded and Functionalized Mesoporous Silica Particles
435(1)
13.4 Limitations of Nanomaterials for Food Applications
436(3)
13.4.1 Nanomaterial Stability
436(1)
13.4.2 Nanomaterials Biocompatibility
436(1)
13.4.3 Nanomaterial Toxicity
437(2)
13.5 Final Remarks
439(2)
Acknowledgments
441(1)
References
441(12)
14 Interface Considerations in the Modeling of Hierarchical Biological Structures 453(10)
Parvez Alam
14.1 Introduction
453(1)
14.2 Atom-Atom Interfaces
453(1)
14.3 Molecular Interfaces
454(2)
14.4 The Nano Effect
456(3)
14.5 Biomechanical Interfaces at Higher Length Scales
459(1)
14.6 Final Remarks
460(1)
References
460(3)
Index 463
Professor Alok Dhawan is currently Director, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow. He also served as Founding Director, Institute of Life Sciences, and Dean, Planning and Development, Ahmedabad University, Gujarat. Before joining as Director, CSIR-IITR, he also worked on different scientific positions, like Scientist, C, Senior Principal Scientist, Principal Scientist, etc. He obtained his Ph.D. Degree in Biochemistry from University of Lucknow, India in 1991. He has been awarded D.Sc. Degree (Honorary) from University of Bradford, U.K., 2017. He was a Visiting Scholar, Michigan State University, USA; BOYSCAST Fellow, University of Surrey, Wales & Bradford, UK. Professor Dhawan started the area of nanomaterial toxicology in India and published a guidance document on the safe use of nanomaterials. His group elucidated the mechanism of toxicity of metal oxide nanoparticles in human and bacterial cells. His work has been widely cited. He set up a state-of-the-art nanomaterial toxicology facility at CSIR-IITR as well as at the Institute of Life Sciences.

Professor Dhawan has won several honors and awards including the INSA Young Scientist Medal in 1994, CSIR Young Scientist Award in 1999, the Shakuntala Amir Chand Prize of ICMR in 2002 and the Vigyan Ratna by the Council of Science and Technology, UP in 2011. His work in the area of nanomaterial toxicology has won him international accolades as well and he was awarded two Indo-UK projects under the prestigious UK-IERI programme. He was also awarded two European Union Projects under the FP7 and New INDIGO programmes.

He founded the Indian Nanoscience Society in 2007. In recognition of his work he has been elected Fellow, Royal Society of Chemistry, UK; Fellow, The National Academy of Sciences, India; Fellow, The Academy of Toxicological Sciences, USA; Fellow, The Academy of Environmental Biology; Fellow, Academy of Science for Animal Welfare; FellowSociety of Toxicology (India); Founder Fellow, Indian Nanoscience Society; Fellow, Gujarat Science Academy; Vice PresidentEnvironmental Mutagen Society of India (200607); MemberNational Academy of Medical Sciences; Member, United Kingdom Environmental Mutagen Society, U.K.; Member, Asian Association of Environmental Mutagen Societies, Japan.

He has over 125 publications to his credit in peer reviewed international journals, 18 reviews/book chapters, four patents, two copyrights and has edited two books. He is the Editor-In-Chief, Journal Translational Toxicology published by American Scientific Publishers, USA and serves as the Member, Editorial Board of Mutagenesis, Nanotoxicology, Mutation Research Reviews, and other journals of repute.

Professor Rishi Shanker, currently serves as Guest Faculty at Biotechnology Park, Lucknow, India and as consultant to biotechnology industry. He has served as Professor & Associate Dean at the School of Arts & Sciences, Ahmedabad University, Gujarat, India (2014-16). Prior to joining Ahmedabad University, he served as Chief Scientist and Area Coordinator Environmental & Nanomaterial Toxicology Groups at CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow (2001-2013). He also served as Principal Scientist at CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur. A Masters in Biochemistry from University of Lucknow and a PhD in Environmental Microbiology & Toxicology from CSIR-IITR & CSJM University (1985). Dr Shankers post-doctoral research addressed methanogen microbiology, deep subsurface microbiology and protein engineering at University of London and Pennsylvania State University, USA (1987-1990).

Dr Shankers research contributions range from genetically engineered bacteria for bioremediation and molecular probes for pathogen detection to alternate models in toxicity assessment of chemicals and engineered nanomaterials. He has successfully steered over 34 national and international research projects including Indo-US program: Common Agenda for Environment, Indo-Swiss Program in Biotechnology, Indo-German, EU FP7, EU New Indigo & Inno Indigo program and Unilever. He has mentored 11 PhD students and has more than 85 publications and 20 reviews/book chapters to his credit in aforesaid areas.

His work on pathogen detection and water quality received recognition in form of Vigyan Ratna, conferred by the Government of Uttar Pradesh, India. He was awarded the Visiting Research Fellowship of Society for General Microbiology, UK to work at the Anaerobic Microbiology Laboratory, Queen Mary College, University of London. He has served as Visiting Scientist and Visiting Professor at the University of Washington, Seattle, USA; Pasteur Institute & CEA, France; and Pohang University of Science & Technology, Republic of Korea.

Dr Ashutosh Kumar is presently working as Assistant Professor in the Division of Biological and Life Sciences, School Arts and Sciences, Ahmedabad University, Gujarat, India. He obtained his Masters degree in Applied Microbiology from Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore in 2008 and worked at CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow for his Doctorate degree in Biotechnology.

Dr Kumars research group works majorly in the area of nanomedicines for cancer and arthritis, nano based drug and gene delivery, DNA biochip for the detection of pathogens, nanoemulsions for food application, environmental nanotechnology, nanotoxicology and genetic toxicology. Dr Kumar established several new methods for nanomaterial safety assessment in India. He developed a novel method for the detection of uptake of nanoparticles in live bacteria for several generations. His work was focused in deciphering the mechanism of metal oxide nanoparticles induced genotoxicity and apoptosis in the prokaryotic, eukaryotic as well as in in vivo model. In the area of environmental biology, he was involved in understanding fate, impact and biomagnification of nanomaterials in aquatic ecosystem using the paramecium, daphnia and zebra fish as a model organism. The work conducted by him is in the frontiers of nanomaterial safety area worldwide. His studies shall have far reaching applications in predicting the adverse health effects of nanoparticles and safe use of nanomaterials to protect human and environmental health.

He has published more than 40 research papers and 12 book chapters in internationally reputed peer reviewed journals. He has received several national and international awards including the "INSA Medal for Young Scientist 2014", NASI-Young Scientist Platinum Jubilee Award (2015) in the area of Health Sciences for his scientific contributions.

Dr Sanjay Singh is an Associate Professor at the Division of Biological & Life Sciences, Ahmedabad University, India. He obtained his MSc degree from University of Allahabad (2004), and PhD degree from CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory India (2008). Prior to joining Ahmedabad University as Assistant Professor (2012), he worked as postdoctoral research fellow (2008 2012) at University of Central Florida (Orlando, USA) and Pennsylvania State University (Hershey, USA).

Dr Singh's research area includes the synthesis of catalytic nanomaterials exhibiting biological enzyme-like properties (Nanozymes), which are exploited for the development of biosensors and detection of cancer cells. His research group works to develop novel nanoprobes for imaging of cancerous cells using chemiluminescence, absorbance and photoluminescence approaches that would yield improved diagnoses and greater information about the underlying pathophysiology of human diseases. He also works to develop nanoliposomes encapsulating multiple pharmacological agents for targeted damage to cancer cells.

Dr Singh has received several honors and awards such as Endeavour Research Fellowship by Government of Australia (2015), Research Excellence Award by Ahmedabad University, India (2016), Yamagiwa-Yoshida (YY) Memorial award by Union of International Cancer Control (2016), and International Association of Advanced Materials Scientist Medal (2017). He has served as visiting professor at RMIT University, Australia and University of Pennsylvania, USA.



Dr Singh has authored more than 50 papers in international journals and 4 book chapters published in the field of nanoscience and nanotechnology. He is serving as an Associate Editor for the journal "3Biotech", published by Springer; Editorial Board Member of "American Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology", and "International Journal of Medical Sciences". Dr Singh also serves as consulting editor for "Research and Reports in Transdermal Drug Delivery" published by Dove Press.
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