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El. knyga: Nanostructured Titanium Dioxide in Photocatalysis [Taylor & Francis e-book]

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  • Formatas: 320 pages, 21 Tables, black and white; 21 Illustrations, color; 76 Illustrations, black and white
  • Išleidimo metai: 18-Jun-2021
  • Leidėjas: Jenny Stanford Publishing
  • ISBN-13: 9781003148531
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  • Taylor & Francis e-book
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Nanostructured Titanium Dioxide in PhotocatalysisDidesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: 320 pages, 21 Tables, black and white; 21 Illustrations, color; 76 Illustrations, black and white
  • Išleidimo metai: 18-Jun-2021
  • Leidėjas: Jenny Stanford Publishing
  • ISBN-13: 9781003148531
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Taylor & Francis e-booksMore info about Taylor & Francis e-books
Partnerių interneto svetainė: https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781003148531

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) has drawn considerable attention as an attractive inorganic raw material for various applications due to its inexpensiveness, nontoxic nature, stability, and excellent photocatalytic activity. Photocatalysis is one of the most promising route for sustainable chemistry of the 21st century. It can contribute to solving environmental, global energy, and chemical problems, as well as to the sustainable production of commodities in the near future.

This book presents the fundamentals of photocatalysis in nanostructured TiO2 and describes the factors affecting the photocatalytic activity, design, and synthesis of various forms of nanostructured TiO2. It highlights the use of ion-doping and inert-atmosphere annealing to extend the light-absorption range of photocatalysts and reduce recombination between electrons and holes. It discusses numerous applications in the fields of energy and environment, such as water purification, gas sensing, storage and delivery, and energy generation. The book is an invaluable resource and useful guide for a broad readership in various fields of catalysis, materials science, environment, and energy.

Preface xiii
Part I Introduction and Background
1 Introduction and Literature Review
3(64)
1.1 Introduction
3(2)
1.2 Literature Review
5(62)
1.2.1 Crystal Structure of TiO2
7(1)
1.2.1.1 Anatase
8(2)
1.2.1.2 Rutile
10(2)
1.2.1.3 Brookite
12(2)
1.2.2 TiO2 Band Gap, Doping, and Modifying
14(2)
1.2.2.1 Ion-implantation method
16(1)
1.2.2.2 Sol--gel doping and other methods
16(2)
1.2.2.3 Mixed titania phases: Heterojunction (heterostructure)
18(1)
1.2.3 Kinetics of TiO2 Phase Transformation
19(2)
1.2.3.1 Temperature
21(1)
1.2.3.2 Calcination time
21(1)
1.2.3.3 Heating rate
22(1)
1.2.3.4 Atmospheres
22(1)
1.2.3.5 Impurities, presence of foreign elements, or doping
23(2)
1.2.3.6 Synthesis method
25(1)
1.2.3.7 Particle/grain size
26(1)
1.2.3.8 Surface area
27(1)
1.2.4 Nanostructured TiO2
27(1)
1.2.4.1 Zero-dimensional nanostructures
28(1)
1.2.4.2 One-dimensional nanostructures
28(4)
1.2.4.3 Two-dimensional nanostructures
32(1)
1.2.4.4 Three-dimensional nanostructures
32(1)
1.2.5 Synthesis Methods of Nanostructured TiO2
33(1)
1.2.5.1 Sol-gel
33(1)
1.2.5.2 Hydrothermal method
33(1)
1.2.5.3 Template method
34(1)
1.2.5.4 Chemical vapor deposition
35(1)
1.2.5.5 Layer-by-layer method
35(2)
1.2.5.6 Anodization method
37(2)
1.2.5.7 Electrospinning method
39(7)
1.2.6 Taguchi Method
46(21)
Part II Methodologies
2 Material Synthesis and Methodologies
67(38)
2.1 Synthesis of TiO2 Thin Films
67(1)
2.2 Synthesis of Electrospun TiO2 Nanofibers
68(1)
2.3 Synthesis of Anodized TiO2 Nanotubes
69(1)
2.4 Synthesis of ID TiO2 Nanostructures
69(7)
2.4.1 Hydrothermal: Seeded-Growth Reaction
70(1)
2.4.2 Templated Synthesis: Sol--Gel Deposition, Electrodeposition, Atomic Layer Deposition
70(2)
2.4.3 Electrochemical Anodization
72(4)
2.4.4 Ion Implantation
76(1)
2.5 Physical Properties of Anodic TiO2 Nanotube Layers Annealed at Different Temperatures
76(6)
2.5.1 Morphological Properties
76(2)
2.5.2 Structural Properties
78(1)
2.5.3 Optical Properties
79(1)
2.5.4 Vibrational Properties
79(3)
2.6 Modification and Functionalization of Anodic TiO2 Nanotube Layers
82(5)
2.6.1 Doping
82(1)
2.6.2 Reduction and Self-Doping "Black TiO2"
83(1)
2.6.3 Surface Modification
84(1)
2.6.4 Incorporation of Metals and Semiconductors
85(2)
2.7 Synthesis of Doped TiO2 Nanostructures
87(18)
3 Characterization Techniques
105(10)
3.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy
105(1)
3.2 High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy
106(1)
3.3 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
106(1)
3.4 Electron Backscatter Diffraction
106(1)
3.5 In Situ High-Temperature X-Ray and Synchrotron Radiation Diffraction
107(2)
3.6 Analysis of Absolute Phase Compositions
109(1)
3.7 Estimation of Activation Energies
109(1)
3.8 Estimation of Crystallite Size and Strain
110(5)
Part III Materials Characterization
4 In Situ Isothermal High-Temperature Diffraction Studies on the Crystallization, Phase Transformation, and Activation Energies in Anodized Titania Nanotubes
115(12)
4.1 Introduction
116(1)
4.2 Results and Discussion
117(5)
4.2.1 Microstructural Imaging
117(2)
4.2.2 Crystallization Kinetics
119(2)
4.2.3 Activation Energies
121(1)
4.3 Conclusion
122(5)
5 Effect of Calcination on Band Gap for Electrospun Titania Nanofibers Heated in Air-Argon Mixtures
127(18)
5.1 Introduction
128(2)
5.2 Results and Discussion
130(9)
5.2.1 Microstructure Imaging
130(2)
5.2.2 Influence of Calcining Atmosphere
132(1)
5.2.3 Phase Compositions
133(1)
5.2.4 UV--Visible Spectral Analysis
134(2)
5.2.5 Influence of Calcining Atmosphere on Band-Gap Structure
136(3)
5.3 Conclusion
139(6)
6 Characterization and Optimization of Electrospun TiO2/PVP Nanofibers Using Taguchi Design of Experiment Method
145(20)
6.1 Introduction
146(2)
6.2 Theory and Fundamentals
148(3)
6.2.1 Taguchi DoE
148(1)
6.2.2 Analysis of Variance
149(1)
6.2.3 Total Variation (ST)
150(1)
6.2.4 Total Variance of Each Factor (Si)
150(1)
6.2.5 Percentage Contribution (%)
151(1)
6.2.6 Signal-to-Noise Ratio (S/N) of Electrospun TiO2 Nanofiber Diameter
151(1)
6.3 Results and Discussion
151(10)
6.3.1 Nanofiber Morphology and Diameter
151(5)
6.3.2 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
156(1)
6.3.3 Optimum Combination of Factors
157(2)
6.3.4 Confirmation Experiment to Optimum Conditions
159(2)
6.4 Conclusion
161(4)
7 Effect of Pressure on TiO2 Crystallization Kinetics Using In Situ Sealed Capillary High-Temperature Synchrotron Radiation Diffraction
165(16)
7.1 Introduction
166(1)
7.2 Results and Discussion
167(9)
7.2.1 Microstructural Imaging
167(2)
7.2.2 SRD Patterns for In Situ Heating of Material Contained in Sealed Capillary
169(2)
7.2.3 Use of Ex Situ XRD at Atmospheric Pressure to Determine the Influence of Capillary Pressure in SRD Experiment
171(4)
7.2.4 Crystallization Kinetics Modelling
175(1)
7.3 Conclusion
176(5)
8 Characterization of Chemical-Bath-Deposited TiO2 Thin Films
181(8)
8.1 Introduction
181(1)
8.2 Results and Discussion
182(5)
8.2.1 XRD Analysis
182(2)
8.2.2 Microstructure Analysis
184(2)
8.2.3 Electrical Resistivity
186(1)
8.3 Conclusion
187(2)
9 Influence of Electrolyte and Temperature on Anodic Nanotubes
189(12)
9.1 Introduction
189(1)
9.2 Results and Discussion
190(6)
9.2.1 Influence of Electrolyte Composition on TiO2 Nanotubes Formation
191(1)
9.2.2 Temperature Dependence on Anodic Synthesis of TiO2 Nanotubes
192(2)
9.2.3 Optical Properties of Anodic TiO2 Nanotubes
194(2)
9.3 Conclusion
196(5)
Part IV Materials Properties and Applications
10 Phase Transformations and Crystallization Kinetics of Electrospun TiO2 Nanofibers in Air and Argon Atmospheres
201(16)
10.1 Introduction
201(3)
10.2 Results and Discussion
204(10)
10.2.1 Microstructures of Electrospun TiO2 Nanofibers
204(1)
10.2.2 Effect of Environmental Atmosphere on Phase Transitions during Thermal Annealing
205(9)
10.3 Conclusion
214(3)
11 Effect of Vanadium-Ion Implantation on the Crystallization Kinetics and Phase Transformation of Electrospun TiO2 Nanofibers
217(22)
11.1 Introduction
218(2)
11.2 Results and Discussion
220(14)
11.2.1 Microstructures of Electrospun TiO2 Nanofibers
220(2)
11.2.2 HRTEM Imaging of Calcined TiO2 Nanofibers
222(2)
11.2.3 X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
224(2)
11.2.4 Effect of Ion Implantation on Phase Transitions
226(5)
11.2.5 Crystallization Kinetics Modelling
231(2)
11.2.6 Microstructure Development
233(1)
11.3 Conclusion
234(5)
12 A Comparative Study on Crystallization Behavior, Phase Stability, and Binding Energy in Pure and Cr-Doped TiO2 Nanotubes
239(18)
12.1 Introduction
240(1)
12.2 Results and Discussion
241(11)
12.2.1 Crystallization Behavior
241(6)
12.2.2 Microstructures and Formation Mechanisms of Nanostructured TiO2
247(3)
12.2.3 Composition Depth Profiles and Binding Energies
250(2)
12.3 Conclusion
252(5)
13 Effect of Indium-Ion Implantation on Crystallization Kinetics and Phase Transformation of Anodized Titania Nanotubes
257(16)
13.1 Introduction
258(1)
13.2 Results and Discussion
259(8)
13.2.1 Microstructural Imaging
259(2)
13.2.2 Crystallization Behavior
261(3)
13.2.3 Influence of In-Ion Implantation on Lattice Parameters
264(3)
13.3 Conclusion
267(6)
14 Ni Nanowires Grown in Anodic TiO2 Nanotube Arrays as Diluted Magnetic Semiconductor Nanocomposites
273(12)
14.1 Introduction
274(2)
14.2 Results and Discussion
276(5)
14.3 Conclusion
281(4)
15 Applications of TiO2 Nanostructures
285(22)
15.1 Photocatalytic Applications
285(6)
15.1.1 Antifogging and Self-Cleaning
288(2)
15.1.2 Photocatalysts for Water Treatment and Air Purification
290(1)
15.1.3 TiO2 Photobioreactor
291(1)
15.2 Photovoltaic Applications
291(4)
15.2.1 Lithium Batteries
292(1)
15.2.2 Photoelectrochemical Cells
293(1)
15.2.3 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
294(1)
15.3 Sensing Applications
295(1)
15.4 Coatings
296(1)
15.5 Drug Delivery and Bioapplications
296(11)
Part V Conclusions
16 Summary and Conclusions
307(4)
16.1 Summary
307(1)
16.2 Conclusions
308(3)
Index 311
It-Meng Low is currently an adjunct professor of applied physics at Curtin University, Australia. He earned his PhD in materials engineering from Monash University, Australia. After completing his postdoctoral fellowship in mechanical engineering from the University of Sydney, Australia, he became a lecturer of chemical and materials engineering at the University of Auckland, New Zealand. He then moved to Curtin University as a lecturer of materials engineering and was promoted to senior lecturer, associate professor, and then full professor. He has authored or coauthored nearly 20 books and more than 190 articles in international peer-reviewed journals.

Hani Manssor Albetran is an assistant professor at the Department of Basic Sciences, College of Education, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (formerly known as University of Dammam), Saudi Arabia. He received his BSc from King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. He earned his MSc and PhD from Curtin University, Australia. He has also been a teacher with the Ministry of Education, a teaching assistant at King Faisal University, and a lecturer at the University of Dammam. He has authored or coauthored 27 research papers in international peer-reviewed journals.

Victor Manuel de la Prida Pidal is a full professor of applied physics at the University of Oviedo, Asturias, Spain. He had earned his PhD from the same university. He has authored or coauthored 1 book, around 10 book chapters, and more than 160 research papers in journals of international repute. He has presented over 250 scientific communications in national and international conferences and has been the leading scientist in around 19 of the 25 international, national, and regional research.

Fong Kwong Yam is an associate professor and chairperson of Engineering Physics program (from Jan 2017 till now) at the School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Penang, Malaysia. He received his BSc (Hons) in physics (1992) and MSc in materials science and engineering (1999) from USM and the National University of Singapore (NUS), respectively. He obtained his PhD from USM in 2007, and has been working there since then. He has authored or co-authored 1 book, 2 book chapters, and more than 250 articles in international peer-reviewed journals.
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