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El. knyga: Nanotechnology: Assessment and Perspectives

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Since nanotechnology is considered a key for the 21st century, its promises have been assessed by various scientific communities. By meeting at the nanoscale, various disciplines, from physics via chemistry to biology, from engineering to medicine, contribute synergetically to the newly created knowledge base and the resulting technological advances. Considering that large societal sectors will be impacted, the unique aspect of this two-year study was to assess nanotechnology from various interrelated perspectives: scientific progress, industrial relevance, economic potential, educational needs, potential adverse health effects, and philosophical aspects. The goal of this study was to derive integrated recommendations which consider the large range of societal implications reflecting the different views in an integrative manner. The study attempts to link previously isolated statements, bundling the various concepts and giving unified recommendations to decision makers in relevant society sectors such as politics, economy and research. Special attention was given to the European situation with respect to commercial consequences, an aspect that has not yet received the attention it deserves so far.

This book provides an integrated text reflecting the challenges in Nanotechnology. The most important results are transferred into acting recommendations concerning scientific progress, industrial relevance, economic potential, educational needs, potential adverse health effects and philosophical aspects of Nanotechnology. The book addresses decision makers in relevant sectors of society like politics, research and industry.
Appraisal and Recommendations 1(1)
Scientific and Technical Needs 1(2)
Commercial Needs 3(1)
Societal and Ethical Aspects 4(1)
Education 5(1)
Recommendations 5(4)
1 Introduction and Summaries 9(16)
1.1 Introduction
11(1)
1.2 Summaries
11(6)
1.3 Zusammenfassungen
17(8)
2 Nanotechnology and Philosophy of Science 25(42)
2.1 Icons of Nanotechnology
25(4)
2.2 The Approach
29(2)
2.3 The Nano Domain as a Product of Non-Linguistic and Linguistic Human Action
31(6)
2.3.1 What defines a Measurement?
32(1)
2.3.2 A Critique of the Empiricist Theory of Measurement
33(1)
2.3.3 What Defines Nano Size?
34(3)
2.4 Epistemology of Innovation and Progress
37(6)
2.4.1 Constructive Progress
37(1)
2.4.2 Empirical Progress
38(1)
2.4.3 The Principle of Methodical Order
39(1)
2.4.4 The Foundation of Nanotechnology
40(1)
2.4.5 Techniques, Technology, and Theory
41(2)
2.5 Discoveries, Inventions, and Applications: The Role of Purposes in Nanotechnology
43(6)
2.5.1 What Does it Mean to Apply Knowledge?
43(1)
2.5.2 Discovery versus Invention
44(2)
2.5.3 Acting Nano Scientists
46(3)
2.6 Nanotechnology – Technical Know-How or Basic Scientific Research?
49(10)
2.6.1 Technical or Natural?
49(1)
2.6.2 Top Down or Bottom Up?
50(1)
2.6.3 Historical Development versus Methodical Foundation
51(2)
2.6.4 Classes of Substances, Nano-Scale and Protochemistry
53(1)
2.6.5 Pictures or Artifacts Through Nano-Microscopy?
54(5)
2.7 Consequences
59(8)
2.7.1 Is Nanotechnology a "Paradigm Change"? (An Epistemic Consequence)
59(1)
2.7.2 Responsibility for Effects and Side Effects (an Ethical Consequence)
60(1)
2.7.3 Where do the Aims and Purposes Come From? (A Political Consequence)
61(1)
2.7.4 A Definition of Nanotechnology
62(5)
3 Fields of Research and Technology 67(220)
3.1 Materials
69(74)
3.1.1 Metals
69(26)
3.1.2 Semiconductors
95(2)
3.1.3 Insulators
97(2)
3.1.4 Molecules/Assemblies/Biomolecules
99(22)
3.1.5 Hybrids/Composites
121(16)
3.1.6 Boundary Surfaces
137(6)
3.2 Information Storage
143(54)
3.2.1 Stimulus: Electric/Electronic
143(33)
3.2.2 Stimulus: Magnetic
176(6)
3.2.3 Stimulus: Optical
182(11)
3.2.4 Stimulus: Mechanic
193(3)
3.2.5 Stimulus: Thermal
196(1)
3.3 Biomedical Opportunities & Applications
197(64)
3.3.1 A: Nanoparticles and their Biomedical Applications
197(19)
3.3.2 B: Nanoanalytical Tools
216(14)
3.3.3 B & C: Nanotechnology and Systems Biology
230(5)
3.3.4 C: Bioinspired Engineering, Biomineralisation and Tissue Engineering
235(5)
3.3.5 D: Interaction of Nanoparticles with Biosystems
240(21)
3.4 Scaling Effects
261(26)
4 Commercial Perspectives of Nanotechnology An Assessment Based on Patent Data 287(42)
4.1 Introduction
287(2)
4.2 Patents as Indicators of Technological Developments
289(4)
4.3 Indicators and Tools for Systematic Patent Analyses
293(6)
4.3.1 Patenting Indicators
293(1)
4.3.2 Patent Portfolios
294(5)
4.4 Patent Analysis in the Field of Nanotechnology
299(20)
4.4.1 Patent Data Collection
299(2)
4.4.2 Results
301(16)
4.4.3 Bionanotechnology: Exploratory Patent Analysis in the Subfield Drug Delivery
317(2)
4.5 Summary of Important Results and Implications
319(10)
5 Risk Assessment and Risk Management 329(70)
5.1 Introduction: Risks of New Technologies
329(10)
5.1.1 Risk Issues of New Technologies
330(3)
5.1.2 Risk Assessment and Risk Management General Aspects
333(3)
5.1.3 Risk Management of Nanotechnology Specific Aspects
336(3)
5.2 Risk Characterization in Nanotechnology
339(30)
5.2.1 Production and Use of Nanomaterials
341(28)
5.3 Risk Management
369(12)
5.3.1 The Debate on Regulation Issues in Nanosciences
369(3)
5.3.2 The Precautionary Principle
372(4)
5.3.3 Dealing responsibly with Uncertainty about Nanotechnology Risks
376(5)
5.4 Risk Communication
381(14)
5.4.1 Emergence of the Public Risk Debate on Nanotechnology
381(1)
5.4.2 Futuristic Visions in Public Debate
382(13)
5.5 Prospective Risk Assessment as Concomitant Process
395(4)
6 Ethical Aspects of Nanotechnology 399(40)
6.1 The Relation between Science, Technology and Ethics
401(4)
6.2 Ethically Relevant Fields of Nanotechnology
405(16)
6.2.1 Nanoparticles — Chances versus Risks
406(3)
6.2.2 Equity
409(2)
6.2.3 Privacy and Control
411(2)
6.2.4 Medical Applications
413(2)
6.2.5 Crossing the Border between Technology and Life
415(2)
6.2.6 Improving Human Performance by Converging Technologies
417(4)
6.3 Are there Indicators for an Ethically Motivated Objection of Nanotechnology?
421(2)
6.4 Ethical Vision Assessment
423(10)
6.4.1 The Need for an Early Vision Assessment
424(1)
6.4.2 Characteristics of Futuristic Visions
425(2)
6.4.3 Vision Assessment with Respect to Ethical Issues
427(2)
6.4.4 Responsibly Handling Futuristic Visions
429(4)
6.5 Consequences and Conclusions
433(6)
6.5.1 Do We Need a New "Nano-Ethics"?
433(1)
6.5.2 Ethics as Concomitant Reflection of Nanotechnology
434(3)
6.5.3 Ethics for Nanotechnology – Outline for Further Activities
437(2)
7 Knowledge Transfer in Nanotechnology 439(12)
7.1 Education at Academic Level
439(6)
7.2 Knowledge Transfer to Industry and Regulatory Authorities
445(2)
7.3 Knowledge Transfer to the Public (Science Goes Public)
447(2)
7.4 Conclusions
449(2)
References 451