Appraisal and Recommendations |
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1 | (1) |
Scientific and Technical Needs |
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1 | (2) |
Commercial Needs |
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3 | (1) |
Societal and Ethical Aspects |
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4 | (1) |
Education |
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5 | (1) |
Recommendations |
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5 | (4) |
1 Introduction and Summaries |
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9 | (16) |
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11 | (1) |
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11 | (6) |
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17 | (8) |
2 Nanotechnology and Philosophy of Science |
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25 | (42) |
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2.1 Icons of Nanotechnology |
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25 | (4) |
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29 | (2) |
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2.3 The Nano Domain as a Product of Non-Linguistic and Linguistic Human Action |
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31 | (6) |
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2.3.1 What defines a Measurement? |
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32 | (1) |
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2.3.2 A Critique of the Empiricist Theory of Measurement |
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33 | (1) |
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2.3.3 What Defines Nano Size? |
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34 | (3) |
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2.4 Epistemology of Innovation and Progress |
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37 | (6) |
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2.4.1 Constructive Progress |
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37 | (1) |
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38 | (1) |
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2.4.3 The Principle of Methodical Order |
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39 | (1) |
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2.4.4 The Foundation of Nanotechnology |
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40 | (1) |
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2.4.5 Techniques, Technology, and Theory |
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41 | (2) |
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2.5 Discoveries, Inventions, and Applications: The Role of Purposes in Nanotechnology |
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43 | (6) |
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2.5.1 What Does it Mean to Apply Knowledge? |
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43 | (1) |
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2.5.2 Discovery versus Invention |
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44 | (2) |
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2.5.3 Acting Nano Scientists |
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46 | (3) |
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2.6 Nanotechnology Technical Know-How or Basic Scientific Research? |
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49 | (10) |
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2.6.1 Technical or Natural? |
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49 | (1) |
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2.6.2 Top Down or Bottom Up? |
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50 | (1) |
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2.6.3 Historical Development versus Methodical Foundation |
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51 | (2) |
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2.6.4 Classes of Substances, Nano-Scale and Protochemistry |
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53 | (1) |
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2.6.5 Pictures or Artifacts Through Nano-Microscopy? |
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54 | (5) |
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59 | (8) |
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2.7.1 Is Nanotechnology a "Paradigm Change"? (An Epistemic Consequence) |
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59 | (1) |
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2.7.2 Responsibility for Effects and Side Effects (an Ethical Consequence) |
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60 | (1) |
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2.7.3 Where do the Aims and Purposes Come From? (A Political Consequence) |
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61 | (1) |
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2.7.4 A Definition of Nanotechnology |
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62 | (5) |
3 Fields of Research and Technology |
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67 | (220) |
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69 | (74) |
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69 | (26) |
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95 | (2) |
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97 | (2) |
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3.1.4 Molecules/Assemblies/Biomolecules |
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99 | (22) |
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121 | (16) |
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137 | (6) |
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143 | (54) |
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3.2.1 Stimulus: Electric/Electronic |
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143 | (33) |
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176 | (6) |
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182 | (11) |
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193 | (3) |
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196 | (1) |
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3.3 Biomedical Opportunities & Applications |
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197 | (64) |
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3.3.1 A: Nanoparticles and their Biomedical Applications |
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197 | (19) |
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3.3.2 B: Nanoanalytical Tools |
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216 | (14) |
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3.3.3 B & C: Nanotechnology and Systems Biology |
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230 | (5) |
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3.3.4 C: Bioinspired Engineering, Biomineralisation and Tissue Engineering |
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235 | (5) |
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3.3.5 D: Interaction of Nanoparticles with Biosystems |
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240 | (21) |
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261 | (26) |
4 Commercial Perspectives of Nanotechnology An Assessment Based on Patent Data |
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287 | (42) |
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287 | (2) |
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4.2 Patents as Indicators of Technological Developments |
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289 | (4) |
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4.3 Indicators and Tools for Systematic Patent Analyses |
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293 | (6) |
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4.3.1 Patenting Indicators |
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293 | (1) |
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294 | (5) |
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4.4 Patent Analysis in the Field of Nanotechnology |
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299 | (20) |
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4.4.1 Patent Data Collection |
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299 | (2) |
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301 | (16) |
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4.4.3 Bionanotechnology: Exploratory Patent Analysis in the Subfield Drug Delivery |
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317 | (2) |
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4.5 Summary of Important Results and Implications |
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319 | (10) |
5 Risk Assessment and Risk Management |
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329 | (70) |
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5.1 Introduction: Risks of New Technologies |
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329 | (10) |
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5.1.1 Risk Issues of New Technologies |
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330 | (3) |
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5.1.2 Risk Assessment and Risk Management General Aspects |
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333 | (3) |
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5.1.3 Risk Management of Nanotechnology Specific Aspects |
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336 | (3) |
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5.2 Risk Characterization in Nanotechnology |
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339 | (30) |
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5.2.1 Production and Use of Nanomaterials |
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341 | (28) |
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369 | (12) |
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5.3.1 The Debate on Regulation Issues in Nanosciences |
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369 | (3) |
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5.3.2 The Precautionary Principle |
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372 | (4) |
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5.3.3 Dealing responsibly with Uncertainty about Nanotechnology Risks |
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376 | (5) |
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381 | (14) |
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5.4.1 Emergence of the Public Risk Debate on Nanotechnology |
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381 | (1) |
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5.4.2 Futuristic Visions in Public Debate |
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382 | (13) |
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5.5 Prospective Risk Assessment as Concomitant Process |
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395 | (4) |
6 Ethical Aspects of Nanotechnology |
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399 | (40) |
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6.1 The Relation between Science, Technology and Ethics |
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401 | (4) |
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6.2 Ethically Relevant Fields of Nanotechnology |
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405 | (16) |
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6.2.1 Nanoparticles Chances versus Risks |
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406 | (3) |
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409 | (2) |
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6.2.3 Privacy and Control |
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411 | (2) |
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6.2.4 Medical Applications |
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413 | (2) |
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6.2.5 Crossing the Border between Technology and Life |
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415 | (2) |
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6.2.6 Improving Human Performance by Converging Technologies |
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417 | (4) |
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6.3 Are there Indicators for an Ethically Motivated Objection of Nanotechnology? |
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421 | (2) |
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6.4 Ethical Vision Assessment |
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423 | (10) |
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6.4.1 The Need for an Early Vision Assessment |
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424 | (1) |
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6.4.2 Characteristics of Futuristic Visions |
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425 | (2) |
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6.4.3 Vision Assessment with Respect to Ethical Issues |
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427 | (2) |
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6.4.4 Responsibly Handling Futuristic Visions |
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429 | (4) |
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6.5 Consequences and Conclusions |
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433 | (6) |
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6.5.1 Do We Need a New "Nano-Ethics"? |
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433 | (1) |
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6.5.2 Ethics as Concomitant Reflection of Nanotechnology |
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434 | (3) |
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6.5.3 Ethics for Nanotechnology Outline for Further Activities |
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437 | (2) |
7 Knowledge Transfer in Nanotechnology |
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439 | (12) |
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7.1 Education at Academic Level |
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439 | (6) |
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7.2 Knowledge Transfer to Industry and Regulatory Authorities |
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445 | (2) |
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7.3 Knowledge Transfer to the Public (Science Goes Public) |
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447 | (2) |
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449 | (2) |
References |
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451 | |