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El. knyga: National Security Law, Procedure, and Practice

Edited by Robert Ward (, Commissioner of the Criminal Cases Review Commission), Edited by Rupert Jones (Judge of the Upper Tribunal, Administrative Appeals Chamber), Associate editor Caroline Stone (Barrister in independent practice)

Formatas: 992 pages
Išleidimo metai: 11-Mar-2021
Leidėjas: Oxford University Press
Kalba: eng
ISBN-13: 9780192650405

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Formatas: 992 pages
Išleidimo metai: 11-Mar-2021
Leidėjas: Oxford University Press
Kalba: eng
ISBN-13: 9780192650405

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This detailed, practitioner text, explains national security law in all its aspects. It collates and explains the core elements of the law, both substantive and procedural, and the practical issues which may arise in national security litigation. The book draws on the professional experience
of a team of expert contributors. The first part explores the meaning of “national security”, examines the respective roles in this area of Parliament, the executive and the courts, and explains the law relating to the security and intelligence agencies, their powers and oversight. The core of the
book addresses the various executive measures used to disrupt terrorism, espionage and other hostile state activity, usually on the basis of secret intelligence, and the civil proceedings that may result from executive action taken for the national security purposes. The third part addresses
national security and the criminal law. The remaining chapters address national security law in such diverse contexts as inquests, inquiries, employment, vetting, family, freedom of information, and data protection proceedings.

National security law is now of relevance to a wide range of practising lawyers, judges, legislators, policymakers, oversight bodies, and academic experts working in a variety of legal fields well beyond public law. The highly-specialised nature of the topic make this book a vital text not only for
those seeking an overview of the law, but also for experienced practitioners instructed to act in proceedings in which national security issues may arise. The intense media and public scrutiny which accompanies many national security cases will also make this book of interest to a wider audience
seeking to understand the legal context of such cases.

Table of Cases

xxxvii

Table of Legislation

lxv

List of Contributors

ciii

I OVERVIEW

1 National Security, Intelligence, and the Law

(31)

Robert Ward

A Introduction

(2)

B Sources of UK national security law

(20)

1 Statute

(1)

2 Common law

(3)

3 European Convention on Human Rights

(3)

4 International law

(4)

5 EUlaw

(9)

C Development of national security law

(10)

D The meaning of `national security'

(42)

1 Academic approaches

(11)

2 The National Security Strategy

(9)

3 Statute

(8)

4 Domestic case law

(8)

5 ECHR

(5)

E Intelligence and its use in legal proceedings

(5)

1 Intelligence and evidence

(6)

2 The overall public interest

2 National Security and the Separation of Powers

Robert Ward

A Parliament and national security

(1)

1 Out of the shadows

(3)

2 The devolved legislatures

(2)

3 Parliamentary oversight--ISC v select committees

(8)

(a) The National Cyber Security Centre

(2)

B The executive and national security

(15)

1 The machinery of government

(1)

(a) The National Security Council

(2)

(b) COBR (or COBRA)

(1)

(4)

(d) Joint Terrorism Analysis Centre

(2)

(e) Joint State Threats Assessment Team

(1)

2 Ministers and officials

(2)

(a) The Carltona principle

(2)

C Policy responses to threats to UK national security

(29)

1 Terrorism

(1)

(a) CONTEST

(16)

2 Extremism

(1)

(a) Counter Extremism Strategy

(3)

(b) Commission for Countering Extremism

(1)

(5)

3 State-based threats or `hostile State activity'

(3)

D The courts and national security

(14)

1 Judicial deference and relative institutional competence

(6)

2 Fact and evidence

(3)

3 Human rights cases

(5)

4 National security and other aspects of the public interest

(7)

5 Derogation from ECHR in time of war or other public emergency

(3)

(a) Time of war or `other public emergency threatening the life of the nation'

(2)

(b) Measures limited to the'extent strictly required'

(3)

3 The Security and Intelligence Agencies

Robert Ward

A Legal basis

(1)

1 Security Service Act 1989 and Intelligence Services Act 1994

(6)

2 Functions

(1)

(a) MI5

(4)

(b) SIS

(1)

(d) `The protection of' and `the interests of'

(7)

3 `Authority' and `control'

(4)

4 MI5, national security, and subversion

(10)

5 Actual and potential threats

(6)

B Statutory gateways

(4)

C Neither confirm nor deny principle

(10)

1 The rationale for' neither confirm nor deny

(6)

2 Exceptions to the principle

(4)

D Control principle or third-party rule

(47)

4 Surveillance Powers

101

(34)

Christopher McNall

Laura Sheldon Green

Caroline Stone

Robert Ward

A Introduction

(1)

B Powers

(87)

1 Intelligence Services Act 1994

(1)

(a) Property warrants

(5)

(b) Section 7 authorisations

(4)

2 Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000

(3)

(a) Directed surveillance authorisations

(5)

(b) Intrusive surveillance warrants

(6)

(11)

3 Investigatory Powers Act 2016

(3)

(a) Legal challenges to the bulk powers

(8)

(b) Targeted interception warrants

(13)

(1)

(d) Authorisations for obtaining communications data

(3)

(e) Communications data retention notices

(1)

(f) Targeted equipment interference (`EI') warrants

(7)

(g) Bulk interception warrants

(2)

(h) Bulk acquisition warrants

(1)

(i) Bulk equipment interference (`EI') warrants

(2)

(j) Bulk personal dataset (`BPD') warrants

(7)

(k) Combined warrants and authorisations

(1)

(i) National Security Notices and Technical Capability Notices

(2)

C Members of Parliament and the `Wilson doctrine'

(6)

D Legally privileged information

(40)

1 Legal professional privilege

(6)

2 Lawyer-client communications--the IPA 2016 framework

102

(7)

3 Key safeguards

109

(1)

(a) Warrants or authorisations where the purpose, or one of the purposes, is to obtain or examine legally privileged communications

109

(3)

(b) Specific handling measures and need to consult internal lawyers

112

(2)

114

(2)

4 Use and dissemination of LPP material

116

(19)

5 Oversight and Accountability

135

(35)

Christopher McNall

Robert Ward

A Introduction

(2)

B Intelligence and Security Committee of Parliament

(18)

C Investigatory Powers Commissioner

(52)

1 The work of the IPC and the other Commissioners

(2)

2 Review and oversight of systems

(7)

3 Codes of Practice

(2)

4 The Consolidated Guidance and Principles

(4)

5 Efficacy of IPCO's review and inspection

(10)

6 Consideration of individual warrants by Commissioners (the "doublelock" mechanism)

(12)

(a) Rejection and resubmission of warrants

(8)

D The Investigatory Powers Tribunal

(65)

1 Making a claim or a complaint to IPT

(1)

(a) A human rights claim--RIPA section 65(2)(a)

(2)

(b) A complaint--RIPA section 65(2)(b)

(2)

2 Entertainment of a claim or complaint

(6)

3 The Tribunal's information powers

103

(6)

4 Hearings

109

(7)

5 Evidence

116

(1)

6 Counsel to the Tribunal

117

(4)

7 Remedies

121

(3)

8 Decision-making

124

(4)

9 Applications for leave to appeal

128

(7)

10 Other routes of challenge to decisions of the IPT

135

(3)

E The Independent Reviewer of Terrorism Legislation

138

(32)

1 Statutory functions

143

(2)

2 Non-statutory functions

145

(2)

(a) The `stock-take'

147

(23)

6 Closed Proceedings

170

(35)

Angus McCullough

Ben Watson

A Introduction

(2)

B Public interest immunity

(13)

C The development of Closed proceedings

(17)

1 The Advisory Panel in Immigration Proceedings

(3)

2 The Special Immigration Appeals Commission

(1)

3 Closed procedures in counter-terrorism legislation

(8)

4 AlRawiv Security Service

(1)

5 The Justice and Security Act 2013

(4)

D Current extent of Closed material procedures in national security contexts

(6)

E Key features of CMPs

(7)

F Special advocates

(8)

1 Appointment of special advocates

(4)

2 Role of the special advocate

(1)

3 Communication by and with special advocate

(1)

4 The Special Advocates' Support Office

(2)

G Closed proceedings in practice

(8)

1 The preliminary disclosure process

(5)

2 The substantive hearing

(1)

3 Judgment

(2)

H Fairness and disclosure

(30)

1 Article 6 ECHR

(6)

(a) Secretary of State for the Home Department v AF (No. 3)

(4)

(b) AF (No.3) disclosure in other proceedings

(4)

(6)

2 EU rights cases

(4)

(a) ZZ disclosure

(2)

(b) Disclosure in non-ZZ cases

(3)

I Disclosure in practice

(113)

1 Exculpatory material and searches

(12)

2 Gisting

104

(101)

II EXECUTIVE MEASURES AND RELATED CIVIL PROCEEDINGS

7 Executive Measures and Civil Proceedings--Common Evidential and Procedural Issues

205

(48)

Rosemary Davidson

Jonathan Glasson

Caroline Stone

A Introduction

(4)

1 Types of hearing

(1)

B Assessment of future risk

(6)

C Use of torture-tainted evidence

(18)

1 The exclusionary rule

(2)

2 Does the exclusionary rule apply to evidence obtained by inhuman or degrading treatment?

(3)

3 Standard of proof

(2)

4 Establishing whether evidence has been obtained by torture and `diligent inquiries'

(2)

5 Approach to weight where evidence admitted but there is doubt about how it was obtained

(3)

6 Exculpatory material obtained by torture

(1)

7 The executive's use of evidence obtained by torture

(2)

8 Reliance on torture-tainted evidence in court proceedings in defending the lawfulness of executive action?

(3)

D Reverse Closed procedures

(17)

1 The power to make a reverse Closed order

(3)

2 The procedure for making a reverse Closed order

(6)

3 Limitations on the use of reverse Closed orders

(4)

4 The irrevocable nature of a reverse Closed order and the potential for an application for waiver

(2)

5 The weight to be placed on evidence adduced under a W (Algeria) order

(2)

E Reliance on material from criminal investigations and proceedings

(12)

1 Criminal convictions

(1)

(a) UK convictions

(2)

(b) Foreign convictions

(2)

(6)

F Third party legal professional privilege

(12)

1 Scope of `legal professional privilege'

(4)

2 Litigation regarding interception and handling of third-party LPP

(1)

3 Abuse of process application

(5)

G Res judicata

(26)

1 Res judicata--legal principles

(2)

2 Identity of parties

(1)

3 Cause of action estoppel

(3)

4 Issue estoppel

(3)

5 Cases where there is no identity of parties

(5)

6 Res judicata in SIAC cases

(5)

7 Res judicata in other national security cases

(5)

H Abuse of process

(24)

1 The abuse of process jurisdiction

100

(1)

(a) The conduct of the parties

100

(2)

(b) Fair trial and executive misconduct

102

(5)

2 The exercise of the abuse jurisdiction in the national security context

107

(1)

(a) National security cases in the High Court

107

(6)

(b) The Special Immigration Appeals Commission (`SIAC')

113

(4)

117

(1)

3 Burden of proof

118

(1)

4 Disclosure

119

(1)

I Anonymity and reporting restrictions

120

(11)

1 Governing principles

120

(4)

2 Grounds for an anonymity order

124

(2)

3 Terms of the order and associated measures

126

(2)

4 Procedure

128

(3)

J Costs in cases involving Closed proceedings

131

(122)

1 Governing principles

131

(4)

(a) BeggvHM Treasury

135

(5)

(b) Beyond Beg?

140

(6)

146

(1)

2 Closed costs--the practicalities

147

(2)

(a) Costs budgets and costs management

149

(4)

(b) Assessment of Closed costs

153

(3)

3 SIAC

156

(97)

8 Judicial Review

253

(42)

David Blundell

A Introduction

(5)

B Issues in national security judicial review cases

(27)

1 SIAC's application of judicial review principles

(5)

2 AHK disclosure

(7)

3 Irrationality/proportionality

(8)

4 Natural justice

(3)

5 Judicial deference

(2)

C Judicial review in practice

(262)

1 Prerogative powers--passport denial and cancellation

(3)

(a) The nature of a passport

(2)

(b) The power to grant or withdraw a passport

(7)

(17)

(d) Does a passport cancellation decision engage EU law?

(12)

(e) Standards of disclosure

(9)

(f) Necessity and proportionality

(3)

(g) Fact-finding and the approach to review

(5)

(h) New material

(5)

(i) Prior representations

(8)

(j) Articles 6 and 8 ECHR

106

(3)

2 Temporary exclusion orders

109

(3)

(a) The statutory framework

112

(4)

(b) Effect of a TEO

116

(2)

118

(3)

(d) Revocation of a TEO

121

(1)

(e) Permit to return

122

(8)

(f) Further TEO provisions

130

(1)

(g) TEO obligations

131

(2)

(h) Breach of a TEO a criminal offence

133

(1)

(i) Notice of a TEO

134

(1)

(j) Judicial oversight of TEO decisions and standard of review

135

(1)

(k) Permission--court review under Condition E

136

(10)

(l) Review of TEO decisions

146

(4)

3 Other uses of judicial review

150

(1)

(a) Immigration decisions on common law grounds

151

(4)

(b) Refusal or revocation of bail

155

(4)

159

(136)

9 Terrorism Prevention and Investigation Measures

295

(45)

Andrew Deakin

Helen Thompstone

A Introduction

(15)

1 Historical and policy background

(6)

2 Basic structure of TPIM regime

(4)

3 TPIMs in the context of other disruptive powers

(3)

4 Process for recommending a TPIM

(2)

B Condition A: terrorism-related activity

(7)

C Condition B: `new' terrorism-related activity

(3)

D Condition C: necessity for a TPIM

(5)

E Condition D: necessity for the specified measures

(5)

F Condition E: court permission

(26)

G Measures

(28)

1 Overnight residence measure

(8)

2 Travel measure

(2)

3 Exclusion measure

(1)

4 Movement directions measure

(1)

5 Financial services measure

(1)

6 Property measure

(1)

7 Weapons and explosives measure

(1)

8 Electronic communication device measure

(3)

9 Association measure

(2)

10 Work or studies measure

(1)

11 Reporting measure

(1)

12 Appointments measure

(2)

13 Photography measure

(1)

14 Monitoring measure

(1)

H Notices and police powers

(13)

1 Service of TPIM notices

(2)

2 Powers of entry, search, seizure, and retention

(7)

3 Powers to take fingerprints and samples

(4)

I Duration, extension, revocation, revival, and review

103

(5)

J Section 9 review

108

(39)

1 Function of the court

109

(3)

2 Conditions A and B

112

(5)

3 Conditions C and D

117

(2)

(a) Meaning of `necessary'

119

(4)

(b) Timing of the consideration of necessity

123

(5)

4 Sensitive information

128

(8)

5 Material for the review

136

(2)

6 The special advocate

138

(1)

7 The hearing

139

(4)

8 Following the hearing

143

(4)

K Variations

147

(6)

L Section 16 appeals

153

(17)

1 Types of appeal

153

(1)

(a) Against the extension or revival of a TPIM notice

154

(1)

(b) Against variation of TPIM measures without consent, where that variation does not consist of the removal or relaxation of measures

155

(1)

156

(2)

(d) Against the refusal of an application for revocation

158

(1)

(e) Against the refusal of an application for permission

159

(1)

2 Conduct of a section 16 appeal

160

(4)

3 Section 16 appeals in advance of section 9 reviews

164

(1)

4 Interlocutory relief

165

(5)

M Reconsideration and further appeals

170

(2)

N Additional obligations

172

(3)

O Offences

175

(165)

10 Special Immigration Appeals Commission--General

340

(44)

Robin Tarn

A History and establishment

(6)

B Constitution

(8)

C The Closed material procedure and the special advocate

(10)

D Jurisdiction

(54)

1 Non-EEA immigration appeals

(9)

2 EEA immigration appeals

(5)

3 Jurisdiction--appeals against deprivation of citizenship

(4)

4 Other decisions

(7)

5 Bail

(29)

E Procedure

(94)

1 Starting proceedings

(7)

2 Directions hearing

(12)

3 Making a bail application

(5)

4 Open and Closed evidence

103

(27)

5 Communication involving the special advocate

130

(9)

6 Procedure--confidential evidence and W (Algeria)

139

(15)

7 The hearing

154

(14)

8 The determination

168

(5)

F Onward appeals and challenges

173

(211)

11 SIAC Individual Measures (1)--Deportation with Assurances

384

(30)

Robin Tarn

A History

(21)

B The deportation power and rights of appeal

(8)

C National security and the conducive to the public good' test

(8)

D `Safety on return grounds

(26)

1 The time at which `safety on return' should be considered

(6)

E Assurances and securing safety for Article 3 purposes

(15)

F Assurances and other Articles of the ECHR

(335)

12 SIAC Individual Measures (2)--Deprivation, Exclusion, and Naturalisation

414

(52)

Rupert Jones

A Introduction

(1)

B Deprivation of citizenship

(81)

1 Notices of deprivation

(1)

2 Timing of deprivation--notices and orders

(3)

3 Serving of deprivation notices

(2)

4 Timing of deprivation--subject outside the jurisdiction

(5)

5 `Conducive to the public good'

(7)

6 Is deprivation lawful only where the person poses a risk of current harm?

(2)

7 Effect of deprivation

(1)

8 Proportionality

(4)

9 Application of the European Convention on Human Rights

(7)

10 Appeals to SIAC

(2)

11 Practice and procedure in SIAC--time limit for appealing and extensions

(6)

12 Practice and procedure in SIAC--strike out and summary judgment

(2)

13 Practice and procedure--appellants not giving evidence to SIAC

(1)

14 Exclusion of evidence or abuse of process in appeals before SIAC

(1)

15 Disclosure in deprivation notices and appeals

(5)

16 ECHR and disclosure of the grounds relied on by the Secretary of State

(2)

17 EU law and disclosure of the essence of the grounds

(7)

18 EU rights and the impact of Brexit

(2)

19 Resolving disputes as to whether sufficient disclosure has been made

(1)

20 Statelessness

(6)

(a) Evidence of foreign nationality

(3)

(b) Burden of proof in statelessness

(1)

(d) The exception in section 40(4A) of the BNA1981

(4)

C Exclusion from the UK

(54)

1 Exclusion decisions against non-European Economic Area nationals

(1)

(a) Exclusion decisions--source of the power

(10)

(b) Challenging an exclusion decision

(4)

100

(3)

(d) The approach SIAC applies in reviewing the conducive grounds

103

(3)

(e) Opportunity for subject of exclusion decision to make representations prior to decision

106

(1)

(f) No in-country right of appeal against an exclusion or deprivation decision

107

(2)

(g) Impact of the ECHR on exclusion decisions

109

(5)

2 Exclusion orders--exclusion of EEA nationals and their non-EEA family members

114

(4)

(a) Individuals with a permanent right of residence--serious grounds of public security

118

(2)

(b) EEA nationals with a permanent right of residence and ten years' residence in the UK or who are children--imperative grounds of public security

120

(3)

123

(2)

(d) Exclusion orders--notifications and removals

125

(1)

(e) Application of EU law to exclusion orders--disclosure of the essence of the grounds

126

(10)

(f) Proportionality

136

(1)

D Refusal of naturalisation

137

(329)

1 Challenging the refusal of naturalisation on national security grounds

138

(7)

E Appeals before the First-tier and Upper Tribunals (Immigration and Asylum Chamber) which may give rise to issues of national security

145

(321)

13 Proscription

466

(14)

Robert Ward

Clare Pophale

A Introduction

(5)

B Legal framework

(14)

1 Statutory test

(5)

2 Discretionary factors

(5)

3 Proscription order

(2)

4 European Convention on Human Rights

(1)

C Continuing duty of review

(3)

D Criminal offences arising from proscription

(2)

E Application for deproscription

(8)

1 Cessation of involvement in terrorism but possibility of future re-engagement

(4)

2 Application process

(3)

F Appeal to POAC

(13)

1 Lodging an appeal

(3)

2 Case management and Closed material procedure

(4)

3 Determination of the appeal

(3)

G Further appeal

(434)

14 Civil Proceedings--General

480

(53)

Kate Grange

Caroline Stone

I CMPs And Withholding Disclosure On Public Interest Grounds

(1)

A Background to the JSA 2013

(6)

B Closed material procedures under the JSA 2013

(101)

1 Overview--three stages: section 6 (declaration), section 8 (application), and section 7 (review)

(3)

2 Jurisdiction--'relevant civil proceedings'

(3)

3 The first stage--section 6 declaration

(1)

(a) PII pre-condition--section 6(7)

(2)

(b) The test for granting asection 6 declaration--sections 6(4) and 6(5)

(12)

(1)

(d) Grant of a section 6 declaration

(1)

(e) Lessons from the case law--making section 6 applications in practice

(8)

(f) Procedure--how to apply for a section 6 declaration

(9)

4 The second stage--section 8 Closed material application

(3)

(a) Test to be applied

(6)

(b) Summaries of sensitive material

(2)

(1)

(d) Article 6 ECHR

(3)

(e) Procedure--how to make a section 8 application

(7)

5 The third section 7 review stage

(1)

(a) Test to be applied

(6)

(b) Procedure

(3)

6 Article 6 ECHR in JSA 2013 proceedings

(1)

(a) Governing principles

(2)

(b) Disclosure in JSA 2013 proceedings where Article 6 applies

(2)

7 JSA 2013 and Part 82 CPR--other key features

(1)

(a) Modification of the overriding objective

(2)

(b) Role of the special advocate

(5)

(6)

(d) Miscellaneous provisions

(2)

8 Appeals

(2)

(a) Appeals regarding substantive decisions

(7)

9 Annual reports and the review--sections 12 and 13

106

(2)

C Other potential mechanisms for withholding full disclosure of sensitive material

108

(58)

1 Public interest immunity (`PII')

108

(1)

(a) Ongoing importance of PII

108

(1)

(b) The legal basis for PII

109

(3)

112

(12)

(d) PII in the national security context

124

(2)

(e) Procedure for determining PII claims

126

(2)

(f) Use of PII advocates

128

(5)

(g) Handling the making of PII applications in practice

133

(7)

(h) Interplay between CMPs and PII

140

(3)

2 Haralambous--CMPs available where lower court has statutory CMPs

143

(4)

3 Confidentiality rings

147

(7)

4 Residual role of CarHdu/f strike out application

154

(2)

5 Preclusion oiNorwich Pharmacol claims

156

(2)

(a) JSA 2013, section 17

158

(4)

(b) JSA 2013, section 18--challenging certification

162

(4)

II Jurisdictional Hurdles In Civil Claims

166

(2)

D State immunity

168

(6)

1 Outline of the principles

168

(4)

2 Application in national security sphere

172

(2)

E Foreign act of state

174

(6)

1 Outline of the principles

174

(4)

2 Application in the national security sphere

178

(2)

F Crown act of state

180

(6)

1 Outline of the principles

180

(5)

2 Application in the national security sphere

185

(1)

G Justiciability

186

(347)

1 Outline of the principles

186

(2)

2 Application in the national security sphere

188

(345)

15 Civil Proceedings--the Main Types of Claim

533

(42)

Charlotte Ventham

Georgina Wolfe

A Introduction

(9)

B Causes of action in tort

(64)

1 False imprisonment

(12)

2 Misfeasance in public office

(3)

(a) Act or omission

(1)

(b) Public officer

(2)

(1)

(d) Bad faith

(8)

(e) Causation

(1)

(f) Actionable damage that is not too remote

(3)

3 Conspiracy to injure

(8)

4 Negligence

(12)

5 Assault and battery

(5)

6 Harassment

(6)

7 Defences

(2)

C Limitation

(8)

D Applicable law

(21)

1 Introduction

(1)

2 Private International Law (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1995

(8)

3 Foreign Limitation Periods Act 1984

(5)

4 Rome II

(5)

5 Practicalities

101

(2)

E Convention claims

103

(20)

1 Introduction

103

(1)

2 Victim status

104

(4)

3 Jurisdiction

108

(4)

4 Secret surveillance

112

(10)

5 Other HRA claims

122

(1)

F Damages

123

(46)

1 Introduction

123

(3)

2 General damages

126

(1)

(a) Pain, suffering and loss of amenity (`PSLA')

126

(2)

(b) Loss of liberty

128

(10)

138

(4)

(d) Loss of congenial employment

142

(1)

3 Aggravated damages

143

(5)

4 Exemplary damages

148

(8)

5 Special damages

156

(5)

6 Damages under the Human Rights Act

161

(8)

G Conducting private law damages claims in the national security context

169

(406)

1 Introduction

169

(1)

2 Statements of case

170

(6)

3 Corporate witnesses

176

(4)

4 Alternative dispute resolution

180

(3)

5 Judgments

183

(392)

16 Asset Freezing

575

(39)

Richard O'Brien

Linda Moss

A Introduction

(4)

B United Nations asset freeze

(18)

1 Overview of regime

(3)

(a) UN sanctions against specific organisations

(9)

(b) UN sanctions against terrorists (thematic/general)

(2)

2 Methods of challenge

(4)

C European Union asset freeze

(16)

1 Overview of regime

(7)

(a) EU sanctions against terrorists (thematic/general)

(2)

(b) EU sanctions regime against specific organisations

(4)

2 Methods of challenge

(3)

D Domestic asset freeze

(40)

1 Overview of regime

(8)

2 Designation by the Treasury

(1)

3 Final designation

(2)

(a) The first condition--reasonable belief of involvement in terrorist activity

(10)

(b) The second condition--necessary for purposes connected with protecting the public

(2)

(4)

4 Interim designation

(3)

5 Notification--the Consolidated List

(3)

6 Extent and duration

(1)

(a) Territorial extent and application

(2)

(b) Duration and renewal

(2)

7 Methods of challenge

(1)

(a) Appeal to the court in relation to Treasury designations

(3)

E Penalties and enforcement

(32)

1 Prohibited activities

(6)

2 Offences

(3)

3 Reporting obligations

(3)

4 Monetary penalties

(4)

5 Exceptions and licences

(1)

(a) Exceptions

(2)

(b) Licences

101

(8)

109

(2)

F Asset freeze proceedings

111

(18)

1 Rules of court

111

(2)

(a) Closed material procedure

113

(3)

(b) Disclosure

116

(3)

119

(3)

(d) Costs

122

(2)

(e) Damages

124

(5)

G Other counter-terrorist financing legislation

129

(10)

1 Other domestic asset-freezing powers

129

(1)

(a) Overseas asset freeze

130

(3)

(b) Account freezing orders

133

(2)

135

(2)

2 Other counter-terrorism financing legislation

137

(2)

H Sanctionsand Anti-Money Laundering Act 2018

139

(475)

1 Power to make sanctions regulations

141

(2)

(a) Financial sanctions (section 3)

143

(1)

(b) Immigration sanctions (`travel bans') (section 4)

144

(1)

145

(1)

2 Requirements for sanctions

146

(3)

3 Financial sanctions regimes

149

(1)

(a) UN regime

150

(1)

(b) International counter-terrorism regime

151

(1)

152

(5)

4 Methods of challenge

157

(1)

(a) Review by a Minister

157

(3)

(b) Court reviews

160

(454)

17 National Security and Education Law

614

(31)

Mark Greaves

Sarah Hannett

Aidan Wills

A Introduction

(5)

B Specified authorities--schools and childcare

(1)

C Statutory obligations on schools

(25)

1 Maintained schools

(1)

(a) Content of the curriculum

(6)

(b) Duty of safeguarding

(3)

2 Independent schools (including academies)

(1)

(a) Part IV of the Education and Skills Act 2008

(5)

(b) The Independent School Standards

(9)

3 Early years childcare providers

(1)

D Monitoring of schools

(25)

1 Maintained schools and academy schools

(1)

(a) Section 5 inspections

(9)

(b) Section 8 inspections

(2)

2 Independent schools

(1)

(a) Inspection framework

(2)

(b) Enforcement action available where the Independent School Standards are not being met

(4)

3 Illegal schools

(6)

4 Out-of-school settings

(2)

E Regulation of teachers

(11)

1 The legal and policy framework

(5)

2 Examples of disciplinary proceedings against teachers in the national security context

(1)

(a) Sophie Rahman

(1)

(b) The `Trojan Horse' cases

(5)

E Regulation of governors

(5)

G Higher education institutions

(32)

1 The Prevent Duty and freedom of expression

(6)

2 Events and external speakers

(8)

3 Other areas of HEI activity in which the Prevent Duty is relevant

(1)

4 Monitoring and enforcement of the Prevent Duty in HEIs

(8)

5 Student unions and societies

(9)

H Further education institutions

105

(540)

III NATIONAL SECURITY AND CRIMINAL LAW

18 Official Secrets and Spying--Principal Offences

645

(49)

Robert Ward

A Introduction

(7)

B Official Secrets Act 1911

(61)

1 `Spying'

(4)

2 Scope of section 1--spying and sabotage

(1)

3 Elements of the section 1 offences

(1)

(a) `Enemy' and `useful to an enemy'

(8)

(b) `Purpose prejudicial to the safety or interests of the state'

(5)

(6)

4 Proof

(1)

(a) Section 1(2) of the Official Secrets Act 1911

(2)

(b) Presumptions introduced by the Official Secrets Act 1920

(5)

(4)

(d) In camera proceedings

(1)

5 Inchoate offences and' acts preparatory"

(7)

6 Police power to require information

(3)

7 Consent to prosecute

(1)

8 Harbouring spies

(2)

9 Territorial extent

(7)

C Official Secrets Act 1920

(6)

D Official Secrets Act 1989

(619)

1 Introduction

(7)

2 Section 1--security and intelligence information

(1)

(a) Members of the Agencies and notified persons

(6)

(b) Crown servants and government contractors

(6)

3 Section 4--crime and special investigation powers

(5)

4 Section 5--information resulting from unauthorised disclosures or entrusted in confidence

100

(8)

5 Authorised disclosures

108

(1)

(a) Crown servants and notified persons

109

(2)

(b) Government contractors

111

(1)

112

(8)

6 Proofofdamage

120

(5)

(a) Damage and NCND

125

(1)

(b) Prior publication

126

(2)

7 Mental element

128

(4)

8 Safeguarding of information

132

(9)

9 Territorial extent

141

(1)

10 Consent to prosecute

142

(4)

11 Access to legal advice

146

(6)

12 `Public interest' disclosures

152

(6)

13 Defences of necessity and duress of circumstances

158

(4)

14 Sentence

162

(532)

19 Terrorism--Principal Offences

694

(43)

Alison Morgan

Victoria Oakes

A Introduction

(10)

1 Definition of `terrorism'

(4)

B Offences under the Terrorism Act 2000

(80)

1 Offences relating to proscribed organisations--sections 11-13

(3)

(a) Section 11--Membership

(6)

(b) Section 12--Support

(5)

(7)

2 Offences relating to terrorist property-- sections 15-18

(9)

3 Failure to disclose information--section 38B

(4)

4 Offences under Part VI of TACT 2000--sections 54,56,57,58,58A.58B

(1)

(a) Section 54--Weapons training

(5)

(b) Section 56--Directing a terrorist organisation

(6)

(11)

(d) Section 58--Collection of information

(8)

(e) Section 58A--Eliciting, publishing, or communicating information about members of armed forces etc

(3)

(f) Section 58B--Entering or remaining in a designated area

(7)

5 Schedule 7 ports power

(4)

C Offences under the Terrorism Act 2006

(33)

1 Encouragement of terrorism--section 1

(10)

2 Dissemination of terrorist publications--section 2

102

(6)

3 Preparation of terrorist acts--section 5

108

(9)

4 Training for terrorism--section 6

117

(4)

5 Attendance at a place used for terrorist training--section 8

121

(3)

D Evidence

124

(14)

1 Role of the expert

126

(8)

2 `Battlefield' evidence

134

(3)

3 Mindset evidence

137

(1)

E Consent to prosecution

138

(3)

F Extraterritorial effect

141

(2)

G Sentencing

143

(12)

1 Sentencing Guideline

143

(7)

2 Notification requirements

150

(3)

3 Forfeiture

153

(2)

H Release

155

(7)

I The Counter-Terrorism and Sentencing Bill 2020

162

(575)

20 National Security and Criminal Procedure

737

(34)

Rosemary Davidson

Dan Pawson-Pounds

A Introduction

(2)

B Case management of terrorism trials

(8)

1 The Criminal Procedure Rules and Practice Directions

(2)

2 The Protocol on the Case Management of Terrorism Cases

(6)

C Case management of OSA trials

(3)

D Pre-trial hearings

(4)

E Preparatory hearings

(11)

1 Conditions under which a preparatory hearing must be ordered

(1)

2 Conditions under which a preparatory hearing may be ordered

(3)

3 The start of the trial and arraignment

(1)

4 The judge's powers at a preparatory hearing

(2)

5 Appeals against rulings at preparatory hearings

(2)

F Bail and custody time limits

(6)

1 Bail

(4)

2 Custody time limits

(2)

G Disclosure in terrorism and OSA cases

(50)

1 Disclosure obligations

(4)

2 Disclosure management

(1)

3 Material held by third parties or overseas

(4)

4 NCND responses to defence assertions

(5)

5 Disclosure relevant to anonymity applications

(1)

6 Withholding material in the public interest

(1)

(a) The staged approach to be taken in PII applications

(3)

(b) Relevance

(3)

(4)

(d) The balancing exercise

(2)

(e) Protection of the defendant's interests by more limited disclosure

(2)

(f) Previous publication of sensitive material

(1)

(g) PII hearing procedure

(3)

(h) The appointment of special counsel and confidentiality rings

(5)

(i) Review of PII rulings and notification hearings

(3)

(j) The interception of communications

(9)

H In camera proceedings

(22)

1 The principle of open justice

(4)

2 The court's power to make an in camera order

(1)

(a) The common law

(7)

(b) Official secrets legislation

(1)

3 Procedure for making an in camera application

(3)

4 Procedure to be applied during in camera hearings

100

(4)

5 Appeals against in camera orders

104

(3)

I Special measures and witness anonymity

107

(15)

1 Special measures

107

(3)

2 Witness anonymity

110

(12)

J Jury panel vetting

122

(649)

1 Jury panel questions

122

(1)

2 Challenges to jurors

123

(1)

(a) `For cause'

123

(1)

(b) `By right'

124

(2)

3 Jury panel vetting

126

(645)

IV NATIONAL SECURITY IN INQUESTS AND INQUIRIES

21 Inquests and National Security

771

(24)

Andrew O'Connor

A Introduction

(11)

1 Coroners and inquests

(6)

2 Inquests and national security--an overview

(5)

B No power to conduct Closed material procedures in inquests

(6)

C Disclosure--general principles

(16)

D Disclosure--practical issues

(25)

1 Disclosing intercept material to a coroner

(8)

2 Disclosing national security-sensitive material to a coroner

(10)

3 Practical means of making sensitive material available to coroner/DV counsel

(1)

4 Exclusion or limiting of national security evidence--gisting

(6)

E Public interest immunity

(14)

1 Claiming public interest immunity

(9)

2 Challenging a PII ruling made by a coroner

(5)

F The hearing

(5)

1 Agency witnesses--anonymity and screening and other special measures

(5)

G Conversion to inquiry

(717)

22 Public Inquiries and National Security

795

(28)

Martin Smith

A Introduction

(17)

1 Types of inquiry

(3)

2 Statutory and non-statutory inquiries

(5)

3 Terms of reference

(2)

4 Chair or panel?

(2)

5 Requirement to hold an inquiry in public

(4)

6 Core participants

(1)

B Disclosure to an inquiry

(14)

1 Power to compel witnesses and the production of documents

(5)

2 Identification and provision of relevant documents

(5)

3 Investigatory Powers Act 2016

(4)

C Excluding or limiting national security evidence

(9)

1 Relevance

(5)

2 PII--assertion of national security no'trump card'

(3)

D Restriction notices and orders

(16)

1 Public access to inquiry proceedings

(3)

2 Section 19 of the 2005 Act

(9)

3 `Test' applications

(1)

4 Potentially restricted evidence

(2)

5 Variation or revocation

(1)

E Closed hearings

(8)

F Special measures in Open hearings

(6)

G The inquiry report

(7)

H Challenging a chair's ruling

(745)

V NATIONAL SECURITY AND EMPLOYMENT LAW

23 Employment and National Security

823

(29)

Keith Bryant

Mark Green

A Introduction

(6)

B Key legislation

(12)

1 Rule 94

(9)

2 Schedule 2

(3)

C Rule 94--substantive issues

(21)

1 The legislative test

(2)

2 Timing of rule 94 applications

(5)

3 Rule 94(3)

(5)

4 Review of rule 94 orders

(2)

5 Disclosure and gisting

(4)

6 Disclosure of material into Open or Closed

(3)

D Practicalities of making and responding to national security claims--step by step

(812)

1 Types of case

(6)

2 Potential respondents

(3)

3 Third parties

(1)

4 Practicalities of instructing representation

(3)

5 Special advocates

(1)

(a) Communication between special advocate and claimant

(7)

6 ACAS conciliation

(4)

7 Pleadings

(2)

8 Amendments in Closed

(4)

9 Witness statements

(2)

10 Bundles

(2)

11 Powers of the Tribunal as to special arrangements for hearings

(6)

(a) Cyphering

(1)

(b) Screening

(1)

(3)

12 Judges and lay members

(1)

13 Dealing with the Open/Closed divide in hearings

(4)

14 Hearings by telephone or video

(1)

15 Interaction with other jurisdictions

(1)

(a) High Court and County Court

(1)

(b) Security Vetting Appeals Panel (SVAP)

(1)

16 Settlement

(2)

17 Judgment and post-hearing

(4)

18 Appeals

101

(751)

24 National Security Vetting

852

(21)

Mark Green

A Introduction

(7)

B National security vetting considerations

(4)

C Vetting decisions

(4)

D Consequences of vetting decisions

(2)

E Compatibility of the UK vetting system with ECHR rights

(5)

F Security Vetting Appeals Panel

(48)

1 Process and procedure

(1)

(a) Statements of case

(2)

(b) Representation

(3)

(2)

(d) Disclosure process/bundles

(2)

(e) Hearing

(2)

(f) Decisions

(3)

(g) Outcomes

(1)

(h) Timescales

(1)

2 Substantive issues

(1)

(a) Disclosure--case law

(4)

(b) Disclosure--parameters of argument

(4)

(3)

3 The merits of the appeal

(1)

(a) Reasons for the refusal/withdrawal and risk

(1)

(b) Risk

(11)

(2)

4 BPSS

(2)

G Interaction with other jurisdictions

(802)

1 Investigatory Powers Tribunal

(1)

2 Judicial review

(1)

3 Employment Tribunal

(800)

VI NATIONAL SECURITY AND FAMILY LAW

25 National Security in Family Law Proceedings

873

(24)

Lisa Giovannetti

Richard Wilkin

A Introduction

(2)

B Types of proceedings--an overview

(1)

C The Radicalisation Guidance

(6)

D Radicalisation defined

(3)

E Public law proceedings under the Children Act 1989--threshold criteria and orders

(14)

F Public law proceedings pursuant to the inherent jurisdiction and wardship

(5)

G Consequences of wardship for public authorities

(2)

H Private law proceedings

(3)

I Disclosure--third-party orders

(10)

J Managing national security material--Closed material procedure and special advocates

(6)

K Disclosure of documents and information from family proceedings

(844)

VII NATIONAL SECURITY, FREEDOM OF INFORMATION, AND DATA PROTECTION

26 Freedom of Information and National Security

897

(27)

Julian Blake

Eugene McCaffrey

A Introduction

(2)

B The Freedom of Information Act 2000--a summary

(16)

1 The right to information

(3)

2 Public authorities

(3)

3 Exemptions

(1)

(a) Absolute exemptions

(2)

(b) Qualified exemptions

(3)

4 Certificates

(2)

5 Challenges

(1)

C Disclosure of information--the security body exemption

(23)

1 Section 23(1) of FOIA

(5)

2 Information `relating to' a section 23 body

(18)

D Disclosure of information--other relevant exemptions

(18)

1 National security (section 24)

(8)

2 Defence (section 26) and International relations (section 27)

(10)

E Neither confirm nor deny

(13)

F Information held by The National Archives

(5)

G Ministerial certificates

(7)

H Information type and disaggregation

(8)

I Enforcement

(12)

1 Application to the Commissioner

(4)

2 Appeal

(1)

(a) Ordinary appeals

(4)

(b) Appeal against a national security certificate

101

(4)

J Special considerations for handling sensitive material

105

(819)

1 The Information Commissioner

105

(3)

2 The Tribunal

108

(4)

3 Closed material procedures

112

(812)

27 Data Protection and National Security

924

(39)

Julian Blake

Eugene McCaffrey

A Introduction

(10)

B Key terms and definitions in the GDPR

(12)

1 Personal data

(6)

2 Special categories of personal data

(1)

3 Processing

(1)

4 Data controllers and processors

(3)

C General data processing--overview

(44)

1 Data protection principles

(1)

(a) Lawfulness, fairness, and transparency

(8)

(b) Purpose limitation

(3)

(2)

(d) Accuracy

(3)

(e) Storage limitation

(2)

(f) Integrity and confidentiality

(3)

(g) Accountability

(3)

2 Special category and criminal conviction data

(3)

3 Rights of the data subject

(1)

(a) The right to be informed

(2)

(b) The right of access

(2)

(1)

(d) The right of erasure

(2)

(e) The right to restrict processing

(1)

(f) The right to data portability

(1)

(g) The right to object

(1)

(h) Rights in relation to automated decision-making and profiling

(1)

4 Exemptions

(5)

D Applied GDPR--national security exemption

(36)

1 The applied GDPR

(1)

2 The national security and defence exemption

(12)

3 National Security Certificate

(9)

(a) National Security Certificates and NCND

(5)

(b) Records of National Security Certificates

(3)

4 Modification of the GDPR

(3)

5 Post-EU exit changes

100

(3)

E Law enforcement processing

103

(8)

F Intelligence Services Processing

111

(45)

1 Part4oftheDPA2018

111

(2)

2 Key terms

113

(2)

3 Data protection principles

115

(1)

(a) The first data protection principle--lawful, fair, and transparent

116

(5)

(b) The second data protection principle--specific, explicit, and legitimate purposes

121

(3)

124

(1)

(d) The fourth data protection principle--accurate and up to date

125

(1)

(e) The fifth data protection principle--no longer than necessary

126

(2)

(f) The sixth data protection principle--processed in a secure manner

128

(1)

4 Rights ofthe data subjects

129

(1)

(a) Right to information

130

(3)

(b) Right of access

133

(4)

137

(2)

(d) Right to object

139

(2)

(e) Right to rectification or erasure

141

(2)

5 Additional obligations

143

(1)

6 Data breaches

144

(4)

7 International transfers

148

(3)

8 Exemptions

151

(1)

(a) National security

151

(1)

(b) National Security Certificate

152

(1)

153

(3)

G The Information Commissioner and the courts

156

(807)

1 The Information Commissioner

156

(4)

2 The courts

160

(803)

Index

963

Robert Ward is a barrister who has had an extensive career as a Government lawyer specialising in national security matters. Robert was formerly a lecturer in law at the University of Cambridge. He is currently a Commissioner of the Criminal Cases Review Commission. Robert is co-author of Rook and Ward on Sexual Offences Law and Practice.

Rupert Jones is a Judge of the Upper Tribunal assigned to the Administrative Appeals Chamber since 2018 and the Tax & Chancery Chamber since 2020. He was Attorney General and Director of Public Prosecutions of Anguilla between 2014 and 2016, whereby he was a member of the Executive Council (cabinet government) and House of Assembly (legislature). He practised at the English Bar from 2000 to 2014 and was appointed as one of the Attorney General's panel of counsel and specialised in indirect taxation, proceeds of crime and national security cases. He is co-author and co-editor of Millington and Sutherland Williams on the Proceeds of Crime.

The assistant editor is Caroline Stone, barrister in independent practice and tenant at 3PB chambers. She is a member of the Attorney General's panel of junior counsel to the Crown with particular expertise in national security litigation.

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