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El. knyga: Natural Enemies: An Introduction to Biological Control

(University of Copenhagen), (Cornell University, New York)
  • Formatas: EPUB+DRM
  • Išleidimo metai: 26-Jul-2018
  • Leidėjas: Cambridge University Press
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781108640268
  • Formatas: EPUB+DRM
  • Išleidimo metai: 26-Jul-2018
  • Leidėjas: Cambridge University Press
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781108640268

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This second edition of Natural Enemies will give students, professionals, and anyone wishing to learn the basics of biological control a fully updated and thorough introduction. The book discusses the huge diversity of organisms used in the control of pests, weeds and plant pathogens, and compares the many different strategies referred to as 'biological control': the introduction of exotic natural enemies, application of predators, parasitoids, and microorganisms as biopesticides, and manipulation of the environment to enhance natural enemy populations. The authors present the ecological concepts which form the bases of biological control and discuss recent changes to make biological control safe for the environment. Case studies are included throughout, providing in-depth examples of the use of different organisms and strategies in a variety of ecosystems. A new chapter covers the current challenges; the impact of climate change, the problem of invasive species, and how biological control can aid sustainability.

Recenzijos

'This second edition of Natural Enemies has been skillfully updated to cover advances in biological control since 2004 which is sure to reinstate it as the standard introduction to the subject for undergraduates and other interested readers. Written by leading international experts, the text is both authoritative and easy to read, and is richly illustrated with fascinating examples of biological control applications from around the world. The expertise of the authors is readily apparent throughout the book and the breadth of coverage of all aspects of biological control is excellent. I highly recommend this text to anyone seeking to develop a course or workshop on the subject due to its comprehensive coverage, accessibility without need for specialist knowledge, and engaging style. It is reassuring to know that a new generation of biological control practitioners will be inspired by this well informed and enthusiastic introduction to the subject.' Nicholas J. Mills, University of California, Berkeley 'The second edition retains all that was positive from the first edition - including wonderful graphs, illustrations and topic boxes - and adds a number of exciting updates. The section on conservation biological control is expanded, which reflects growth in this area over the last two decades. I also appreciated the updates to the last section of the book, which focuses on the evolving science of biological control. Here Hajek and Eilenberg provide a thoughtful and up-to-date discussion of the risks of biological control along with a nice sampling of risk assessment models. Also - the last chapter looks ahead at issues that the discipline will need to come to terms with including climate change, sustainability and the continued unintentional movement of species across the globe.' George Heimpel, University of Minnesota

Daugiau informacijos

Presents different strategies for biological control along with their ecological bases, using many examples from a diversity of ecosystems.
Preface ix
Acknowledgments xii
Part I: Introduction
1 Why Use Natural Enemies?
3(19)
1.1 Historical Perspective on Chemical Pest Control
4(2)
1.2 Why Consider Biological Alternatives for Pest Control?
6(12)
1.3 A Pest or Not?
18(4)
2 Introduction to Biological Control
22(19)
2.1 Defining Biological Control
22(2)
2.2 Natural Control
24(1)
2.3 Diversity in Biological Control
25(3)
2.4 History of Biological Control
28(5)
2.5 Studying Biological Control
33(8)
Part II: Strategies for Using Natural Enemies
3 Classical Biological Control
41(25)
3.1 Uses of Classical Biological Control
45(4)
3.2 Methods for Practicing and Evaluating Classical Biological Control
49(6)
3.3 Success in Classical Biological Control
55(9)
3.4 Economics of Classical Biological Control
64(2)
4 Augmentation: Inundative and Inoculative Biological Control
66(19)
4.1 Inundative Biological Control
66(2)
4.2 Inoculative Biological Control
68(3)
4.3 Inundative versus Inoculative Strategies
71(1)
4.4 Production of Natural Enemies by Industry
72(1)
4.5 Products for Use
73(7)
4.6 Natural Enemies Commercially Available for Augmentative Releases
80(5)
5 Conservation and Enhancement of Natural Enemies
85(24)
5.1 Biodiversity Leading to Biological Control
85(2)
5.2 Conserving Natural Enemies: Reducing Effects of Pesticides on Natural Enemies
87(3)
5.3 Enhancing Natural Enemy Populations
90(14)
5.4 Conservation Biological Control Today
104(5)
Part III: Biological Control of Invertebrate and Vertebrate Pests
6 Ecological Basis for Use of Predators, Parasitoids, and Pathogens to Control Pests
109(28)
6.1 Types of Invertebrate Pests
110(1)
6.2 Types of Natural Enemies
110(1)
6.3 Interactions between Natural Enemies and Hosts
111(4)
6.4 Population Regulation
115(8)
6.5 Exploring Factors Impacting Pest Regulation and Its Stability
123(4)
6.6 Microbial Natural Enemies Attacking Invertebrates
127(2)
6.7 Food Webs and Community Ecology
129(8)
7 Predators
137(24)
7.1 Vertebrate Predators
137(1)
7.2 Invertebrate Predators
138(14)
7.3 Predator Choices and Impacts
152(4)
7.4 Use of Invertebrate Predators for Pest Control
156(5)
8 Insect Parasitoids: Attack by Aliens
161(28)
8.1 Taxonomic Diversity in Parasitoids
162(3)
8.2 Diversity in Parasitoid Life Histories
165(9)
8.3 Locating and Accepting a Host
174(4)
8.4 The Battle between Parasitoid and Host
178(4)
8.5 Use of Parasitoids in Biological Control
182(7)
9 Parasitic Nematodes
189(13)
9.1 Entomopathogenic Nematodes (EPNs)
190(4)
9.2 Mermithidae
194(1)
9.3 Use of Nematodes in Biological Control
195(7)
10 Bacterial Pathogens of Invertebrates
202(13)
10.1 What is a Pathogen?
202(1)
10.2 General Biology of Insect-Pathogenic Bacteria
203(1)
10.3 Use for Pest Control
204(11)
11 Viral Pathogens of Invertebrates and Vertebrates
215(14)
11.1 General Biology of Viruses
215(1)
11.2 Diversity of Viruses Infecting Invertebrates
215(4)
11.3 Use for Pest Control
219(5)
11.4 Vertebrate Viral Pathogens
224(5)
12 Fungal Pathogens of Invertebrates
229(16)
12.1 General Biology of Fungal Pathogens of Invertebrates
229(2)
12.2 Diversity of Fungi and Fungal-Like Protists Infecting Invertebrate Pests
231(2)
12.3 Use of Fungal Pathogens for Pest Control
233(6)
12.4 Microsporidia
239(6)
Part IV: Biological Control of Weeds
13 Biology and Ecology of Herbivores Used for Biological Control of Weeds
245(18)
13.1 Types of Agents
245(1)
13.2 Weed Characteristics
246(1)
13.3 Types of Injury to Plants
247(8)
13.4 Regulation of Weed Density by Herbivores
255(6)
13.5 Measuring Impact of Weed Biological Control
261(2)
14 Phytophagous Invertebrates and Vertebrates
263(15)
14.1 Invertebrates
263(4)
14.2 Successful Attributes of Invertebrate Herbivores
267(3)
14.3 Strategies for Use of Phytophagous Invertebrates
270(6)
14.4 Vertebrates
276(2)
15 Plant Pathogens for Controlling Weeds
278(13)
15.1 Plant Pathogens and Target Weeds for Biological Control
278(1)
15.2 Augmentation Biological Control
279(4)
15.3 Classical Biological Control
283(8)
Part V: Biological Control of Plant Pathogens and Plant Parasitic Nematodes
16 Biology and Ecology of Microorganisms for Control of Plant Diseases
291(17)
16.1 Types of Plant Pathogens and Their Antagonists
291(1)
16.2 Ecology of Macroorganisms versus Microorganisms
292(1)
16.3 Ecology of Plant Pathogens and Their Antagonists
293(3)
16.4 Studying Plant Pathogens and Biological Control Agents
296(1)
16.5 Modes of Antagonism among Microorganisms
297(11)
17 Microbial Antagonists Combating Plant Pathogens and Plant Parasitic Nematodes
308(19)
17.1 Finding Antagonists
308(3)
17.2 Types of Antagonists
311(2)
17.3 Strategies for Using Antagonists to Control Plant Pathogens
313(7)
17.4 Conservation/Environmental Manipulation
320(3)
17.5 Biological Control of Plant Parasitic Nematodes
323(4)
Part VI: Biological Control: Concerns, Changes, and Challenges
18 Making Biological Control Safe
327(32)
18.1 What are Nontarget Impacts?
327(10)
18.2 Reasons Nontarget Effects Have Occurred
337(6)
18.3 Direct versus Indirect Effects
343(1)
18.4 Predicting Nontarget Effects
344(7)
18.5 Preventing Nontarget Effects
351(8)
19 Biological Control as Part of Integrated Pest Management
359(17)
19.1 Using Natural Enemies as "Stand Alone" Strategies
359(1)
19.2 Integrated Pest Management
359(9)
19.3 Adding an Ecological Understanding to IPM
368(2)
19.4 Use of Natural Enemies within IPM Systems
370(6)
20 Our Changing World: Moving Forward
376(13)
20.1 Major Challenges
377(8)
20.2 Acceptance by the Public, Scientists, and Governments
385(1)
20.3 International Cooperation Is Necessary
386(3)
Glossary 389(13)
Bibliography 402(24)
Index 426
Ann E. Hajek is a Professor in the Department of Entomology at Cornell University, New York. Her career has focused on biological control, with research ranging from developing biopesticides to investigating why epizootics of insect diseases occur. The International Organization for Biological Control, Nearctic Regional Section, presented her with their Distinguished Scientist Award in 2011. Jųrgen Eilenberg is a Professor in the Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences at the University of Copenhagen, where he leads a research team studying insect pathogens and biological control. He was President of the Society for Invertebrate Pathology 20122014.