| Foreword |
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xvii | |
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| Acknowledgments |
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xxi | |
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| Chapter 1 Natural History Collections: An Essential Resource for Science in the 21st Century |
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1 | (12) |
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1.1 Collections in early 21st century science |
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2 | (1) |
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1.2 New explorations because of the magnitude and diversity of the collections' data |
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3 | (2) |
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1.3 Research using and driving the constitution of natural history collections |
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5 | (6) |
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1.3.1 Being able to return to the object: one of the major contributions of natural history collections |
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6 | (1) |
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1.3.2 Collections at the heart of highly innovative research thanks to new technologies |
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7 | (1) |
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1.3.3 A resource for global change research |
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8 | (1) |
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1.3.4 Designing the science of the future based on collections |
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9 | (2) |
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11 | (2) |
| Chapter 2 Natural History Collections: An Ancient Concept in a Present and Future Perspective |
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13 | (14) |
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14 | (1) |
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2.2 A tribute to curiosity and coupling with classifications |
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14 | (2) |
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2.3 The structuring of our thoughts and actions by an ancient concept |
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16 | (2) |
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2.4 Collections: more than species catalogues |
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18 | (1) |
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2.5 Big Data collections in space and time |
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19 | (1) |
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2.6 What future is there for the use of collections? |
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20 | (2) |
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22 | (1) |
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22 | (5) |
| Chapter 3 Louis XIV's Blue Gems: Exceptional Rediscoveries at the French National Museum of Natural History |
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27 | (10) |
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29 | (2) |
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3.2 A scientific investigation of color |
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31 | (1) |
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3.3 The digital decoding of the creative genius of the royal gem cutter |
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32 | (3) |
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3.4 Epilogue: toward a renaissance... |
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35 | (1) |
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36 | (1) |
| Chapter 4 Rediscovering Human Mummies: Unpublished data on the Chachapoya Mummy Exhibited at the Musee de l'Homme |
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37 | (26) |
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38 | (5) |
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4.1.1 The Museum's collection of human mummies |
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38 | (2) |
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4.1.2 Origin, discovery, donation and exhibition: a brief history of the mummy |
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40 | (3) |
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4.2 Materials and methods |
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43 | (3) |
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4.2.1 The MNHN-HA-30187 mummy: position of the body, measurements and external appearance |
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43 | (2) |
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4.2.2 Medical imaging protocol and technique |
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45 | (1) |
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4.2.3 Protocol for experimental reproduction of trepanation |
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45 | (1) |
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46 | (8) |
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4.3.1 Basic biological identity |
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46 | (1) |
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4.3.2 Osteo-dental status |
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47 | (1) |
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48 | (2) |
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50 | (2) |
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4.3.5 Cranial trepanation: location, size and mode of operation |
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52 | (2) |
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54 | (4) |
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4.4.1 Identity of the deceased and health status |
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54 | (1) |
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4.4.2 Treatment of the corpse and embalming |
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55 | (1) |
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4.4.3 Chronology of mortuary gestures |
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56 | (2) |
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58 | (1) |
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59 | (4) |
| Chapter 5 Reconstructing the History of Human Populations: A Challenge for Biological Anthropology |
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63 | (16) |
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63 | (3) |
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5.1.1 How human remains have also become scientific objects |
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63 | (1) |
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5.1.2 The MNHN biological anthropology collection |
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64 | (1) |
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5.1.3 Cranial morphology as an indication of biocultural processes |
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65 | (1) |
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5.2 Cranial morphology and settlement history |
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66 | (5) |
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5.2.1 A new look at the diversity of Native Americans |
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69 | (2) |
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5.3 Cranial morphology and adaptation to the environment |
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71 | (4) |
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5.3.1 Cranial diversity beyond randomness |
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73 | (2) |
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5.4 The importance of cranial collection for the advancement of research in biological anthropology |
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75 | (1) |
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76 | (3) |
| Chapter 6 The Discovery of New Metal-Hyperaccumulating Plant Species in Herbaria |
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79 | (16) |
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Dulce M. Navarrete Gutierrez |
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6.1 Metal-hyperaccumulating plants |
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80 | (3) |
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6.2 The screening of herbarium collections: from atomic absorption to X-ray fluorescence |
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83 | (2) |
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6.3 The discovery of new metal-hyperaccumulating plants at the MNHN herbarium |
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85 | (6) |
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6.3.1 The interest of the MNHN herbarium for the research of metal-hyperaccumulating plants |
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85 | (2) |
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6.3.2 From the herbarium to the field: new nickel hyperaccumulators in the genus Orthion |
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87 | (1) |
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6.3.3 Rinorea multivenosa, the first zinc hyperaccumulating species discovered in the Amazon basin |
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88 | (2) |
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6.3.4 A large number of manganese hyperaccumulating species to be discovered |
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90 | (1) |
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91 | (1) |
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92 | (1) |
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92 | (3) |
| Chapter 7 Fossil Crustaceans in the Light of New Technologies |
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95 | (14) |
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96 | (1) |
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96 | (2) |
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7.3 The radiation of fossil crustaceans |
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98 | (4) |
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7.3.1 Revealing characters with UV light (yellow fluorescence) |
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98 | (1) |
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7.3.2 Revealing characters with green light (green-orange fluorescence) |
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99 | (1) |
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100 | (2) |
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7.4 Exceptional preservation of fossil crustaceans |
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102 | (3) |
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7.5 Ostracods and paleogeography at the end of the Paleozoic |
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105 | (1) |
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105 | (4) |
| Chapter 8 The "Cyanobacteria and Microalgae" Collection in the Time of "-omics" |
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109 | (16) |
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109 | (2) |
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8.2 A living collection supported by research |
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111 | (3) |
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8.3 New uses of the collection in basic research |
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114 | (2) |
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8.3.1 Polyphasic identification and taxonomy of cyanobacteria and microalgae |
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114 | (1) |
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8.3.2 Contribution to the evolutionary sciences |
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114 | (1) |
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8.3.3 Contribution to the study of interactions between organisms |
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115 | (1) |
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8.4 Enhancing the value of biological resources through the search for innovative bioactive molecules |
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116 | (2) |
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8.5 Expertise in environmental diagnosis |
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118 | (1) |
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8.6 The living collection of cyanobacteria and microalgae of today and tomorrow |
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119 | (2) |
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121 | (4) |
| Chapter 9 The Collection of Cryopreserved Cells and Tissues of Vertebrates: Methods and Application |
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125 | (14) |
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126 | (1) |
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9.2 History of the collection |
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126 | (1) |
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9.3 Can all living beings be cryopreserved9 |
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127 | (3) |
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9.3.1 Collection, culture and freezing |
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128 | (2) |
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130 | (3) |
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9.5 Current composition of the bank |
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133 | (3) |
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136 | (1) |
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137 | (2) |
| Chapter 10 Herbaria, the Last Resort for Extinct Plant Species |
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139 | (20) |
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10.1 Context and objectives |
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140 | (1) |
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10.2 Proposed approach and protocol |
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141 | (1) |
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142 | (10) |
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10.3.1 Selection of target species and identification of affine species |
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142 | (3) |
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10.3.2 Assessment of the viability of available seeds |
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145 | (4) |
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10.3.3 Cultivation experiments on affine species of the target species |
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149 | (3) |
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10.4 Discussion and conclusion |
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152 | (2) |
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154 | (1) |
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154 | (5) |
| Chapter 11 Ocean Cores, Climate Archives |
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159 | (18) |
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160 | (1) |
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11.2 The MNHN's oceanic collection |
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160 | (1) |
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11.3 Development of core drilling techniques |
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161 | (2) |
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11.4 Ocean cores: archives of past climate variability |
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163 | (1) |
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164 | (7) |
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11.5.1 Temperature proxies |
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165 | (4) |
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11.5.2 Proxies of salinity |
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169 | (1) |
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11.5.3 Paleo-pH proxies and carbonate ion concentration |
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170 | (1) |
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11.6 Analytical techniques |
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171 | (1) |
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172 | (1) |
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173 | (4) |
| Chapter 12 Clarifying the Radiocarbon Calibration Curve for Ancient Egypt: The Wager of Herbaria |
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177 | (18) |
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178 | (1) |
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12.2 Carbon-14 (14C) dating and Egyptian chronology |
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179 | (3) |
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12.2.1 The challenge of calibration |
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179 | (2) |
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12.2.2 Chronology of ancient Egypt: contribution of 14C and historic debates |
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181 | (1) |
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12.3 Specificities of the Egyptian landscape and the objective of the project |
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182 | (2) |
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12.4 The flora of Egypt in the MNHN Herbarium |
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184 | (2) |
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12.5 Analytical and statistical challenges |
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186 | (4) |
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12.5.1 Selection of herbarium specimens |
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187 | (1) |
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12.5.2 Preliminary results of 14C dating |
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187 | (3) |
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190 | (1) |
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191 | (4) |
| Chapter 13 Herbaria, a Window into the Evolutionary History of Crop Pathogens |
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195 | (24) |
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13.1 Epidemics, emergences and re-emergences |
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196 | (1) |
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13.2 Development of agriculture, domestication of cultivated plants and their diseases |
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197 | (2) |
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13.3 Molecular biology and genomics as a tool for studying phytopathogenic micro-organisms |
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199 | (1) |
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13.4 Contributions of the herbarium samples |
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199 | (4) |
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200 | (1) |
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13.4.2 Molecular analyses |
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201 | (2) |
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13.5 How to explore a herbarium |
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203 | (2) |
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13.6 Characteristics of old nucleic acids and their treatment |
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205 | (3) |
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13.6.1 The particular case of viral nucleic acids |
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206 | (2) |
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13.7 Xanthomonas citri pv. citri and its emergence in the Indian Ocean |
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208 | (1) |
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13.8 Emergence and evolutionary history of plant pathogenic viruses: the geminivirus model |
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209 | (3) |
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13.8.1 Case of a species complex responsible for an emerging disease |
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210 | (1) |
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13.8.2 Case of a cryptic geminivirus |
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211 | (1) |
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212 | (1) |
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13.10 Acknowledgments and funding |
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213 | (1) |
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213 | (6) |
| Chapter 14 The Yellow-Legged Asian Hornet: Prediction of the Risk of Invasion and the Study of its Color Variations |
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219 | (16) |
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220 | (2) |
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14.2 Vespa velutina: some elements of taxonomy and biology |
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222 | (2) |
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14.2.1 A species: 13 colored forms |
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222 | (1) |
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223 | (1) |
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14.2.3 Insectivore, but not exclusively |
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223 | (1) |
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14.3 Sampling of specimens |
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224 | (1) |
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14.4 The origin of invasive lineages of V. velutina in France and Korea |
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225 | (1) |
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14.4.1 The history of the invasion explained by genetics |
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225 | (1) |
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14.4.2 A single queen at the origin of the invasive lineage in France |
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226 | (1) |
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14.5 Expansion risks in Europe and worldwide |
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226 | (3) |
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14.5.1 Data and methods for inferring range and predicting invasion risk |
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226 | (1) |
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14.5.2 Strong expansion in Europe and the Northern Hemisphere |
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227 | (2) |
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14.6 Origin of color and shape variations |
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229 | (3) |
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14.6.1 The importance of collection specimens |
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229 | (2) |
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14.6.2 Discordance between genetic lineages and colored forms |
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231 | (1) |
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232 | (1) |
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233 | (2) |
| Chapter 15 Exploring Temporal Changes in the Composition of Macroalgal Communities by Using Collections |
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235 | (16) |
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15.1 On the constitution of macroalgal collections |
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236 | (3) |
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236 | (1) |
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236 | (1) |
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15.1.3 Data associated with the herbaria |
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237 | (1) |
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15.1.4 Specimens and scientific evidence |
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237 | (2) |
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15.1.5 The herbarium of the Dinard maritime laboratory |
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239 | (1) |
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15.2 Exploring temporal changes in species distribution |
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239 | (7) |
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15.2.1 Perspectives for exploring temporal changes in species distribution |
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245 | (1) |
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15.3 Exploring temporal changes in community composition |
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246 | (2) |
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15.3.1 Example of the study of the Dinard Herbarium |
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246 | (1) |
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15.3.2 Perspectives for exploring temporal changes in community composition |
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247 | (1) |
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15.4 Conclusion: sampling and analysis strategies for the future |
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248 | (1) |
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249 | (2) |
| Chapter 16 Herbaria, Witnesses of the Stakes of Biodiversity Conservation and the Impacts of Global Changes |
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251 | (20) |
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252 | (2) |
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16.2 Evaluation of the floristic richness and conservation issues of territories |
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254 | (3) |
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16.3 Studies of introduction pathways and colonization of invasive exotic plants and pathogens |
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257 | (2) |
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16.4 Analysis of the impact of pollution and changes in air quality |
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259 | (1) |
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16.5 Study of phenological changes in flora as a result of climate change |
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260 | (2) |
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262 | (1) |
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263 | (8) |
| Chapter 17 Digital Photography In Natura in Zoology: More Biology in Natural History Collections? |
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271 | (18) |
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17.1 Images and collections... for comparative biology |
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272 | (2) |
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17.2 Accelerating the process of the incomplete inventory of life |
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274 | (3) |
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17.3 Why more biology in natural history collections? |
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277 | (3) |
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17.4 Images in the natural sciences: a collection like any other? |
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280 | (2) |
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17.5 The Hemiptera of France: an exemplary iconography |
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282 | (1) |
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17.6 Trait databases, query automation and bio-inspiration |
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282 | (2) |
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17.7 Conclusion: a new challenge for natural history |
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284 | (1) |
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285 | (4) |
| Chapter 18 The Use of Large Natural History Datasets to Respond to Current Scientific and Societal Issues |
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289 | (22) |
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289 | (1) |
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18.2 Making data available: a revolution |
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290 | (3) |
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18.3 Challenges for data providers |
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293 | (3) |
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18.3.1 Reading labels or directories |
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293 | (1) |
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18.3.2 Structure of the information related to the specimens |
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294 | (1) |
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18.3.3 The taxonomic framework: moving information |
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295 | (1) |
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18.3.4 The importance of tracing the source of data |
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296 | (1) |
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18.4 The role of access portals |
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296 | (3) |
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18.4.1 The provision standards |
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297 | (2) |
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18.5 The importance of scientific analysis design in appropriating the specificities of data from collections |
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299 | (2) |
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18.5.1 Detecting the biases in collection data: advantages and opportunities for scientific analyses |
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299 | (1) |
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18.5.2 Toward a good balance between the question and the available data |
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300 | (1) |
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18.5.3 Playing the advantage of multiple spatial scales |
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301 | (1) |
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18.6 Moving from raw data to sorted data that can be used for scientific analyses |
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301 | (5) |
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18.6.1 From open data to open science, a responsibility for the traceability of data and operations |
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303 | (1) |
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18.6.2 Toward a necessary reorganization of collaborative work |
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304 | (2) |
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306 | (1) |
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307 | (4) |
| Chapter 19 Is There a Need for Biocultural Collections? State of the Art and Perspectives |
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311 | (26) |
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311 | (1) |
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19.2 Origin of these collections |
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312 | (1) |
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312 | (1) |
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313 | (1) |
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19.3 Collection principles and the function of collections |
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313 | (6) |
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19.3.1 The role of objects in "Maussian" ethnology |
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313 | (2) |
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19.3.2 Ethnobotanical collections |
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315 | (2) |
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19.3.3 Biocultural collections |
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317 | (2) |
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19.4 Principles for the articulation of sets |
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319 | (5) |
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19.5 Description of the collections |
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324 | (8) |
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19.5.1 Ethnobiological specimens |
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325 | (4) |
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19.5.2 Objects and artifacts |
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329 | (3) |
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332 | (2) |
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334 | (3) |
| Chapter 20 Why Preserve? |
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337 | (22) |
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20.1 The museum's collections: between study and heritage |
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338 | (1) |
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20.2 Disrupting the equilibrium |
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339 | (3) |
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20.3 Preparation and storage |
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342 | (4) |
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20.4 The main principles of conservation |
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346 | (1) |
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20.5 The main principles of conservation being undermined |
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347 | (2) |
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349 | (2) |
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20.7 The scientific value of the collections |
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351 | (6) |
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357 | (1) |
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357 | (2) |
| Chapter 21 Collections for Scientific Research in the 21st Century and Beyond |
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359 | (14) |
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21.1 Collections in the quest for knowledge |
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359 | (1) |
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21.2 Three main kinds of new uses for collections |
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360 | (2) |
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21.2.1 Enriching the life sciences, human sciences and the sciences of the universe with new technologies |
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360 | (1) |
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21.2.2 A pool of information on the environment |
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360 | (2) |
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21.2.3 The era of digital data |
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362 | (1) |
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21.3 Lessons from these new uses |
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362 | (5) |
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21.3.1 The importance of richness and diversity |
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363 | (1) |
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21.3.2 Information at the heart of new research |
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363 | (2) |
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21.3.3 Good conservation and good practices |
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365 | (1) |
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21.3.4 The importance of sets |
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366 | (1) |
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21.4 Collections in 21st century science and beyond |
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367 | (1) |
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367 | (2) |
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369 | (4) |
| List of Authors |
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373 | (8) |
| Index |
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381 | |
Daugiau apie elektronines knygas