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Neuroanatomy for the Neuroscientist [Kietas viršelis]

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  • Formatas: Hardback, 543 pages, aukštis x plotis: 235x155 mm, weight: 1076 g, 140 black & white illustrations, 4 colour illustrations
  • Išleidimo metai: 24-Jul-2008
  • Leidėjas: Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
  • ISBN-10: 0387709703
  • ISBN-13: 9780387709703
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Neuroanatomy for the NeuroscientistDidesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: Hardback, 543 pages, aukštis x plotis: 235x155 mm, weight: 1076 g, 140 black & white illustrations, 4 colour illustrations
  • Išleidimo metai: 24-Jul-2008
  • Leidėjas: Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
  • ISBN-10: 0387709703
  • ISBN-13: 9780387709703
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Pastovi nuoroda: https://www.kriso.lt/db/9780387709703.html
Raktažodžiai:
In this day, where research grants are the primary focus, many young investigators are thrown into neurosciences courses without any prior preparation in neuroanatomy. This book is designed to help prepare them by introducing many of the fundamentals of the nervous system. It represents the essentials of an upper level biology course on the central nervous system. It is not designed to be a clinical approach to the nervous system, but rather it approaches the nervous system from a basic science perspective that intertwines both structure and function as an organizing teaching and learning model. Medical and dental examples are included but the main focus is on neuroscience.
Part I Introduction to the Central Nervous System
Chapter 1 Introduction to the Central Nervous System
3
I. The Neuron
3
A. The Senses
5
B. Muscles
6
II. The Nervous System
7
III. Central Nervous System
7
A. Spinal Cord
8
B. Brain
9
IV. Glands Associated with the Brain
22
Chapter 2 Neurocytology: Cells of the CNS
23
I. The Neuron
23
A. Dendrites
23
B. Soma
24
C. Golgi Type I and II Neurons
24
D. Dendritic Spines
24
E. Cytoplasmic Organelles
26
F. Nucleus
26
G. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum: Nissl Body
27
H. Mitochondria
28
I. Neurosecretory Granules
30
J. Neuronal Cytoskeleton
30
K. Microtubules and Axoplasmic Flow
31
L. Neurofibrillar Tangles
32
M. Axon and Axon Origin (Axon Hillock)
33
N. Myelin Sheath
33
O. Myelination
34
P. Central Nervous System Pathways
35
II. Synapse
35
A. Synaptic Structure
36
B. Synaptic Types
36
C. SynapticVesicles
37
D. Synaptic Transmission
38
III. Supporting Cells of the Central Nervous System
40
A. Astrocytes
40
B. Oligodendrocytes
42
C. Endothelial Cells
42
D. Mononuclear Cells
43
E. Ependymal Cells
45
IV. Supporting Cells in the Peripheral Nervous System
46
A. Satellite Cells
46
B. Schwann Cells
46
C. Neural Crest Cells
47
V. Response of Nervous System to Injury
47
A. Degeneration
47
B. Regeneration
49
VI. Blood-Brain Barrier
52
A. Blood-Brain Barrier
52
B. Extracellular Space and the CSF
54
Chapter 3 Spinal Cord
55
I. Anatomy of the Spinal Cord
55
A. Spinal Cord: Structure and Function
56
B. Laminar Organization of Central Gray
61
C. Segmental Function
64
II. Nociception and Pain
70
A. Nociceptive Stimulus
70
B. Pain Receptors
70
C. Projection Fibers
71
D. Modulation of Pain Transmission
71
E. White Matter Tracts
73
F. Motor and Sensory Pathways
75
III. Upper and Lower Motor Neuron Lesions
77
A. Upper Motor Neuron Lesion
77
B. Lower Motor Neuron Lesion
79
IV. Other Spinal Pathways
83
Chapter 4 Brain Stem
85
I. Gross Anatomical Divisions
85
II. Functional Localization in Coronal Sections of the Brain Stem
87
III. Differences between the Spinal Cord and Brain Stem
89
A. Medulla
89
B. PONS
97
C. Midbrain
103
IV. Functional Centers in the Brain Stem
110
A. Reticular Formation
110
B. Respiration Centers
114
C. Cardiovascular Centers
114
D. Deglutition
115
E. Vomiting
115
F. Emetic Center
116
G. Coughing
116
H. Taste
116
V. Guidelines for Localizing Disease to and within the Brain Stem
118
Chapter 5 The Cranial Nerves
121
I. How the Cranial Nerves Got Their Numbers
121
A. Anterior Cranial Fossa (CN I and II)
121
B. Middle Cranial Fossa (CN III, IV, V, and VI)
122
C. Posterior Cranial Fossa (CN VIII–XII)
122
II. Functional Organization of Cranial Nerves
122
III. Embryological Considerations
124
IV. The Individual Cranial Nerves
126
A. Cranial Nerve I: Olfactory
127
B. Cranial Nerve II, Optic
128
C. Cranial Nerve III, Oculomotor
129
D. Cranial Nerve IV: Trochlear, Pure Motor
131
E. Cranial Nerve VI: Abducens, Pure Motor
131
F. Cranial Nerve V: Trigeminal, Mixed Nerve (Sensory and Motor But No Parasympathetic)
132
G. Cranial Nerve VII, Facial, Mixed Nerve (Sensory, Motor, Parasympathetic)
134
H. Cranial Nerve VIII, Vestibulo-cochlear, Special Somatic Sensory, Receptive Organs in Petrous Temporal Bone, Nerve Exits via Internal Acoustic. Nerve in Posterior Cranial Fossa (Exits Internal Acoustic Meatus in Petrous Temporal)
136
I. Cranial Nerve IX, glossopharyngeal, Mixed (Sensory, Motor, Parasympathetic). Nerve to third pharyngeal arch. Nerve in posterior cranial fossa (exits via jugular foramen)
139
J. Cranial Nerve X. vagus, Mixed (Sensory, Motor, Parasympathetic), and Longest Cranial Nerve. Nerve to Fourth and Sixth Pharyngeal Arch.
140
K. Cranial Nerve XI, Spinal Accessory, Pure Motor
141
L. Cranial Nerve XII, Hypoglossal, Pure Motor.
141
V. Cranial Nerve Dysfunction
141
A. Motor Cranial Nerve Lesion
141
B. Sensory Cranial Nerve Lesion
143
VI. Cranial Nerve Case Histories
144
Chapter 6 Diencephalon
147
I. Nuclei of the Thalamus
148
II. Functional Organization of Thalamic Nuclei
149
A. Sensory and Motor Relay Nuclei: The Ventrobasal Complex and Lateral Nucleus
149
B. Limbic Nuclei: Anterior, Medial, Lateral Dorsal, Midline, and Intralaminar Nuclei
153
C. Specific Associational Polymodal/Somatic Nuclei: The Pulvinar Nuclei
155
D. Special Somatic Sensory Nuclei: Vision and Audition. Lateral Geniculate and Medial Geniculate
155
E. Nonspecific Associational
156
III. White Matter of the Diencephalon
158
A. Internal Capsule
158
B. Anterior Limb of the Internal Capsule
158
C. Genu of the Internal Capsule
158
D. Posterior Limb of the Internal Capsule
159
IV. Relationship between the Thalamus and the Cerebral Cortex
160
A. Thalamic Input onto the Cortical Layers
160
B. Thalamic Radiations and the Internal Capsule
160
C. Other Possible Inputs to the Thalamus
161
V. Subthalamus
163
Chapter 7 Hypothalamus, Neuroendocrine System, and Autonomic Nervous System
165
I. Hypothalamus
165
A. Hypothalamic Nuclei
165
B. Afferent Pathways
168
II. Neuroendocrine System: The Hypothalamus and Its Relation to Hypophysis
171
A. Hypophysis Cerebri
173
B. Hypothalamic—Hypophyseal Portal System.
173
C. Hypophysiotrophic Area
174
D. Hormones Produced by Hypothalamus
174
E. Hormones Produced in Adenohypophysis
175
F. Hypothalamus and the Autonomic Nervous System
179
G. Functional Localization in Hypothalamus
180
III. Autonomic Nervous System
183
A. Enteric Nervous System
185
B. Parasympathetic System (Cranio-sacral)
185
C. Sympathetic System
186
Chapter 8 Cerebral Cortex Functional Localization
189
I. Anatomical Considerations
189
A. Cytology
191
B. Basic Design and Functional Organization of Cerebral Cortex:
194
C. Correlation of Neocortical Cytoarchitecture and Function
197
II. Methods for Study of Functional Localization
207
A. How Do We Study Function?
207
B. How Do We Confirm the Location of the Pathology?
209
C. Neurophysiology Correlates of Cortical Cytoarchitecture and the Basis of the EEG
209
III. Subcortical White Matter Afferents and Efferents
211
A. Projection Fibers (Fig. 8.8)
211
B. Commissural Fibers
212
C. Associational Fibers
215
D. Afferent Inputs and Efferent Projections of Neocortex
215
E. Nonthalamic Sources of Input
216
F. Efferent Projections
216
IV. Development of the Cerebral Cortex
216
A. Primary Sulci
216
B. Myelination
217
Part II The Systems within the Central Nervous System
Chapter 9 Motor System I: Movement and Motor Pathways
221
I. Cerebral Cortical Motor Functions
221
A. Concept of Central Pattern Generators
221
B. Effects of Spinal, Brain Stem, and Cerebral Lesions on the Motor System
223
II. Postnatal Development of Motor Reflexes
229
III. Relationship of Primary Motor, Premotor and Prefrontal Cortex
229
A. Functional Overview
229
B. Primary Motor Cortex Area 4
231
C. Areas 6 and 8: Premotor Cortex
235
D. Area 8: Premotor
238
E. Suppressor Areas for Motor Activity (Negative Motor Response)
238
F. Prefrontal Cortex (Areas 9.14 and 46)
239
IV. Disorders of Motor Development
240
V. Studies of Recovery of Motor Function in the Human
240
VI. Cortical Control of Eye Movements
241
A. Saccadic Eye Movements
242
B. Central Control of Saccades
242
C. Smooth Pursuit in Contrast to Saccade
243
D. Fixation System
243
E. Vergence Movements
243
F. Vestibulo-ocular Movements
243
G. Opticokinetic Movements
244
VII. Major Voluntary Motor Pathways
244
A. Basic Principles of Voluntary Motor System
244
B. Corticospinal Tract: Voluntary Control of the Limbs, Thorax, and Abdomen
245
C. Corticonuclear/Corticobulbar System: Voluntary Control of the Muscles Controlled by Cranial nerves V, VII, and IX–XII
245
D. Corticomesencephalic System:Voluntary Control of Muscles Associated with Eye Movements (Cranial Nerves III, IV, and VI)
248
Chapter 10 Motor System II: Basal Ganglia
249
I. Anatomy
249
A. Connections
250
B. Microanatomy of the Striatum
253
C. Overview of the Dopaminergic Systems
254
D. Overlap with the Cerebellar System
254
II. Clinical Symptoms and Signs of Dysfunction
255
A. General Overview
255
B. Parkinson's Disease and the Parkinsonian Syndrome
256
C. Differential Diagnosis of Parkinson's Disease
265
D. Chorea, Hemichorea, Hemiballismus and Other Dyskinesias
265
Chapter 11 Motor Systems III: Cerebellum and Movement
273
I. Anatomy
273
A. Longitudinal Divisions
273
B. Transverse Divisions
273
C. Cytoarchitecture of the Cerebellum
275
D. Cerebellar Fibers
276
II. Functions of the Cerebellum Topographic Patterns of Representation in Cerebellar Cortex
277
III. Effects of Disease on the Cerebellum
278
A. Overview
278
B. Major Cerebellar Syndromes
280
Chapter 12 Somatosensory Function and the Parietal Lobe
293
I. Postcentral Gyrus: Somatic Sensory Cortex [ Primary Sensory S-I]
293
A. Organization of the Postcentral Gyrus
293
B. Postcentral Gyrus Stimulation
294
C. Postcentral Gyrus Lesions
295
II. Superior and Inferior Parietal Lobules
300
A. Stimulation
300
B. Lesions
301
C. Parietal Lobules in the Dominant Hemisphere
301
D. Parietal Lobules in the Nondominant Hemisphere
302
III. Parietal Lobe and Tactile Sensation from the Body
306
A. Basic Principle of Sensory System
306
B. Tactile Sensation from the Body — Medial Lemnsicus
306
C. Tactile Sensation from the Head
308
Chapter 13 Visual System and Occipital Lobe
311
I. Structure of the Eye
311
A. Anatomy of the Eye
311
B. Optic Nerve
316
C. Blind Spot
317
II. Visual Pathway
317
A. Retina and Visual Fields
317
B. Visual Pathway: Overview
319
III. Occipital Lobe
320
A. Areas in Occipital Lobe-17, 18, 19 (VI—V5)
320
B. Parallel Processing in the Visual Cortex
321
C. Effects of Stimulation of Areas 17, 18, and 19
324
D. Effects of Lesions in the Occipital Visual Areas
325
E. Occipital Lobe and Eye Movements (See Also
Chapter 9)
326
IV. Visual Field Deficits Produced by Lesions in the Optic Pathway
327
A. Overview of Localized Lesions in the Visual System
327
B. Case Histories from a lesion on the Visual System:
Optic Nerve
Optic Chiasm
Visual Radiations
Striate Cortex
327
Chapter 14 Limbic System, the Temporal Lobe, and Prefrontal Cortex
337
I. Limbic System
337
A. Subcortical Structures
339
B. Cortical Structures in the Limbic System
341
II. Principal Pathways of the Limbic System
350
A. Fornix
350
B. Circuits in Limbic Emotional Brain
351
III. Temporal Lobe
353
A. Auditory and Auditory Association
354
B. Visual Perceptions
354
C. Symptoms of Disease Involving the Temporal Lobe
354
IV. Role of the Limbic System in Memory
359
A. Anatomical Substrate of Learning in Humans
359
B. Disorders of Recent Memory; the Amnestic Confabulatory Syndrome of Diencephalic Origin; Wernicke—Korsakoff 's
361
C. Other Lesions of the Diencephalon and Adjacent Regions Producing the Amnestic Confabulatory Disorder Seen in the Korsakoff Syndrome
363
D. The Amnestic Confabulatory Syndrome Following Lesions of the Hippocampus and Related Structures
363
E. Progressive Dementing Processes
364
V. Prefrontal Granular Areas and Emotions
367
A. Anatomy and Functional Localization
367
B. Connections of the Prefrontal Cortex.
368
C. The Case of Phineas P. Gage
368
D. Studies of Jacobsen and Nissen
369
E. Functional Neurosurgery
370
F. Role of the Limbic System in Psychiatric Disorders
371
VI. The Limbic Brain as a Functional System
372
A. Hierarchy of Function
372
B. Reticular Formation
372
C. Hypothalamus
372
D. Pleasure/Punishment Areas
372
E. Limbic Cortical Regions
373
Chapter 15 Higher Cortical Functions
375
I. Cerebral Cortex and Disturbances of Verbal Expression
375
A. Cerebral Dominance
376
B. Development Aspects
377
II. Aphasia: Dominant Hemispheric Functions
377
A. Cortical Areas of the Dominant Hemisphere of Major Importance in Language Disturbances
378
B. Types of Aphasia
378
C. Nonfluent Aphasia: Anatomical Correlation of Specific Syndromes Involving Broca's area
381
D. Fluent Aphasia: Anatomical Correlation of Specific Syndromes (Wernicke's Aphasia and Wernicke's Area)
386
III. Language Functions in the Nondominant Parietal Hemisphere
394
IV. Role of Corpus Callosum in Transfer of Information
395
Part III The Non-Nervous Elements within the Central Nervous System
Chapter 16 Meninges, Ventricular System and Vascular System
399
I. Meninges: Coverings of the Brain
399
A. Dura Mater
399
B. Arachnoid
400
C. Pia Mater
401
II. Ventricular System
401
III. Blood Supply to the Brain
403
A. Arterial Supply to the Brain
403
B. Venous Circulation of the Brain
406
Chapter 17 Cerebral Vascular Disease
409
I. Overview
409
A. Definitions
409
B. Demographics
409
II. Ischemic–Occlusive Cerebrovascular Disease
410
A. Definitions
410
B. Role of Anastomoses
411
C. Major Types of Ischemic–Occlusive Disease
411
III. Clinical Correlates of Vascular Territories: Syndromes
412
A. Internal Carotid Artery
412
B. Middle Cerebral Artery Syndromes
414
C. Anterior Cerebral Artery Syndrome
418
D. Posterior Cerebral Artery Syndromes
418
E. Vertebral and Basilar Artery Syndromes of the Brain Stem
423
F. Ischemic Occlusive Disease Involving the Cerebellum
427
G. Ischemic Occlusive Disease of the Spinal Cord (the Anterior Spinal Artery Syndrome)
428
IV. Primary Intracerebral Hemorrhage
428
A. Demographics and Risk Factors
429
B. Location
429
C. Diagnostic Studies in Intracerebral Hemorrhage
429
D. Clinical Correlates of Intracerebral Hemorrhage
430
V. Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
430
A. Demographics
430
B. Major Clinical Features
432
C. Complications
432
D. Management and Treatment
432
Chapter 18 Movies on the Brain
435
I. Developmental Disorders
435
II. Spinal Cord/Brain Stem Disorders
436
III. Disorders of Motor Systems and Motor Control
437
IV. Limbic System
438
V. Cerebrovascular Disease
439
VI. Brain Trauma
440
VII. Brain Tumors and Increased Intracranial Pressure
441
VIII. Infections
442
IX. Toxic and Metabolic Disorders
443
X. Disorders of Myelin
445
XI. Memory
445
XII. Seizures and Epilepsy
446
XIII. Coma
447
Bibliography 449
Index 487