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El. knyga: Nile Basin: Quaternary Geology, Geomorphology and Prehistoric Environments

(University of Adelaide)
  • Formatas: EPUB+DRM
  • Išleidimo metai: 03-Jan-2019
  • Leidėjas: Cambridge University Press
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781316832790
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Nile Basin: Quaternary Geology, Geomorphology and Prehistoric EnvironmentsDidesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: EPUB+DRM
  • Išleidimo metai: 03-Jan-2019
  • Leidėjas: Cambridge University Press
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781316832790
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The Nile Basin contains a record of human activities spanning the last million years. However, the interactions between prehistoric humans and environmental changes in this area are complex and often poorly understood. This comprehensive book explains in clear, non-technical terms how prehistoric environments can be reconstructed, with examples drawn from every part of the Nile Basin. Adopting a source-to-sink approach, the book integrates events in the Nile headwaters with the record from marine sediment cores in the Nile Delta and offshore. It provides a detailed record of past environmental changes throughout the Nile Basin and concludes with a review of the causes and consequences of plant and animal domestication in this region and of the various prehistoric migrations out of Africa into Eurasia and beyond. A comprehensive overview, this book is ideal for researchers in geomorphology, climatology and archaeology.

This book provides detailed reconstructions of past environmental changes in the Nile Basin and considers how prehistoric humans adapted or failed to adapt to these changes. It will greatly assist archaeologists, geographers and planners who need to understand how the Nile has responded to past climatic changes in its headwaters.

Daugiau informacijos

Discusses how prehistoric humans responded to the environmental and climatic changes within the Nile Basin during the past million years.
Preface xiii
Acknowledgements xv
1 The Nile Basin: An Introduction
1(7)
1.1 Introduction
1(2)
1.2 Early Speculation about the Nile
3(2)
1.3 Unique Attributes of the Nile
5(1)
1.4 Aims and Structure of This Volume
5(3)
2 Evolution of the Nile Basin
8(11)
2.1 Introduction: How Old Is the Nile?
8(1)
2.2 Ethiopian Uplift and Volcanism
9(2)
2.3 Erosion of the Ethiopian Nile Headwaters
11(3)
2.4 Tectonic History of Lake Victoria and the Ugandan Nile Headwaters
14(1)
2.5 Tectonic and Structural Control of the Nile and Its Tributaries
15(1)
2.6 Volume of the Nile Cone
16(1)
2.7 Conclusion
17(2)
3 Climate and Hydrology
19(14)
3.1 Introduction
19(1)
3.2 Climates of the Nile Basin
19(7)
3.3 Nile Hydrology and Nile Floods
26(6)
3.4 Conclusion
32(1)
4 Geology and Soils
33(26)
4.1 Introduction
33(2)
4.2 Geology
35(12)
4.3 Soils
47(11)
4.4 Conclusion
58(1)
5 Vegetation, Land Use and Human Impact
59(22)
5.1 Introduction
59(1)
5.2 Natural Vegetation Zones
60(6)
5.3 Current Land Use
66(4)
5.4 Human Impact on the Natural Vegetation and Soils
70(7)
5.5 Controlling the Floods: Dams, Reservoirs and Disease
77(2)
5.6 Conclusion
79(2)
6 The Ethiopian Highlands
81(16)
6.1 Introduction
81(1)
6.2 Cenozoic Uplift and Volcanism
81(2)
6.3 Cenozoic Erosion: The Blue Nile and Tekezze Gorges
83(1)
6.4 Miocene and Pliocene Environments in Ethiopia
84(1)
6.5 Quaternary Environments
85(8)
6.6 The Late Pleistocene Blue Nile
93(1)
6.7 The Early Holocene Blue Nile
93(3)
6.8 Conclusion
96(1)
7 The Ugandan Lake Plateau
97(10)
7.1 Introduction
97(1)
7.2 Cenozoic Disruption of Drainage
97(3)
7.3 Origin of the Ugandan Lakes
100(1)
7.4 Late Quaternary Fluctuations of Lakes Victoria and Albert
101(3)
7.5 Late Quaternary Fluctuations of Lake Challa
104(1)
7.6 The `African Humid Period'
105(1)
7.7 Kilimanjaro Holocene Ice Core Records
106(1)
7.8 Conclusion
106(1)
8 The Sudd Swamps and the White Nile
107(20)
8.1 Introduction
107(1)
8.2 The Sudd
108(3)
8.3 The White Nile
111(7)
8.4 White Nile Islands
118(1)
8.5 Prehistoric Occupation of the White Nile Valley
119(5)
8.6 Conclusion
124(3)
9 Lake Turkana and Overflow into the Sobat
127(5)
9.1 Introduction
127(2)
9.2 Lake Turkana
129(1)
9.3 Quaternary Sediments in the Lower Omo Valley
129(1)
9.4 Overflow of Lake Turkana into the White Nile
130(1)
9.5 Conclusion
131(1)
10 The Khor Abu Habl Fan and the Desert Dunes of Kordofan and Darfur
132(11)
10.1 Introduction
132(1)
10.2 The Umm Ruwaba Formation and the Khor Abu Habl Fan
132(4)
10.3 Desert Dunes and Their Environmental Significance
136(3)
10.4 The Desert Dunes of Kordofan and Darfur
139(3)
10.5 Freshwater Mollusca and Holocene Lakes
142(1)
10.6 Conclusion
142(1)
11 The Gezira Alluvial Fan and Blue Nile Palaeochannels
143(21)
11.1 Introduction
143(2)
11.2 Age and Origin of the Gezira
145(3)
11.3 Blue Nile Palaeochannels
148(10)
11.4 Source-Bordering Dunes
158(2)
11.5 Prehistoric Occupation Sites
160(3)
11.6 Conclusion
163(1)
12 The Atbara
164(12)
12.1 Introduction
164(2)
12.2 Cold Climate Landforms and Glaciation in the Semien Highlands
166(5)
12.3 Denudation Rates in the Tekezze Basin
171(1)
12.4 Quaternary Alluvial Formations in the Atbara Valley
172(1)
12.5 Holocene Environments
173(1)
12.6 Quaternary Fossils and Prehistoric Artefacts
174(1)
12.7 Conclusion
174(2)
13 Jebel Marra Volcano
176(20)
13.1 Introduction
176(2)
13.2 Geological History of Jebel Marra
178(2)
13.3 Flora of Jebel Marra and Its Significance
180(1)
13.4 Piedmont Sediments
181(6)
13.5 Deriba Crater Lakes and Late Pleistocene High Lake Levels
187(5)
13.6 Pleistocene and Holocene Erosion and Sedimentation
192(2)
13.7 Conclusion
194(2)
14 The Desert Nile
196(15)
14.1 Introduction
196(2)
14.2 Deciphering Nile Alluvial History
198(2)
14.3 Pleistocene Erosion and Sedimentation in Southern Egypt
200(2)
14.4 Late Quaternary Depositional Environments in Northern Sudan
202(8)
14.5 Meta-analysis of the Desert Nile Holocene Fluvial Archive
210(1)
14.6 Conclusion
210(1)
15 West of the Nile: The Western Desert of Egypt and the Eastern Sahara -- Part 1
211(16)
15.1 Introduction
211(1)
15.2 Early Exploration
212(1)
15.3 Wadi Howar and Adjacent Areas
213(9)
15.4 The Darb el Arba'in Desert: Oyo, El Atrun and Selima Oasis
222(4)
15.5 Conclusion
226(1)
16 West of the Nile: The Western Desert of Egypt and the Eastern Sahara -- Part 2
227(21)
16.1 Introduction
227(1)
16.2 Dakhla and Kharga Oases
228(1)
16.3 The Gilf Kebir, Jebel `Uweinat, Jebel Arkenu and Environs
229(10)
16.4 Bir Sahara, Bir Tarfawi and the Tushka Lakes
239(3)
16.5 Saharan Groundwater Recharge during the Quaternary
242(2)
16.6 Late Quaternary Environments in the Sahara: Implications and Cautions
244(2)
16.7 Conclusion
246(2)
17 The Fayum
248(9)
17.1 Introduction
248(2)
17.2 Origin of the Fayum Depression
250(1)
17.3 Holocene Lake Fluctuations in the Fayum
251(1)
17.4 Epi-Palaeolithic/Mesolithic and Neolithic Settlement in the Fayum
252(3)
17.5 Conclusion
255(2)
18 The Red Sea Hills
257(10)
18.1 Introduction
257(1)
18.2 Origin and Evolution of the Red Sea Hills
257(2)
18.3 Pleistocene Rivers Flowing from the Red Sea Hills
259(1)
18.4 Pleistocene and Holocene Spring Tufas and Their Climatic Significance
260(1)
18.5 Mesolithic and Neolithic Occupation in the Red Sea Hills
261(1)
18.6 A Wetter Climate in the Red Sea Hills 2,000 Years Ago
261(4)
18.7 Conclusion
265(2)
19 The Sinai Peninsula
267(11)
19.1 Introduction
267(1)
19.2 Origin and Evolution of the Sinai Peninsula
267(2)
19.3 Periglacial Landforms in the Sinai Mountains
269(1)
19.4 Tufa Deposits in the Sinai Peninsula and Their Climatic Significance
270(1)
19.5 Late Pleistocene Valley-Fills of the Sinai Peninsula
270(4)
19.6 Desert Dunes of the Sinai Peninsula and Adjacent Northern Negev Desert
274(2)
19.7 Prehistoric Occupation in the Sinai Peninsula
276(1)
19.8 Conclusion
277(1)
20 The Nile Delta
278(13)
20.1 Introduction
278(1)
20.2 Origin and Evolution of the Nile Delta
278(3)
20.3 Holocene History of Maryut Lagoon, Western Nile Delta
281(3)
20.4 Variations in Nile Delta Sediment Provenance
284(2)
20.5 Holocene Fluctuations in Nile Delta Sedimentation
286(1)
20.6 Holocene Variations in Nile Delta Subsidence
287(1)
20.7 Human Occupation of the Nile Delta
288(2)
20.8 Conclusion
290(1)
21 The Nile Cone
291(10)
21.1 Introduction
291(1)
21.2 Age and Volume of the Nile Cone
291(2)
21.3 Analysis of Marine Sediment Cores from the Nile Cone
293(1)
21.4 Nile Floods and Sapropel Formation
294(6)
21.5 Conclusion
300(1)
22 Origins of Plant and Animal Domestication in the Nile Basin
301(21)
22.1 Introduction
301(2)
22.2 Some General Considerations
303(3)
22.3 The Transition from Mesolithic to Neolithic in the Fayum and Main Nile Valley
306(3)
22.4 The Transition from Mesolithic to Neolithic in the Eastern Sahara
309(2)
22.5 The Transition from Mesolithic to Neolithic in Central and Eastern Sudan
311(6)
22.6 The Transition from Mesolithic to Neolithic in Ethiopia and East Africa
317(3)
22.8 Conclusion
320(2)
23 Epilogue: `Out of Africa'
322(12)
23.1 Introduction
322(1)
23.2 Quaternary Environments in North and East Africa
323(1)
23.3 Quaternary Environments in Eurasia
324(2)
23.4 Movement of Homo erectus/Homo ergaster Out of Africa
326(2)
23.5 Movement of Homo sapiens Out of Africa
328(4)
23.6 Conclusion
332(2)
References 334(60)
Index 394
Martin Williams is Adjunct Professor in Earth Sciences at the University of Adelaide, Australia. He has worked with archaeologists in the Sahara, Nile Valley and Ethiopia, and has written over two hundred research papers and a dozen books, including Climatic Change in Deserts (Cambridge, 2014), A Land Between Two Niles (with Donald Adamson, 1982) and The Sahara and the Nile (with Hugues Faure, 1980). He received the Farouk El Baz Award for Desert Research from the Geological Society of America in 2008.
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