"This four-volume collection contextualises primary sources related to nineteenth-century communications, including periodical articles, institutional and administrative records, material artefacts, and manuscript material such as correspondence, minutes, and memoirs. The collections contributes to improving understandings of how nineteenth-century, especially Victorian, communication media, infrastructure, and technology have shaped the globalised, networked world in which we live today"-- Provided by publisher.
This four-volume collection contextualises primary sources related to nineteenth-century communications, including periodical articles, institutional and administrative records, material artefacts, and manuscript material such as correspondence, minutes, and memoirs. This resource contributes to knowledge in its own right as well as stimulates and facilitates future investigations, by students, academics, and other researchers, into the topic of the history of communications. The collections contributes to improving understandings of how nineteenth-century, especially Victorian, communication media, infrastructure, and technology have shaped the globalised, networked world in which we live today.
The collection draws on materials held in archives across Britain as well as internationally. Following a broad chronology within each volume, the collection gathers sources dating from the period between 1780 and 1918. It takes for its starting point John Palmers proposal for a new mail coach design and ends with the demise of universal penny postage in 1918. The majority of sources, however, date from the years between the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815 and the beginning of the First World War in 1914.
This four-volume collection contextualises primary sources related to nineteenth-century communications, including periodical articles, institutional and administrative records, material artefacts, and manuscript material such as correspondence, minutes, and memoirs.
Volume 1: Reforming the Mails
General Introduction
Volume 1 Introduction
Part 1: Mail Coaches: From Novelty to Nostalgia
1.1. Mail Coaches: Development and Early History
1. William Lewins, Palmer and the Mail Coach Era, in Her Majestys Mails
(London: Sampson Low, Son, and Marston, 1864), pp. 73-93.
2. Thomas Pennant, Letter to a Member of Parliament on Mail Coaches (London:
Fauldner, 1792).
3. Joseph Moser, The Mail Coach: A Poem, European Magazine and London
Review, 24 (1793), pp. 298-300.
4. George Robinson, Memorial for the Magistrates, Merchants, Ship-Owners, and
Inhabitants of the Burgh of Banff, for themselves, and on behalf of the
Others interested in the Line of Post-Road between Aberdeen and Inverness
(Cullen, c. 1805)
5. Illustration: Mail Coach on the Bath-London run collecting mail from
Postmaster (right in nightcap) without stopping. Aquatint, circa
1840.
Credit: World History Archive/Mary Evans Picture Library.
1.2 Mail Coach Retrospectives
6. William Roberts, Mail Posts, Ancient and Modern, Chambers Edinburgh
Journal, 616 (18 November 1843), pp. 349-50.
7. Extract from Thomas de Quincey, The English Mail Coach, Blackwood's
Edinburgh Magazine 66:408 (October 1849), pp. 585-600.
8. Amelia Edwards, The Phantom Coach, in
Chapter V: Another lodger relates
his own ghost story, Mrs Lirripers Legacy, The Extra Christmas Number of
All the Year Round, 12 (London: Chapman & Hall, 1864), pp. 35-40.
Part 2: The Post Office before Reform
2.1 Franking
9. Pro Bono Publico, On the Abuse of the Privilege of Franking Letters,
enjoyed by Members of Parliament, Edinburgh Magazine, or Literary Amusement,
51 (1 March 1781), pp. 240-1.
10. Outwitting the Post Office, Literary Chronicle, 249 (21 Feb 1824), p.
124.
11. E. Walford, A Forgotten Mania, Once A Week, 12:298 (11 March 1865), pp.
316-317
12. Curiosus, Franks and Franking-A Letter to the Editor, Once a Week,
13:315 (8 July 1865), p. 84
2.2 Postage Evasion
13. Samuel Taylor Coleridge, extract from Letters, Conversations and
Recollections of S. T. Coleridge, 2 vols (London: Edward Moxon, 1836), vol.
2, pp. 113-14.
14. Harriet Martineau, The History of England During the Thirty Years' Peace,
2 vols (London: Charles Knight, 1850), vol. 1, chapter 15, pp. 425-427
2.3 Complaint and Improvement
15. E.G.B, Post-Office Receiving Houses, Literary Chronicle, 6:246 (31
January 1824), p.
74.
16. A.A., Post Office Mismanagement, Examiner, 14 December 1828, p.
5.
2.4 Modernising postal architecture
17. Frederick Ebenezer Baines, Lombard Street, in On the Track of the Mail
Coach (London: Richard Bentley and Son, 1895), pp. 4-20.
18. Charles Knight, The History and Present State of the Post Office, Penny
Magazine of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, 3:116 (25
January 1834), pp. 33-38
19. Illustration: New General Post Office, St-Martin's-le-Grand', in Walter
Thornbury, Old and New London: Volume 2 (London: Cassell, Petter & Galpin,
1878), p.
216. Credit: Mary Evans Picture Library.
2.5 William Hazlitts The Letter Bell
20. William Hazlitt, The Letter-Bell, Monthly Magazine, 11:63 (March 1831),
pp. 280-284.
Part 3: Calls for Reform
3.1 Henry Burgesss Plan
21. Henry Burgess, extracts from A Plan for Obtaining a More Speedy
Communication between London and the Distant Parts of the Kingdom (London,
1819), pp. 1-14, 22-28, 32-34, 38-44.
3.2 Robert Wallace in the House of Commons
22. Robert Wallace, extract from speech on the Post Office, 06 August 1833,
Hansards Parliamentary Debates, 3rd Series, Vol. XX (London: Hansard, 1833),
cd. 369, 371,
375.
23. Robert Wallace, extract from speech on the Post Office, 26 June 1834,
Hansards Parliamentary Debates, 3rd Series, Vol. XXIV (London: Hansard,
1834), pp. 855-857, 859-861, 863-865.
3.3 Rowland Hill and Post Office Reform
24. Rowland Hill, extracts from Post Office Reform: its Importance and
Practicability, 3rd edition (London: C. Knight, 1837), pp. 1-2, 4-8, 12-15,
16-30, 32-34, 38-43, 45-47.
Part 4: Debating Universal Penny Postage
25. W. H. Ashurst, extract from Facts and Reasons in Support of Mr Rowland
Hills plan for a universal penny postage, 2nd edition (London: Henry Hooper,
1838), pp. 1-3, 6-7, 30, 32- 34, 58- 59, 66-68, 74-76, 107-110.
26. Extract from 'Postage Duties, House of Lords debate held on 5 August
1839, in Mirror of Parliament (London: Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, and
Longmans; John Murray; J. Richards and Co, 1839), cc, 4667-4668, 4671-4672,
4676, 4678, 4680-4681.
4.1 Penny Postage in the Monthly Reviews
27. Anon., extract from Post-office Reform: its Importance and
Practicability', Quarterly Review, 64 (October 1839), pp. 513-540
28. Anon., Post Office Reform, Edinburgh Review, 70 (January 1840), pp.
545-573.
4.2 Popular Print and Visual Culture
29. Henry Cole., A Report of a scene at Windsor Castle respecting the uniform
Penny Postage. [ A skit.]. (1839)
30. Illustration: A poster petitioning for a uniform penny postage,
1839.
Credit: Mary Evans Picture Library/Bruce Castle Museum.
31. Anon., Only a Postage (A Tale Illustrative of the High Effects of
Postage), in Post Circular, (30 April 1839), p.
60.
32. Anon., General Penny Postage; or, Troubles of Men of Letters, Post
11/195. Postal Archive.
Part 5: Responding to Reform
5.1 Celebrations in Verse and Song
33. James Bruton, The penny post act! Comic song sung by Mr. Buckingham at
the Royal Gardens, Vauxhall. Written by Jas. Bruton. The music composed by J.
Blewitt. James Bruton (London: T.E. Purday, [ 1840])
34. Philodenarius, The Penny Post, Times, 2 April 1840, p.
5.
35. Vialls, The Penny Postage, Odd Fellow, 15 February 1840, p. 3
36. Anon, The Penny Postage, Norwich Mercury, 25 January 1840, p.
3.
37. Illustration: Anon, Hurrah for the Postman the great Roland Hill
(Leith: R.W. Hume). Credit: National Library Scotland
38. Alexander Smart, Lines on the Penny-Post, Addressed to Rowland Hill,
Esq., Scotsman, 25 December 1840, p.
4.
39. G.D., Lines on the Penny Post, Literary Gazette, 27 August 1842, p.
606.
5.2 Harriet Martineau
40. Harriet Martineau, letter to Sir Thomas Wilde, 15 May 1843, in Pearson
Hill, The Post Office of Fifty Years Ago (London: Cassell, 1887), pp. 44-48.
41. Extract from Harriet Martineau, The History of England During the Thirty
Years' Peace, 1816-1846, 2 vols. (London: Charles Knight, 1849-1850), vol. 2
1830-1846, pp. 427-431.
5.3 Roland Hill and the 1843 Select Committee
42. Rowland Hill, evidence given to Report from the Select Committee on
Postage, together with the Minutes of Evidence, Appendix and Index (House of
Commons, 14 August 1843), pp. 9-15.
5.4 The Penny Post in magazines
43. Hall, S.C, The Penny-Post, Sharpes London Magazine, 7, July 1848,
246-7.
5.5 Retrospectives
44. Sir Rowland Hill and His Services, Birmingham Daily Post, 3 March
1864., p.6
45. In Memoriam. Rowland Hill, Originator of Cheap Postage, Punch 77 (20
September 1879), in Pearson Hill, The Post Office of Fifty Years Ago (London:
Cassell, 1887), pp. 38-40.
46. The Jubilee of the Penny Post, Punch, 18 January 1890, in Account of
the Celebration of the Jubilee of the Uniform Inland Penny Postage at the
Venetian Chamber (London: Jubilee Celebration Committee, 1891), pp. 42-3.
47. Frederic Hill, Some Reminiscences, in Account of the Celebration of the
Jubilee of the Uniform Inland Penny Postage at the Venetian Chamber (London:
Jubilee Celebration Committee, 1891), pp. 33-41.
48. Arbroath and the Penny Postage, Arbroath Herald, 3 May 1918, p.
4.
49. Penny Postage, Welsh Gazette, 6 June 1918, p.
4.
50. Extract from Penny Postage, South London Observer, 8 June 1918, p. 2
Part 6: Surveillance and Privacy
6.1 Politics and Postal Espionage
51. Charles James Fox, Mr Sheridans Motion Relative to the Existence of
Seditious Practices in this Country, in The Speeches of the Right Honourable
Charles James Fox, 6 vols (London: Longman, 1815), vol. 5, pp. 58-62.
52. Extraordinary Post-Office Order, Examiner, 870 (3 October 1824), p.
629.
53. When a Man Puts a Letter in the Post, The Evening Sun, 15 June 1844, p.
6.
6.2 The Letter Opening Scandal in the Popular Imagination
54. Illustration: H.G. Hine, The Anti-Graham Wafers, in Marion Harry
Spielmann, The History of Punch (London: Cassell and Company Limited, 1895),
p.
117. Image reproduced by kind permission of the National Library of
Scotland
55. Illustration: John Leech, The Anti-Graham Envelope, in in Marion Harry
Spielmann, The History of Punch (London: Cassell and Company Limited, 1895),
p.
115. Image reproduced by kind permission of the National Library of
Scotland.
56. The Secret Chamber in the General Post Office, St-Martins-Le-Grand,
London Journal and Weekly Record of Literature, Science, and Art, 15 March
1845, pp. 33-34.
57. G.M. Reynolds, extracts from The Mysteries of London (London: George
Vickers, 1846), vol 1, chapters 29, pp. 75-78, 72, pp. 221-224, 83, pp.
248-250.
6.3 Privacy, Gender, and Sexuality
58. Anthony Trollope, extract from
Chapter VI: Shewing How Reconciliation
was made, He Knew He Was Right, Vol 1 (London: Strathan and Co, 1869), pp.
38-44.
59. Letters of John Keats to Fanny Brawne, Saturday Review, 45:1164, (16
February 1878), p. 216-17.
60. Oscar Wilde, On the Sale by Auction of Keats Love Letters, in William
Sharp, ed. Sonnets of this Century (London: Walter Scott, 1886), p. 252
Part 7: Seeing the State at Work: Infrastructures of Reform in Material and
Print Culture
7.1 Postal Process Articles
61. Charles Dickens and William Henry Wills, Valentines Day at the Post
Office, Household Words (30 March 1850), pp. 6-12.
62. Francis Bond Head, extract from Mechanism of the Post Office, Quarterly
Review (June 1850), pp 80-2, 83-88.
63. William John Gordon, A Day at the Post Office, Leisure Hour (Jan 1886),
pp. 31-38.
7.2 The Penny stamp
64. Art. VIII. On the Collection of Postage by Means of Stamps, London and
Westminster Review, 33:2 (March 1840) pp. 491-505.
65. Illustration: Evolution of the Design for the First Adhesive Postage
Stamp. Postal Archive Post 118/1952.
66. Something about Postage Stamps, Leisure Hour, 397 (4 August 1895), pp.
489-492.
67. The Stamp Mania, Chamberss Journal, 492, (6 June 1863), pp.353-356.
68. A Row about a Postage Stamp, Reynolds Miscellany, 39:997 (20 July
1867), p.
79.
7.3 Mulready Wrapper
69. Illustration. 2d Mulready envelope, registration sheet. The Postal
Archive POST 150/009
70. T. Martin Wears, The History of the Mulready Envelope (Bury St. Edmunds:
T. H Nunn, 1886) pp. 17-20, 26-32.
7.4 Post-boxes
71. Documents relating to the introduction of Pillar Boxes on Jersey and
Guernsey, including copy of original minute by Anthony Trollope and
subsequent internal correspondence, Guernsey, 31 November
1851. Post 30/129.
72. Pillar Letter-Boxes in the Metropolis, London Evening Standard, 16
October 1854, p.
3.
73. Illustration: 'The New Post-Office Letter-Box, at the Corner of
Fleet-Street and Farringdon-Street', in 'New Street Letter-Boxes',
Illustrated London News, 24 March 1855, p.
280. Credit: Illustrated London
News Ltd./Mary Evans Picture Library.
74. Robert Black, The Wrong Pillar-Box, Chamberss Journal, 551, (18 July
1874), p. 455-458.
Bibliography
Index
Volume 2: Invention, Innovation, Transformation
General Introduction
Volume 2 Introduction
Part 1: Conveying Information: Semaphores, Rails, and Steam Packets
1.1 Optical Telegraph
1. Charles Dibdin, 'The Telegraph', The Songs of Charles Dibdin,
chronologically arranged, with notes, historical, biographical, and
critical... (London: How & Parsons, 1842), pp. 151-152.
2. Telegraphic Signals by Day and Night, The Kaleidoscope, 8: 386 (1827),
p. 161; 8: 388 (1827), pp. 178-179.
3. The Telegraph, The Tourist; or, Sketch Book of the Times, 1: 6 ( 1832),
pp. 41-42.
4. Telegraphic Despatch, Illustrated London News, 16 July 1842, pp. 148-149.
[ Credit for Illustrations: From the British Library Collection: MFM.MLD47]
5. Frederick William Faber, The Old French Telegraphs, in Poems, 3rd edn
(London: Thomas Richardson and Son, 1857), pp. 489-490.
6. Semaphore Signals, Young Folks Paper, 34: 952 (1889), p. 11
1.2 Mail Trains
7. Jehangeer Nowrojee and Hirjeebhoy Merwanjee, Journal of a Residence of Two
Years and a Half in Great Britain (London: William H Allen and Co, 1841), pp.
86-7.
8. Anon, The Travelling Post-Office, Chamberss Journal of Popular
Literature, Science and Arts, 394 (1861), pp.
4447.
9. William Delafield Arnold, The Night Mail Train in India, Frasers
Magazine for Town and Country, 54: 324 (1856), pp. 680-684.
10. John Hollingshead, Right Through the Post, All the Year Round, 1
(1859), pp.
19092.
11. Talbot Thynne, The Mail-Bag Apparatus Competition,
St-Martin's-le-Grand: The Post Office Magazine, 3 (April 1891), pp. 165-170.
12. A Travelling Post-Office, in Account of the Celebration of the Jubilee
of Uniform Inland Penny Postage (London: Jubilee Celebration Committee,
1891), p.
17.
1.3 Mail Packets
13. Anon., Foreign and Colonial Mail-Packet Service, Hampshire Advertiser,
5 July 1851, p.
4.
14. John Capper, A Mail-Packet Town, Household Words 10 (1855), pp.
501504.
15. Anon., Ocean Mails', The Graphic, 16 September 1876, pp. 282-283.
16. Frederick Ebenezer Baines, extracts from The Port of Liverpool, in On
the Track of the Mail Coach (London: Bentley and Son, 1895), pp. 180-181,
185-193
Part 2: Making the Electric Telegraphs
2.1 Inventing the Electric Telegraph
17. Francis Ronalds, extracts from Descriptions of an Electrical Telegraph,
and of Some Other Electric Apparatus (London: R. Hunter, 1823), pp. 1-24.
18. G.W.K., Dr. Davy and the Electric Telegraph, Argus, 28 November 1883,
p.
4.
19. Samuel Morse, letter to F.O.J Smith, 15 February 1838, in Samuel Irenaeus
Prime, The Life of Samuel F. B. Morse (New York: D. Appleton and Company),
pp. 338-340.
20. William Fothergill Cooke, extract from The Electric Telegraph: Was it
invented by Professor Wheatstone (London: W.H. Smith, 1857), pp. 3-9.
21. Charles Wheatstone, extract from A Reply to Mr. Cooke's pamphlet: "The
Electric Telegraph; was it invented by Professor Wheatstone?" (London:
Richard Taylor and William Francis, 1855), pp. 3-10
2.2 Telegraphic Railways
22. William Fothergill Cooke, Telegraphic Railways; or, the Single Way
(London: Simpkin, Marshall, & Co, 1842), pp. 1-14, 16-34
2.3 The Romance of the Electric Telegraph
23. The Romance of the Electric Telegraph, New Monthly Magazine and
Humorist, 8: 355 (1850), pp. 296-307.
24. Anon., The Electric Telegraph, Chambers's Papers for the People, 9
(1851), p. 32
2.4 Nationalisation
25. Edwin Chadwick, On the Economy of Telegraphy as Part of a Public System
of Postal Communication, Journal of the Society of Arts, 15 (1867), pp.
222-230
26. Extract from The Government and the Telegraphs, Examiner, 18 April
1868), pp. 242-243
27. Extract from Telegraphs Under Government., All the Year Round, 20:477
(1868), pp. 3839
2.5 Pneumatic Tubes
28. Pneumatic Despatch Tubes in Connection with Postal Telegraphy, The
Morning Post, 30 January 1871, p.
6.
29. Postal Telegraph Pneumatic Tubes, The Birmingham Daily Post,29 October
1873, p. 8
Part 3: Transforming Communication: Space, Time, Signals, and Sounds
3.1 Telegraphic Language
30. Extracts from The Handbook of Communication by Telegraph, Describing the
Various Methods, Either by Flags Or Other Semaphores, and the Machines in
Use, Etc. (London: Henry Kent Causton, 1842), pp. 19-25.
3.2 Morses Telegraphy
31. Morses Telegraphy, The Leisure hour: a family journal of instruction
and recreation, 683 (1865), pp. 55-58
3.3 Sonic Perception
32. George Parsons Lathrop, The Singing Wire, in Dreams and Days: Poems
(New York: Charles Scribners Sons, 1892), pp. 30-32.
33. Anon., The Dangers of Sound-Reading, The Telegraphist, 2:17 (1885), p.
56.
3.4 Romance by Wire
34. Karl von Schlözer, The Romance of a Telegraph Wire, Strand Magazine, 3
(1892), pp. 202-205.
35. Henry James, In the Cage (London: Duckworth, 1898), pp. 2-5, 10-33,
74-80.
Part 4: Submarine Telegraphy
36. The Submarine Telegraph, Blackwoods Edinburgh Magazine, 70: 433
(1851), pp. 562, 567-572.
37. J. C. Maxwell, letter to Lewis Campbell containing The Song of the
Atlantic Telegraph Company (1857), in Lewis Campbell, The Life of James
Clerk Maxwell (London: Macmillan, 1882), pp. 278-280.
38. Anon., The Atlantic Telegraph Expedition, Times, 11 Aug. 1858, p.
4.
39. Laying the Atlantic Cable: Paying out the Land End of the Cable from the
Stern of the 'Niagara', Illustrated London News, 22 August 1857, p.
12.
Credit: Image reproduced with kind permission of Illustrated London News
Ltc/Mary Evans.4
40. William Cullen Bryant, The Electric Telegraph, Speech at a Dinner Given
to Samuel Breese Morse, 1868, in Orations and Addresses (New York, G.P.
Putnams Sons, 1873), pp. 325-330.
41. Anon., At the Bottom of the Sea, The Childs Companion, and Juvenile
Instructor, 116 (1878), pp. 120-121.
42. Isabella Whiteford Rogerson, 'The Atlantic Telegraph', in Poems (Belfast:
W M'Coomb, 1860), p. 221-222.
43. Charles Tennyson Turner, The Telegraph Cable to India. Anticipative', in
Sonnets (London; Cambridge: Macmillan, 1864), p.
50.
44. Rudyard Kipling, 'The Deep-Sea Cables', in The Writings in Prose and
Verse of Rudyard Kipling, Vol 11: Verses, 1889-1896 (New York: C. Scribner
and Sons, 1897).
Part 5 Wireless Telegraphy
5.1 Imagining the Wireless
45. Silvanus P. Thompson, 'Telegraphy Across Space', Journal of the Society
of Arts. 46:2367 (April 1, 1898), pp. 453-460
46. Richard Kerr, extract from Wireless Telegraphy: Popularly Explained
(London: Sheeley, 1898), pp. 93-99.
47. Rudyard Kipling, Wireless, in Traffics and Discoveries (London:
Macmillan, 1904), pp. 213-227.
48. H.C. Fyfe, 'Wireless Wonders of the Future', Review of Reviews, 25: 147
(1902), pp. 143-44.
5.2 Wireless Communication and Journalism
49. Anon., Wireless Telegraphy and Journalism', The Speaker: Liberal Review,
18 (1898), pp. 140-1.
50. Anon., Wireless "Wires" as News Carriers: An Important Journalistic
Enterprise', Westminster Gazette, 15 June 1901, p.
7.
Part 6 Telephony
6.1 Inventing the Telephone
51. Alexander Graham Bell, The Telephone, Musical Standard, 13: 697 (1877),
pp. 358-359, 13: 698 (1877) pp. 375-376, and 13: 699 (1877), pp. 390-92.
52. Anon., extracts from The Telephone, Westminster Review, 53 (1878), pp.
208-221.
6.2 Telephone and Society
53. Thomas Anstey Guthrie, Telephonic Theatre-Goers', in The Man from
Blankley, and other Sketches [ reprinted from Punch] (London: Longmans,
Green, and Co, 1893), pp. 128-133.
54. Thomas Anstey Guthrie, Telephonic Theatre-Goers, Punch, or the London
Charivari, 102 (1892), p.
208. [ Credit: From National Library Scotland
X.231-233 SER]
55. Anon., Church by Telephone, The Speaker, 4 October 1890, pp. 370-371.
56. F. E. Baines, A Future for the Glebe, in On The Track of the Mail Coach
(London: Bentley and Son, 1895), pp. 325-339.
57. Anon, The Telephone, Chamberss Journal, 2:72 (1899), pp. 310-313.
Part 7: Communication, Environment, and Ecology
7. 1 Telegraphic Ecologies
58. The Earthquake Explained, Punch, 23 (1852), p.
237.
59. Anon., Land Telegraph Lines, Chamberss Journal, Issue 798 (1879), pp.
229-232.
60. Thomas Hardy, A Laodicean: A Story of To-Day (London: Macmillan, 1912),
pp. 20-25.
61. Hardwicke Rawnsley, On Seeing a Telegraph Wire and Pillar Post Below
Wordsworths House, in Sonnets at the English Lakes (London: Longmans,
Green,
& Co, 1881), p.
35.
62. A Mesmeric-Telegraphic Discovery, The Ladies Treasury: An Illustrated
Magazine of Entertaining Literature, 28 (1875), pp. 69-74.
7.2 Gutta Percha
63. William T. Brannt, India Rubber, Gutta-Percha, and Balata (London:
Sampson Low, Marston & Co, 1900), pp. 224-228, 230-236, 243-245, 269-270.
64. James Collins, Report on the Gutta Percha of Commerce, Being Information
on the Plants Yielding It, Their Geographical Distribution, Climatic
Conditions, and the Possibility of their Cultivation in India: together with
supplementary remarks on Balata and Pseudo-Guttas Proposed as Substitutes, or
as supplementary to Gutta Percha (1878).
7.3 Animals and Communication
65. W. J. Gordon, The Post-Office Horse, in The Horse World of London
(London: Religious Tract Society, 1893), pp. 69-73.
66. Alexander Anderson, Killed on the Telegraph Wire, Chambers Journal,
4:160, p
64.
67. Constance Fenimore Woolson, Martins on a Telegraph Wire, Constance
Fenimore Woolson, ed. Clare Benedict (London, 1930), pp. 81-82
68. Anon., The Whale and the Telegraph Cable, The Childs Companion; or
Juvenile Instructor, n.d., pp. 47-48.
69. John Munro, Pests of the Wire, English Illustrated Magazine, 191
(August 1899), pp. 492-497.
Bibliography
Index
Volume 3: Cultures of Communication
General Introduction
Volume 3 Introduction
Part 1: Professionalism and Communications Work
1.1 Occupational Health
1. Augustus Waller Lewis, Medical Officers Report for the Year 1857, in
Fourth Report of the Postmaster General on the Post Office (London: Eyre and
Spottiswood, 1858), pp. 68-71.
1.2 Telegraph Operator Handbooks
2. R. Bond., extract from Handbook of the Telegraph: Being a Manual of
Telegraphy, Telegraph Clerks Remembrances and Guide to Candidates for
Employment in the Telegraph Service (London: Virtue Brothers & Co. 1862), pp
1-
12.
3. W. McGregor, Questions on Magnetism, Electricity, and Practical
Telegraphy for the Use of Students', in Handbook of the Telegraph (London:
Lockwood & Co. 1873), pp. 140-45.
1.3 Staff Grievances and Protest
4. Strike of Telegraph Clerks, London Evening Standard (9 December 1871),
p. 6
5. The Telegraph Strike, London Evening Standard (14 December 1871), p.
5.
6. A.K. Donald, The Revolt in the Post Office, Time, no. 8, (August 1890),
pp. 861-868.
7. Postal Agitation, Lloyds Weekly Newspaper (13 July 1890), p.
10.
8. Extract from Henry Cecil Raikes, 37th Report of the Postmaster General of
the Post Office (London: Her Majestys Stationery Office, 1891), p.
3.
9. A Postmens Manifesto, Liverpool Mercury, 19 September 1891, p.
5.
10. The Grievances of Telegraph Clerks, Pall Mall Gazette (7 October 1892),
p.
7.
Part 2: Women and Communication Work
2.1 Women in Telegraphy
11. Female Clerks of the Electric Telegraph Company, The Ladys Newspaper
No. 405 (30 September 1854), pp. 193-194.
12. Womans Work at the Postal Telegraph, Englishwomans Domestic Magazine,
vol. 12, no. 85 (1 Jan. 1872), pp. 23-25.
13. Women in the Civil Service, The Englishwomans Review No. 25 (1 May
1875), pp. 195-202.
14. Post Office Young Ladies, clippings from the Daily Chronicle
a. Letter from A.W.K., Post Office Young Ladies, Daily Chronicle (24
January 1882), n.p.
b. Letter from E. A. S., 25 January 1882, Daily Chronicle, n.d, n.p.
c. Letter from A Business Woman to the Editor of the Daily Chronicle, 25
January 1882), Daily Chronicle
d. Letter from One of the Offenders (28 January 1882)
e. Letter from An Ear-Witness' (28 January 1882)
f. Letter from Fairness (28 January 1882)
g. Letter from An Admirer (28 January 1882)
h. Letter from A Man of Business (28 January 1882)
i. Letter from J. W. S., Postmaster (2 February 1882)
j. Letter from Courtesy (2 February 1882)
15. Illustration: Our Post-Office Pets, Funny Folks: A Weekly Budget of
Funny Pictures, Funny Notes, Funny Jokes, and Funny Stories Vol. 8, No. 376
(11 February 1882), p.
43.
16. Illustration: Post Office Young Ladies, Funny Folks: A Weekly Budget of
Funny Pictures, Funny Notes, Funny Jokes, and Funny Stories Vol. 9, No. 463
(13 October 1883), p.
323.
17. Post Office Young Ladies on Their Good Behaviour, St. Jamess Gazette
(June 14, 1892), p. 12
2.2 Trollope and Young Women at the Telegraph Office
18. Anthony Trollope, The Young Women at the London Telegraph Office, Good
Words 18 (June 1877):
37784.
Part
3. Pensions, Benefits, and Working Conditions
3.1 Pensions and Job Security
19. John Tilley, evidence to the Select Committee on Civil Service
Superannuation, Report from the Select Committee on Civil Service
Superannuation (House of Lords, 1856), pp. 329-332
20. Extract of evidence from Mr Francis Salisbury, Postmaster, Liverpool. in
Minutes of evidence to the report of the Royal Commission on Superannuation
in the Civil Service, together with appendices and index.
1902. Cd. 1745, pp.
102-105. 2845-2878, 2899-2941.
3.2 Sunday Labour
21. Illustration: Sunday Rural Posts (Working Mens Lords Day Association,
c.1866).
22. Edward Capern, The Rural Postman's Sabbath' in Poems by Edward Capern
(London: David Bogue, 86, Fleet Street). 1856, pp. 18-19
23. Extract from Report of the commissioners appointed to investigate the
question of Sunday labour in the Post Office (London: Her Majestys
Stationery Office, 1850), pp. 3-6.
24. Robert K. Grenville, A Letter to the Most Honourable The Marquess of
Clanricarde, Postmaster General, On the Desecration of the Lords Day in the
Post-Office Establishment (Edinburgh: Johnstone and Hunter, 1850).
25. The Post Office and the Sabbath Question (London: Chapman, 1850).
26. Anon., The Sunday Screw', Household Words, 1.13 (22 June 1858): pp.
289-292
27. The Sunday Mail Day: The Bombay Protest', The Times of India, 8 October
1889, p.
4.
Part 4 Cultural Representations of Communication Work
4.1 Rural Postman
28. Edward Capern, 'The Rural Postman', Poems by Edward Capern (London: David
Bogue, 86, Fleet Street). 1856, pp. 158-164.
4.2 Family and Postal Work
29. Hesba Stretton (alias Sarah Smith), The Postmasters Daughter. All the
Year Round, Vol. 2, no. 28 (5 November 1859), pp.
3744.
4.3 John Critchley Prince, The Postman
30. John Critchley Prince, The Postman, in The Poetical Works of John
Critchley Prince, Vol. 2 (Manchester, 1880), p.
226.
4.4 Rambles of a Pilgrim Reformer
31. Behramji M. Malabari, The Indian Eye on English Life; or, Rambles of a
Pilgrim Reformer (Westminster: Archibald Constable and Company, 1893),
p.142-143.
Part 5: Commerce, Consumerism, and Thrift
5.1 House-top Telegraphs
32. John Hollingshead, House-top Telegraphs, in Odd Journeys in and Out of
London (London: Groombridge and Sons, 1860), pp. 233-245.
5.2 Postal Medicine
33. Pice Packets of Quinine, The Indian Forester, 19:11 (1893), pp.
446-447.
5.3 Parcel Post
34. The Parcels Post, Saturday Review, 56.1449 (4 August 1884), pp.
140-141.
35. Illustration: The Man for the Post, Punch (15 April 1882), page
175.
[ Credit: Mary Evans Picture Library Ltd].
5.4 Thrift
36. Henry Fawcett, The Post Office and Aids to Thrift (London: Her Majestys
Stationery Office, 1881).
5.5 Pryce Pryce-Jones: Mail-Order Pioneer
37. Her Majesty and Welsh Manufacturers, Cambrian News, 12 December 1868,
p.
3.
38. Advert for Pryce-Jones, Kenilworth Advertiser, 29 June 1878, p.
2.
39. Illustration: Cover for the 1893 Catalogue of Pryce Jones, Royal Welsh
Warehouse (Credit: Amoret Tanner /Alamy)
5.6 Shopping by Post
40. Shopping by Post, The London journal, and weekly record of literature,
science, and art, 27.696 (17 April 1897): p.
338.
41. J. Henniker Heaton, Cash on Delivery, or Shopping by Post, The
Nineteenth century and after: a monthly review 54.322 (1903): p. 981
42. Shopping by Post for the Small Man: How Local Shopkeepers Might Make
Money, Answers, (23 September 1905): p.
470.
5.7 Communication and the Commerce of Literature
43. J. C. Loudon, The Effect of a General Penny Post on Periodical
Literature, The Times, 9 May 1839, p.
5.
44. John Chapman, 'The Commerce of Literature', Westminster Review, 57.112
(April 1852), pp. 552-554
45. Rowland Hill, Minute recommending the expediency of still further
facilitating the transmission of Books or other printed matter by means of
the Post Office.
46. J. O. Halliwell, To the Editor of the Times, The Times, 15 May 1851, p.
8 and A Sufferer, Books by Post: To the Editor of The Times, The Times,
19 May 1851, p.
8.
5.8 Telegraph and the Stock Market
47. Gambling by Telegraph, Pall Mall Gazette (26 August 1886), p. 11
Part 6: Learning, Literacy, and Epistolary Etiquette
6.1 Post Office Libraries and Literary Associations
48. Extracts from Proposal to Establish a Post Office Library and Literary
Association and Report of a Meeting to Establish a Post Office Library and
Literary Association (London: Post Office, 1858), pp. 3-35, 44-50.
6.2 Epistolary Etiquette
49. Samuel Johnson, extracts from The New London Letter Writer (London: T.
Sabine, 1790), pp. 9-11, 20, 41-43, 63-65, 74-75.
50. Extract from The Comprehensive Letter Writer (Glasgow: Cameron, Clark &
Co; London: Richard Griffin & Co, 1858), pp. 3-4, 13-14, 18-19,
55.
51. Anon., Certain Attentions in Letter-Writing', Chamberss Edinburgh
Journal, 123 (9 May 1846), p.
304.
52. Anon, Idle Letter-Writing', Chamberss Journal 822 (27 September 1879),
pp. 618-619.
53. The Art of Letter-Writing', Saturday Review 72, 1877 (17 October 1891),
p.
439.
6.3 On the Western Circuit
54. Thomas Hardy, On the Western Circuit, Lifes Little Ironies (London:
Osgood, McIlvaine, and Co, 1894), pp. 89-122.
6.4 Language Learning by Letter
55. How to Learn a Language by Letter, The Review of Reviews, 15 (Jan 1897):
pp. 77-78.
56. Learning a Language by Letter Writing, The Review of Reviews 15 (Feb
1897): p.
181.
57. Learning Languages by Letter-Writing', The Review of Reviews 19 (1899):
p. 93
Part
7. Crime and Scandal
7.1 The Salt-Hill Murder
58. Suspected Murder, The Examiner, 4 January 1845, p.
10.
59. Charles Maybury Archer, Tawell, the Murderer Taken by the Electric
Telegraph, in Guide to the Electric Telegraph (London: W.H. Smith & Son,
1852), pp. 44-47.
7.2 A Case for the Prisoner
60. Edmund Yates, A Case for the Prisoner, All the Year Round, 10.233 (10
October 1863), pp. 164-168.
7.3 Communication and Crime Fiction
61. Hesba Stretton, 'Mugby Junction: No.4 Branch Line: The Travelling Post
Office', in All the Year Round, Volume 14: Christmas 1865 (10 December 1866),
pp. 35-42.
62. A Post Office Case, All the Year Around 17.413 (23 March 1876), pp.
307-312.
63. AED, Trapped by a Telephone, Bow Bells (May 1890), pp. 426-427.
7.4 The Cleveland Street Scandal
64. Illustration: The West End Scandals, some Further Sketches, Illustrated
Police News, 4 December 1889, p.
1.
65. The Scandal of Cleveland Street, Pall Mall Gazette (20 November 1889),
p. 6
Part
8. Romance and Communications
8.1 Post Office Romance
66. F. Arnold, A Tale of the Post Office, Gentlemans Magazine (August
1872), pp. 162-178
67. Margaret Westrup, Trat! Trat!, Quiver, (January 1897), pp.
1035-1038.
8.2 Communication, Marriage, and Family Life
68. Dinah Mulock Craik, An Honest Valentine, Poems (Boston: Ticknor and
Fields, 1860), pp. 37-40.
69. Illustration: Electric Telegraph for Families, Punch (1846)
8.3 Romance by Telegraph
70. C. Sears Lancaster, Valentine or the Electric Telegraph: A Shocking
Story, The Court and Ladys Magazine, Vol. 30 (February 1847), pp. 125-159.
71. Josie Schofield, Wooing by Wire, in Lightning Flashes and Electric
Dashes, Third Edition (New York: W. J. Johnston, 1882), pp. 93-98.
72. William Lynd, Love-Making by Telegraph, The Telegraphist Vol. 1 No. 1
(1 December 1883), p. 4-5.
73. T.S. Clarke, A Lay of the Telegraph Office, St-Martin's-le-Grand: The
Post Office Magazine, 1 (January 1891), p. 94-95.
74. Captain Jack Crawford, Carrie, The Telegraph Girl: A Romance of the
Cherokee Strip, Strand Magazine Vol. 11 (1896), pp. 506-512.
8.4 Telephone Romance
75. By Telephone, Bow Bells, 38 (16 May 1883), pp. 499-500.
Bibliography
Index
Volume 4: Nation, Empire, Globe
General Introduction
Volume 4 Introduction
Part
1. Four Nations
1.1 Communications and National Identities
1. Post Office Communication with Ireland, The Surveyor, Engineer, and
Architect 3:31 (1842), pp. 207-209.
2. Barryhooragan Post Office, Household Words, 4:150 (1853), pp. 503-504.
3. Post-Office Shops, Chambers's Journal, 83 (1855), pp. 67-68.
4. A Provincial Post-Office, All the Year Round, 9:201 (1863), pp. 12-16.
5. The Post Office and the Highlands, Inverness Courier, 23 February 1871,
p.
5.
6. Edward Joseph Martyn, The Tale of a Town (London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1902),
pp. 22-30.
1.2 Minoritised Languages and Postal Communications
7. The Gaelic Nuisance, Chamberss Journal, 3 November 1877, pp. 68991 p.
3
8. Welsh Gleanings', Cardiff Times, 28 January 1888, p.
1.
9. Welsh Demands. Postal Facilities', South Wales Echo, 10 April 1896, p.
3.
10. Extract from Mr. Herbert Lewis MP and Welsh Rural Postmen', Rhyl Record
and Advertiser, 18 April 1896, p. 8
11. The Rhyl Postmaster and the Welsh Language', Rhyl Advertiser, 23 June
1883, p. 3
12. A Post Office Customer, An Open Letter to the Postmaster of Llandilo,
J. Asher, Esq, and Fair Play, 'Llandilo Post Office Appointment', Camarthen
Weekly Reporter, 25 December 1896, p.
2.
13. Welsh Gossip', South Wales Daily, 17 December 1897, p. 4
14. Journeyman Subscriber, The Post Office in Wales, North Wales Times, 13
July 1901, p.
5.
15. Irish Language in the Post Office', House of Commons Debates, 25 March
1901, cc 1119-20, in The Parliamentary Debates (London: H.M. Stationery
Office, 1901)
Part 2: Beyond Britain and Ireland: Foreign Posts, Transnational Connection,
and International Relations
2.1 Expanding Penny Postage
16. Elihu Burritt, Ocean Penny Postage; its necessity shown and its
feasibility demonstrated (C. Gilpin, 1849), pp. 1-24.
17. Illustration: Ocean Penny Postage Envelope, Myers and Co, ca.
1850. Image
Credit: Mary Evans Picture Library
18. H.G. Adams, Send the Letters, Uncle John, in Elihu Burritt, Ocean Penny
Postage; its necessity shown and its feasibility demonstrated (C. Gilpin,
1849), pp. 29-31
19. Sophie, Sophies Petition to Uncle John, in Elihu Burritt, Ocean Penny
Postage; its necessity shown and its feasibility demonstrated (C. Gilpin,
1849), pp. 31-32.
20. John Henniker-Heaton, Universal Penny Postage, Fortnightly Review,
40:238 (Oct 1886), pp. 533-541.
2.2 Creating International Standards
21. Henry Derecourt, extracts from Colonial and International Postage: A
Collection of Extracts, Ideas, and Information on Postal Affairs and Post
Office Anomalies (London: Charles Cawley, 1854), pp. 5-9, 16-21, 38-40.
22. A Correspondent, The History and Constitution of the Postal Union,
Times, 15 August 1891, p.
12.
2.3 Cross-Channel Communications
23. Anon, Curiosities of the French Postal Service, Bentleys Miscellany,
61 (1867), pp. 592-601.
24. Anon, The Dover Packet Contract, Saturday Review, 9:231 (1860), p.
402.
25. Anon., The Fatal Collision off Dover, London Review,12:289 (1866), pp.
60-61.
26. John Fowler, The Channel Passage, The Nineteenth Century 11: 61 (1882),
pp.
337345.
2.4 Comparing Systems: UK and US
27. Article comparing British and American Telegraph Systems, Times, 9
February 1869, p.
9.
28. Werner, Government Telegraphs: Benefits of a Free and Promiscuous
Trade, The Operator, 7: 81 (1877), p.
5.
29. American Telegraphs, The Telegraphist, 1:10 (1884), pp. 121-122.
Part 3: Imperial Communications: Labour, Language, Politics
3.1 Indigenous Languages and Communication
30. The English Language in India, Leader and Saturday Analyst, 9:450
(1858), p.
1200.
3.2 The Aden Zanzibar Mail Packet and Abolitionist Discourse
31. Postal Communication (Aden and East Africa), House of Commons Debates, 5
May 1882 (vol. 269), cc.246-63, in Hansards Parliamentary Debates, 3rd
series, Vol 269 (London: Cornelius Buck, 1882)
32. Anon., Mail Service on the East Coast of Africa, Anti-slavery reporter
3:2 (1883), pp. 45-46
3.3 Communication Labour and Enslavement
33. Letter from D. Turnbull to Lord Palmerston on the Havana post, dated 18
December
1840. Royal Mail Steam Packet Co. West Indies Contract. Postage
collected at Foreign ports by HM Consuls acting as Packet Agents Post.
3.4 Imperialism and Communication Labour
34. Ethnographical Models, Tallis's History and Description of the Crystal
Palace and the Exhibition of the World's Industry in 1851, Illustrated by
Beautiful Steel Engravings - Volume 2 (London: The London Printing and
Publishing Company, 1852), pp. 192-193.
3.5 Imperial Penny Postage
35. John Henniker Heaton, A Penny Post for the Empire, Nineteenth Century,
27: 160 (1890), pp. 906-920.
Part
4. Imperial Communications: Systems, Routes, and Infrastructures
4.1 Thomas Waghorn and the Overland Route
36. The First Courier in the World', Pictorial Times, 8 November 1845, pp.
9-11.
37. G. W. Wheatley, Some Account of the Late Lieut. Waghorn, R.N., the
Originator of the Overland Route', Bentley's Miscellany, 27 (Jan 1850):
349-357.
4.2 Passages to India
38. Anthony Trollope, An Autobiography (Edinburgh and London: William
Blackwood and Sons, 1883), p. 164-167.
39. Hyde Clarke, On a Daily Mail Route to India, Journal of the Society of
the Arts, 14: 797 (1868), pp. 276-284.
4.3 Experiencing Colonial Infrastructure
40. Rudyard Kipling, The Overland Mail, in Departmental Ditties, and other
verses, 8th edn. (London: George Newnes, 1899), pp. 50-51.
41. The Indian Post Office, Calcutta Review, 89 (1889), pp. 115-129.
42. Post and Telegraphs, in Arnold Wright, Twentieth Century Impressions of
Ceylon: Its History, People, Commerce (London: Lloyds Greater Britain
Publishing Company, 1907), pp. 207-208.
4.4 Building Colonial Infrastructure
43. William Wilson Hunter, extract from Rulers of India: The Marquess of
Dalhousie (London: Henry Frowde, 1890), pp. 202-206.
44. Nawab Sultan Jehan Begum, Post and Telegraph in Hayat-i-shahjehani:
Life of her Highness, the Late Nawab Shah Jehan Begum of Bhopal, C.I.,
G.C.S.I. (Bombay: The Times Press, 1926), pp. 54-55.
45. T.A.C., Telegraph Construction in the Forest Primeval, Good Words, 19
(1878), pp. 430-432.
Part
5. Settler Colonialism and Emigration
5.1 Emigrants Letters
46. Charles Dickens, A Bundle of Emigrants Letters, Household Words, 1
(1850), pp. 19-24.
47. M. J. Thayers, Letters from Home, in A Wreath of Wild Flowers (Toronto:
Morton, 1877), p.
57.
48. Emilie Matilda Australie Heron, The Emigrants Plaint, in The Balance
of Pain and Other Poems (London: 1877), pp. 79-80.
49. Julia A. Mathews, extracts from Millies Journal; or The Emigrants
Letters (London: Joseph Masters, 1857), pp. 30-54
5.2 Experiencing Settler Colonial Infrastructure
50. K.J. Lord, 'Her Majesty's Mail in the Far West', Leisure Hour, 836
(1876), pp. 8-11.
51. A New Zealand Mail-Day', Argosy, 38 (1884), pp. 227-229.
52. 'Mail-Day at the Antipodes', Graphic, 20 July 1889, pp. 74-75.
Part
6. Resistance, Conflict, and War
6.1 The Telegraph in Crimea
53. 'Electric Telegraph for the Seat of War.--Plough for Laying the Wire',
Illustrated London News, 11 November 1854, p.
26. Credit: Illustrated London
News Ltd./Mary Evans Picture Library.
54. The Electric Telegraph, Times, 21 May 1855, p. 8
6.2 Mail Steamers and the US Civil War
55. Anon., America and our Mail Steamers, Liverpool Journal of Commerce, 26
December 1861, p.
3.
6.3 The 1857 Indian Revolt and Communication
56. Mutiny in India, Illustrated London News, 4 July 1857, pp. 1-2
57. P. V. Luke, How the Electric Telegraph Saved India, Macmillans
Magazine, 75 (1897), pp. 401-406
6.4 The Morant Bay Rebellion and Postal Infrastructure
58. Mr Lakes Report of the Trial and Statement of Elizabeth Jane Gough,
in Facts and documents relating to the alleged Rebellion in Jamaica, and the
measures of repression: including notes of the trial of Mr. Gordon (London:
Jamaica Committee, 1866), pp. 46-48 and p.
59.
6.5 Fictions of Resistant Labour
59. John Le Breton, Govind the Runner, Graphic Midsummer Number, 27 June
1908, pp. 885-888.
6.6 Military Signals
60. Richard Kerr, Supposed Oriental Powers of Signalling Through Space
without Wires, extract from Wireless Telegraph: Popularly Explained (London:
Seeley and Co., 1898), pp. 1-8.
61. How Soldiers Signal, Strand Magazine, 18:108 (1899), pp. 720-723
6.7 Communication and the Poetry of War
62. George Meredith, Grandfather Bridgeman, in The Poetic Works of George
Meredith (1919), pp. 1-28.
63. Thomas Hardy, 'A Wife in London', Poems of the Past and Present (London:
Macmillan, 1903), pp. 21-22.
Bibliography
Index
Karin Koehler is a Senior Lecturer in Nineteenth-Century Literature at Bangor University. Her research explores the relationship between nineteenth-century literature and connective infrastructure, focusing on Anglophone and Welsh-language material. .
Nicola Kirkby held a Leverhulme Early Career Fellowship at Royal Holloway, London (2019-2023), investigating nineteenth-century infrastructure and literary culture. Her works include Railway Infrastructure and the Victorian Novel (forthcoming, Cambridge University Press).
Kathleen McIlvenna is Senior Lecturer in History at the University of Derby. Her research focuses on histories of work, health and retirement in Victorian and Edwardian Britain.
Ellen Smith is a historian and postdoctoral researcher at the University of Bristol. Her work explores communication cultures in colonial South Asia in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
Harriet M. Thompson is Visiting Research Fellow in nineteenth-century literature and culture in the Department of English, Kings College London. Her research explores the relationship between communications technologies and print culture.
Eleanor Hopkins is a Senior Policy Adviser in Higher Education & Research at the British Academy. She provides strategic oversight of the Academy's Research & Development (R&D), innovation and skills policy.
