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El. knyga: Noether Theorems: Invariance and Conservation Laws in the Twentieth Century

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In 1915 and 1916 Emmy Noether was asked by Felix Klein and David Hilbert to assist them in understanding issues involved in any attempt to formulate a general theory of relativity, in particular the new ideas of Einstein. She was consulted particularly over the difficult issue of the form a law of conservation of energy could take in the new theory, and she succeeded brilliantly, finding two deep theorems.

But between  1916 and 1950, the theorem was poorly understood and Noether's name disappeared almost entirely. People like Klein and Einstein did little more then mention her name in the various popular or historical accounts they wrote. Worse, earlier attempts which had been eclipsed by Noether's achievements were remembered, and sometimes figure in quick historical accounts of the time.

This book carries a translation of Noether's original paper into English, and then describes the strange history of its reception and the responses to her work. Ultimately the theorems became decisive in a shift from basing fundamental physics on conservations laws to basing it on symmetries, or at the very least, in thoroughly explaining the connection between these two families of ideas. The real significance of this book is that it shows very clearly how long it took before mathematicians and physicists began to recognize the seminal importance of Noether's results. This book is thoroughly researched and provides careful documentation of the textbook literature. Kosmann-Schwarzbach has thus thrown considerable light on this slow dance in which the mathematical tools necessary to study symmetry properties and conservation laws were apparently provided long before the orchestra arrives and the party begins.

Recenzijos

From the reviews:

"...to sum up The Noether Theorems in its own terms, it is an important study of the work of Emmy Noether, the evolution of ideas about conservation and symmetry, and the extraordinatry fertility of mathematical language."

Robyn Arianrhod, Notices of the AMS, August 2013

"All in all, Kosmann-Schwarzbachs book is a valuable and important contribution to the historical and mathematical literaturewell worth owning to savor and reference... Kosmann-Schwarzbachs masterful historical and mathematical study is a most welcome addition to the literature, furnishing new insight into the sociology and curious history of twentieth century science and mathematics, supplying a deeper appreciation of Noethers profound genius, and providing an invaluable resource for clearing up misconceptions and misreadings of Noethers wonderful theorems."

 Peter J. Olver, Bull. Amer. Math. Soc., Vol. 50(1), 2013

"The main part of  Kosmann-Schwarzbach's book, which is the improved English version of the second French edition of 2006... is devoted to a subtle analysis of the multi-faceted reasons why Noether's work was received rather selectively and slowly through the course of the 20th century...As a noted  differential geometer and as a woman, the author, Yvette Kosmann-Schwarzbach, who has been working on Emmy Noether's contribution for decades, is ideally suited to give a very nuanced analysis. In particular, the Kosmann-Schwarzbach book, which is both scientifically and historically most competent, traces 'genuine generalizations' of Noether's work in recent decades. This is a major event in the historiography of mathematics and physics of the 20th century."

R. Siegmund-Schultze, Zentralblatt

This book is positively brimming with the kind of arcane that appeals irresistibly to both historians of mathematics (and theoretical physics) and mathematicians proper whohave parochial interest in the lives and adventures of titans of the pastKosmann-Schwarzbachs The Noether Theorems is a wonderful scholarly contribution to the history of modern mathematics as it interacts with modern physics, and a very evocative account of the roles played by a number of major figures in early twentieth century German science.

Michael Berg, MAA Reviews

The book under review does a splendid job in collecting and carefully presenting a huge range of material on the strange story of the belated reception of Emmy Noethers symmetry investigations in variational problems and their further developmentthis book presents a highly interesting case study of an important mathematical development of the last century.





Erhard Scholz,  EMS Newsletter  December 2011





This book by Kosmann-Schwarzbach (École Polytechnique, France) focuses on two theorems and their converses as published by Emmy Noether in 1918. These results established a link between variational problem conservation laws and symmetries. The book is divided into two parts. includes necessary background material as well as a discussion of extensions to Noethers paper in the last 40 years. concludes with a list of about 400 references. Summing Up: Recommended. Graduate students, researchers/faculty, and professionals.

D. P. Turner, Choice, Vol. 49 (1), September, 2011

Although a plenty of articles and books on Noethers life and work have been published, curiously nowhere this fundamental paper found the appropriate attention. With this monograph, which has been published originally in French in 2006, Kosmann-Schwarzbach fills that gap. After the translation of Noethers paper she explains thoroughly its contents. Then a detailed analysis of the inception and reception of Noethers ideas follows. This is history of mathematics at its very best!

G.Kowol, Monatshefte für Mathematik, Vol. 165 (1), January, 2012

The author analyzes the most modern reformulations of Noethers theorems and their generalization to a great number of problems. The book includes appendices which contain diverse correspondence between Noether and other scientists such as Klein, Einstein and Pauli, and an extensive and fairly complete list of bibliographic references. this is a very good work on the Noether theorems and their influence in physics and mathematics, both from a historical and an expository point of view.

Narciso Romįn-Roy, Mathematical Reviews, Issue 2012 e









 

Preface vii
Acknowledgments ix
Part I "Invariant Variational Problems" by Emmy Noether. Translation of "Invariante Variationsprobleme" (1918)
Invariant Variational Problems
3(22)
1 Preliminary Remarks and the Formulation of the Theorems
3(4)
2 Divergence Relations and Identities
7(3)
3 Converse in the Case of a Finite Group
10(2)
4 Converse in the Case of an Infinite Group
12(4)
5 Invariance of the Various Elements of the Relations
16(3)
6 An Assertion of Hilbert
19(6)
Part II Invariance and Conservation Laws in the Twentieth Century. The Inception and Reception of the Noether Theorems
Introduction
25(4)
1 The Inception of the Noether Theorems
29(26)
1.1 From the Theory of Invariants to Special Relativity
29(8)
1.2 The General Theory of Relativity and the Problem of the Conservation of Energy
37(2)
1.3 The Publications of Hilbert and Klein on General Relativity
39(4)
1.4 Emmy Noether at Gottingen
43(10)
1.5 After Gottingen
53(2)
2 The Noether Theorems
55(10)
2.1 Preliminaries
56(1)
2.2 The First Theorem: Conservation Laws
57(3)
2.3 The Second Theorem: Differential Identities
60(3)
2.4 Conclusion: The Discussion of Hilbert's Assertion
63(2)
3 The Noether Theorems as Seen by Contemporaries and by Historians of Science
65(26)
3.1 References to Noether in the Works of Klein, Hilbert and Weyl, and in Einstein's Correspondence
65(11)
3.2 The Eulogies of 1935
76(3)
3.3 Personal Recollections
79(7)
3.4 The Introduction to Noether's Gesammelte Abhandlungen / Collected Papers
86(1)
3.5 Translations of the Invariante Variationsprobleme
87(1)
3.6 Historical Analyses
88(3)
4 The Transmission of Noether's Ideas, from Bessel-Hagen to Hill, 1921--1951
91(12)
4.1 Bessel-Hagen and Symmetries up to Divergence
91(2)
4.2 Pauli 1921 and 1941
93(1)
4.3 Weitzenbock 1923
94(1)
4.4 Courant and Hilbert 1924
95(1)
4.5 In Quantum Mechanics
96(2)
4.6 Negative Results
98(3)
4.7 Hill's 1951 Article
101(2)
5 The Reception of Noether's First Theorem after 1950
103(20)
5.1 Symmetries and Conservation Laws in Classical Mechanics and Quantum Physics
104(1)
5.2 On Some Encyclopedia Articles
104(1)
5.3 Analysis of Several Works in Mathematics and Mechanics, 1950--1980
105(12)
5.4 Analysis of Several Works in Physics, 1950--1980
117(4)
5.5 The Rediscoveries as Generalizations of "Noether's Theorem"
121(2)
6 The Reception of Noether's Second Theorem after 1950
123(10)
6.1 The Second Theorem and General Relativity
123(6)
6.2 The Second Theorem and Gauge Theories
129(4)
7 After 1970---Genuine Generalizations
133(12)
7.1 Jet Bundles and Generalized Symmetries
134(3)
7.2 Characteristics of Conservation Laws and the Converse of the First Theorem
137(1)
7.3 The Formal Calculus of Variations
138(2)
7.4 Symmetries and Conservation Laws for Nonvariational Equations
140(4)
7.5 At the end of the twentieth century
144(1)
Conclusion
145(26)
Appendix I Postcard from Noether to Klein, 15 February 1918
149(4)
Appendix II Letter from Noether to Klein, 12 March 1918
153(6)
Apppendix III Letter from Klein to Pauli, 8 March 1921
159(2)
Apppendix IV Letter from Noether to Einstein, 7 January 1926
161(6)
Apppendix V Lectures at the Mathematical Society of Gottingen, 1915--1919
167(4)
References 171(28)
Index 199