Author's Notes and Acknowledgements |
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xiii | |
Glossary |
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xv | |
Author |
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xix | |
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3 | (14) |
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I.1.1 Nuclear Power's Darkest Hour? |
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4 | (3) |
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I.1.2 Severe Nuclear Accidents |
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7 | (10) |
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Chapter 2 Nuclear Renaissance: Progress and Prospects |
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17 | (24) |
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I.2.1 Keeping Nuclear Power on the Agenda 2005-2015 |
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17 | (3) |
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I.2.2 Plants Are Being Built |
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20 | (2) |
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I.2.3 New Difficulties (2018-2019) |
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22 | (1) |
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I.2.4 Europe, Middle East, and Africa |
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23 | (3) |
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I.2.4.1 Brexit and Brexatom |
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26 | (1) |
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I.2.5 A New Way Forward for Nuclear Engineering? |
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26 | (1) |
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27 | (3) |
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I.2.7 The Challenge and Opportunity of Deep Decarbonisation |
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30 | (3) |
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I.2.7.1 Civil Nuclear Marine Propulsion |
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31 | (2) |
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I.2.8 Hydrogen and Deep Decarbonisation |
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33 | (2) |
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I.2.9 Processes Heat Applications--Potential Nuclear Technologies |
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35 | (6) |
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References and Notes - Part I |
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36 | (5) |
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PART II The Policy Landscape |
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Chapter 3 Issues in Energy Policy |
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41 | (16) |
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II.3.1 The Energy Policy Trilemma |
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42 | (12) |
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42 | (2) |
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II.3.1.2 Security of Supply |
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44 | (8) |
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52 | (2) |
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II.3.2 Beyond the Energy Policy Triangle |
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54 | (3) |
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Chapter 4 Issues Facing New Nuclear Build |
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57 | (32) |
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II.4.1 Nuclear Power--How Does It Work? |
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61 | (10) |
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II.4.2 Nuclear Power Economics |
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71 | (8) |
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II.4.2.1 Nuclear New Build Costs |
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74 | (2) |
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II.4.2.2 Economic Risks Matter as Much as High Costs |
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76 | (1) |
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II.4.2.3 The Importance of `Learning' |
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77 | (2) |
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II.4.3 Nuclear Power and the Atmosphere |
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79 | (5) |
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II.4.4 Reliability and Safety |
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84 | (1) |
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II.4.5 Nuclear Non-Proliferation and Security |
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85 | (1) |
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II.4.6 Nuclear Power Industry and Skills |
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86 | (1) |
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II.4.7 Concluding Thoughts |
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87 | (2) |
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Chapter 5 Nuclear Waste Management |
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89 | (38) |
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89 | (3) |
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II.5.1.1 Generic Options for Radioactive Waste Management |
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91 | (1) |
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II.5.2 British Nuclear Waste Management |
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92 | (19) |
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II.5.2.1 Very Low Level Waste (VLLW) |
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92 | (1) |
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II.5.2.2 Low Level Waste (LLW) |
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92 | (1) |
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II.5.2.3 Intermediate-Level Waste (ILW) |
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93 | (1) |
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II.5.2.4 High Level Waste (HLW) |
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93 | (1) |
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II.5.2.5 The Scale of the UK Radioactive Waste Problem |
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93 | (2) |
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II.5.2.6 The Nature of the Hazard |
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95 | (2) |
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II.5.2.7 Key Elements from the History of UK Radioactive Waste Policy |
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97 | (2) |
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II.5.2.8 Other Problematic Radioactive Materials |
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99 | (1) |
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II.5.2.8.1 Spent Nuclear Fuel |
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99 | (1) |
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II.5.2.8.2 Depleted Uranium |
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100 | (1) |
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II.5.2.8.3 Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material (NORMs) |
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100 | (1) |
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II.5.2.9 Monitored Retrievability |
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101 | (1) |
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102 | (2) |
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II.5.3.1 Why Is Separated Civil Plutonium a Problem? |
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104 | (1) |
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II.5.3.2 Military Fissile Material |
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104 | (2) |
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11.5.3.3 Uranium-Plutonium Mixed-Oxide (MOX) Thermal Reactor Fuel |
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106 | (1) |
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II.5.3.4 Special Considerations Relating to UK Plutonium |
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107 | (1) |
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II.5.3.5 MOX-Based International Plutonium Transfers |
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107 | (2) |
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II.5.3.6 Thorium-Plutonium Mixed-Oxide Fuels |
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109 | (1) |
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II.5.3.7 Plutonium Utilisation in Fast Reactors |
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110 | (1) |
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II.5.3.8 Deep Geological Disposal of Plutonium |
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110 | (1) |
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II.5.4 Nuclear Decommissioning |
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111 | (1) |
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II.5.5 The US Radioactive Waste Experience |
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112 | (3) |
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II.5.5.1 US Waste Classifications |
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114 | (1) |
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II.5.6 The Scandinavian Experience |
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115 | (1) |
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II.5.7 Nuclear Renaissance and Nuclear Enlightenment |
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116 | (2) |
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118 | (9) |
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References and Notes--Part II |
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119 | (8) |
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PART III Nuclear Fission Technologies |
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Chapter 6 Water-Cooled Reactors |
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127 | (38) |
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127 | (1) |
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III.6.2 European Pressurised Water Reactor (EPR) |
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128 | (5) |
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III.6.2.1 Hinkley Point, UK |
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128 | (1) |
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III.6.2.2 Origins of the EPR |
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128 | (1) |
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129 | (1) |
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III.6.2.4 EPR around the World |
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130 | (1) |
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III.6.2.4.1 Olkiluoto, Finland |
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130 | (1) |
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III.6.2.4.2 Flamanville, France |
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131 | (1) |
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III.6.2.4.3 Taishan, China |
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132 | (1) |
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III.6.2.4.4 Evolutionary Pressurised Water Reactor in the United States |
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132 | (1) |
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III.6.3 Westinghouse--Advanced Passive Series |
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133 | (32) |
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III.6.3.1 Westinghouse Heritage |
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133 | (1) |
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III.6.3.2 Westinghouse AP Safety |
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133 | (2) |
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135 | (1) |
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III.6.3.4 Rapid Construction |
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135 | (1) |
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III.6.3.5 Improved Economics? |
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136 | (1) |
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III.6.3.6 Westinghouse's Nomadic Period |
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136 | (1) |
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III.6.3.7 AP1000 around the World |
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137 | (1) |
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III.6.3.7.1 AP1000 in China |
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137 | (1) |
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III.6.3.7.2 AP1000 in the United States |
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138 | (1) |
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III.6.3.7.3 AP1000 in the United Kingdom? |
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138 | (1) |
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III.6.4 Important Contributions from Russia and South Korea |
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139 | (1) |
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III.6.4.1 Rosatom VVER-1200 |
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139 | (1) |
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140 | (1) |
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III.6.5 Pressurised Heavy Water Reactors |
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141 | (1) |
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III.6.5.1 It Starts with `CANDU' |
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141 | (1) |
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III.6.5.2 CANDU International Construction Experience |
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141 | (1) |
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III.6.5.3 CANDU Modularity |
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142 | (1) |
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III.6.5:4 CANDU--A Simpler Approach |
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142 | (1) |
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III.6.5.5 Advanced CANDU Reactor |
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143 | (2) |
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III.6.5.6 The Advanced Fuel CANDU Reactor Concept |
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145 | (1) |
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III.6.5.7 CANDU: A Wholly Civilian Concept |
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145 | (1) |
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III.6.5.8 PHWR Technology and India |
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146 | (1) |
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III.6.5.9 CANDU in the United Kingdom? |
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147 | (1) |
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III.6.5.10 Isotope Production in PHWRs |
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148 | (1) |
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III.6.5.11 Weaknesses and Strengths of PHWRS |
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148 | (2) |
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III.6.6 Boiling Water Reactors |
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150 | (3) |
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III.6.6.1 The Advanced Boiling Water Reactor (ABWR) |
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153 | (2) |
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155 | (1) |
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III.6.7 Small Modular Reactors--Water-Cooled Technologies |
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156 | (1) |
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156 | (2) |
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III.6.7.2 Rolls-Royce Led SMR Consortium |
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158 | (1) |
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159 | (1) |
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III.6.7.4 Civil Nuclear Marine Reactors |
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159 | (1) |
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III.6.7.5 Floating Nuclear Power Plants |
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160 | (1) |
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III.6.8 Looking Ahead--Supercritical Water-Cooled Reactors (SCWR) |
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160 | (3) |
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III.6.9 Closing Thoughts on Water-Cooled Reactors |
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163 | (2) |
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Chapter 7 High-Temperature Reactors |
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165 | (24) |
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III.7.1 Generation IV Very High-Temperature Reactor |
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168 | (2) |
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170 | (19) |
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171 | (2) |
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III.7.3.1 The Pebble Bed Modular Reactor, South Africa |
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173 | (3) |
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III.7.3.2 High-Temperature Reactor Technology in China |
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176 | (2) |
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III.7.3.3 Criticisms of the Pebble Bed Concept |
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178 | (1) |
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III.7.4 Prismatic High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactors |
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179 | (1) |
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III.7.4.1 Japan's High-Temperature Engineering Test Reactor |
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179 | (3) |
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III.7.4.2 High-Temperature Reactors in the United States |
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182 | (3) |
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III.7.4.3 British Ambitions--U-Battery |
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185 | (1) |
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III.7.5 HTRs and Deep Decarbonisation |
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186 | (1) |
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III.7.5.1 Nuclear Hydrogen and HTRs |
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187 | (2) |
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Chapter 8 Advanced Fission Technologies and Systems |
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189 | (48) |
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III.8.1 The Fuel Cycle and Advanced Systems |
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189 | (2) |
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III.8.2 Nuclear Fuel Reprocessing |
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191 | (1) |
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III.8.3 Partitioning of Spent Nuclear Fuel |
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192 | (1) |
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III.8.3.1 Aqueous Methods |
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193 | (1) |
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III.8.3.2 Pyrochemical Separation |
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194 | (1) |
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III.8.3.3 Electrochemical Separation |
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195 | (1) |
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III.8.3.4 Physical Separation |
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195 | (1) |
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III.8.4 Nuclear Waste Transmutation |
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196 | (3) |
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III.8.4.1 Plutonium and the Minor Actinides |
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199 | (2) |
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III.8.4.2 Transmutation of Long-Lived Fission Products |
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201 | (1) |
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III.8.4.2.1 Technetium-99 |
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201 | (1) |
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III.8.4.3 Caesium Isotopes |
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202 | (1) |
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III.8.5 Reprocessed Uranium |
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203 | (2) |
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III.8.6 Advanced Reactor Systems |
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205 | (1) |
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III.8.6.1 Accelerator-Driven Systems |
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205 | (3) |
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III.8.6.2 The Energy Amplifier |
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208 | (2) |
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III.8.6.3 Other ADS Activities in Europe |
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210 | (1) |
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III.8.6.4 Accelerator-Driven Systems in a Nuclear Renaissance |
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210 | (1) |
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III.8.7 Thorium as a Nuclear Fuel |
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211 | (1) |
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III.8.8 Molten Salt Reactor (MSR) |
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212 | (1) |
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III.8.8.1 Stable Salt Reactor |
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213 | (1) |
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III.8.9 Fast Critical Reactors |
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214 | (1) |
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III.8.9.1 Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactor (SFR) |
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215 | (1) |
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III.8.9.2 Gas-Cooled Fast Reactor (GFR) |
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216 | (1) |
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III.8.9.3 Lead Cooled Fast Reactor |
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217 | (6) |
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III.8.9.4 MYRRHA--Accelerator-Driven Lead-Bismuth Fast Reactor |
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223 | (1) |
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III.8.9.5 A Little-Known British Story |
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224 | (1) |
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References and Notes--Part III |
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224 | (13) |
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PART IV Nuclear Fusion Technologies |
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237 | (54) |
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IV.9.1 The Physics of Fusion |
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239 | (6) |
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IV.9.1.1 The Story of ZETA |
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242 | (1) |
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IV.9.1.2 A Soviet Breakthrough |
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242 | (3) |
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IV.9.2 Tokamak Fundamentals |
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245 | (1) |
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IV.9.3 Plasma Performance: Beta and the Triple Product |
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246 | (3) |
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IV.9.4 Blankets and Divertors |
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249 | (3) |
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252 | (3) |
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IV.9.6 Spherical Tokamaks |
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255 | (4) |
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IV.9.6.1 M AST-U and the Super-X Divertor |
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258 | (1) |
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259 | (1) |
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IV.9.8 Fusion, Geopolitics, and Globalisation |
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260 | (5) |
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IV.9.9 Fusion and Technological Spin-Off |
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265 | (4) |
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IV.9.10 Alice and the Red Queen Running |
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269 | (3) |
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IV.9.11 An Important Year--1997 |
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272 | (2) |
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IV.9.12 Non-Electrical Applications of Fusion Energy |
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274 | (2) |
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IV.9.13 Other Approaches to Fusion Plasma Confinement |
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276 | (9) |
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IV.9.13.1 Inertial Confinement Fusion |
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276 | (1) |
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IV.9.13.2 Laser-Driven Inertial Confinement Fusion |
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277 | (3) |
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IV.9.13.3 Ion Beam Fusion |
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280 | (1) |
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281 | (1) |
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281 | (1) |
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282 | (3) |
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IV.9.15 Projectile Based Inertial Fusion |
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285 | (1) |
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IV.9.16 Fusion Conclusion |
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285 | (6) |
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References and Notes--Part IV |
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285 | (6) |
Afterword |
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291 | (8) |
Index |
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299 | |