Preface |
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xxiii | |
Preface to the First Edition |
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xxvii | |
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xxxi | |
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Chapter 1 Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods: Aligning with the Norm or Pioneering Through a Storm |
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3 | (10) |
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1.1 Myths devolve into faith and dogma |
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3 | (1) |
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1.2 Value addition or illusion? |
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4 | (3) |
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1.3 Landmines and weapons of brand destruction |
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7 | (1) |
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1.4 Opportunity awaiting: pioneering upstream |
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8 | (1) |
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9 | (4) |
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10 | (3) |
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Chapter 2 Nutritional Supplements and Functional Foods: Functional Significance and Global Reφulations |
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13 | (28) |
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13 | (3) |
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2.2 Health behaviors and food markets |
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16 | (7) |
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2.2.1 Possibilities to promote food health-promoting properties |
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16 | (7) |
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2.3 Research needs: safety and efficacy |
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23 | (18) |
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24 | (2) |
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2.3.2 Codex: harmonizing food and supplement rules between all nations of the world |
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26 | (2) |
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2.3.3 International alliance of dietary food supplement associations |
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28 | (1) |
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29 | (1) |
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30 | (11) |
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Chapter 3 Global Market Entry Regulations for Nutraceuticals, Functional Foods, Dietary/Food/Health Supplements |
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41 | (14) |
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41 | (1) |
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3.2 Market entry requirements |
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42 | (13) |
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3.2.1 Positive and negative ingredient lists |
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42 | (2) |
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44 | (1) |
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3.2.3 Notification versus registration |
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45 | (4) |
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49 | (6) |
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PART II MANUFACTURING COMPLIANCE AND ANALYTICAL VALIDATION |
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Chapter 4 Natural Health Products and Good Manufacturing Practices |
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55 | (8) |
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55 | (3) |
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4.1.1 Who does it apply to? |
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55 | (1) |
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4.1.2 GMPs: what are they? |
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55 | (1) |
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4.1.3 Key elements of GMP |
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56 | (1) |
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56 | (1) |
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56 | (1) |
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56 | (1) |
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57 | (1) |
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4.1.8 Benefits of GMP/HACCP |
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57 | (1) |
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4.2 GMP procedures: considerations for manufacturers |
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58 | (2) |
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4.2.1 Overview of quality management system |
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59 | (1) |
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4.2.2 Overview of GMP/HACCP process flow |
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60 | (1) |
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60 | (3) |
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61 | (2) |
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Chapter 5 Current Good Manufacturing Practices for Nutraceuticals |
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63 | (12) |
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63 | (1) |
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64 | (7) |
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64 | (2) |
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66 | (1) |
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67 | (1) |
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68 | (1) |
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69 | (1) |
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69 | (1) |
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69 | (1) |
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70 | (1) |
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70 | (1) |
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70 | (1) |
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71 | (1) |
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71 | (4) |
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71 | (4) |
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PART III IMPORTANCE OF SAFETY ASSESSMENT |
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Chapter 6 Breaking Down the Barriers to Functional Foods, Supplements and Claims |
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75 | (30) |
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75 | (1) |
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76 | (2) |
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6.3 The struggle: players and issues |
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78 | (8) |
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6.3.1 Ontogeny and current status of the regulations |
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79 | (1) |
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6.3.2 Health claims and NLEA and FDAMA |
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80 | (3) |
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6.3.3 Qualified health claims |
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83 | (3) |
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6.4 DSHEA: SFCs and a new safety standard |
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86 | (8) |
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6.4.1 A closer look at the definition |
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86 | (3) |
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6.4.2 The exclusionary clause and section 912 |
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89 | (3) |
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6.4.3 The standard for safety |
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92 | (2) |
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6.5 The immediate future and the path forward for FDA |
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94 | (6) |
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6.5.1 The immediate future |
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94 | (1) |
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6.5.2 Four things the FDA must do to resolve the impasse |
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95 | (5) |
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100 | (2) |
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102 | (3) |
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103 | (1) |
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103 | (2) |
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Chapter 7 NSF International's Role in the Dietary Supplements and Nutraceuticals Industries |
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105 | (16) |
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105 | (1) |
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7.2 Brief history of NSF International |
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105 | (2) |
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7.2.1 History in standards development and independent third-party certification |
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105 | (1) |
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7.2.2 Organizational growth |
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106 | (1) |
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7.2.3 NSF testing and certification |
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106 | (1) |
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7.2.4 Why did NSF International start a certification program for dietary supplements? |
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106 | (1) |
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7.3 What are good manufacturing practices? |
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107 | (7) |
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107 | (4) |
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7.3.2 GMPs and compliance issues |
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111 | (3) |
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7.4 Developing master manufacturing records and batch records |
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114 | (2) |
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7.4.1 Importance of GMP registration and GMP registration process |
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115 | (1) |
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7.5 Importance of independent, third-party certification |
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116 | (1) |
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7.5.1 Increase in dietary supplement product certification |
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116 | (1) |
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116 | (5) |
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117 | (4) |
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PART IV REGULATIONS AROUND THE WORLD |
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Chapter 8 FDA Perspectives on Food Label Claims in the United States |
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121 | (20) |
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121 | (1) |
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8.2 Legal basis for U.S. regulation of food label claims |
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122 | (2) |
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8.3 Nutrient content claims |
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124 | (3) |
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127 | (8) |
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8.4.1 Validity standard of health claims |
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127 | (1) |
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8.4.2 General health claim regulation |
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128 | (2) |
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8.4.3 Authorized health claims |
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130 | (3) |
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8.4.4 Qualified health claims |
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133 | (2) |
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8.5 Structure/function claims |
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135 | (6) |
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139 | (2) |
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Chapter 9 Nutrition and Health-Related Labeling Claims for Functional Foods and Dietary Supplements in the United States |
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141 | (10) |
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141 | (1) |
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9.2 Nutrient content claims |
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141 | (3) |
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9.3 Structure/function claims |
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144 | (1) |
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145 | (3) |
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9.5 Dietary guidance statements |
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148 | (1) |
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148 | (1) |
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9.7 Nutritional claims display on packages |
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149 | (2) |
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150 | (1) |
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Chapter 10 Assessment of Safety and Quality Assurance of Herbal Dietary Supplements |
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151 | (18) |
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151 | (1) |
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10.2 Quality control of herbal dietary supplements |
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152 | (2) |
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10.2.1 Species authentication and standardization |
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152 | (1) |
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10.2.2 Selection of chemical markers |
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153 | (1) |
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10.2.3 The fingerprinting technique |
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153 | (1) |
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10.3 Safety assurance of herbal dietary supplements |
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154 | (2) |
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10.3.1 Contamination by microbes, heavy metals, and pesticides |
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154 | (1) |
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154 | (1) |
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10.3.3 Toxicity bioassays of herbal dietary supplements |
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155 | (1) |
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10.3.4 Herb---drug and herb---herb interaction and alteration of metabolizing enzymes |
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155 | (1) |
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10.4 Regulatory activities concerning botanical/herbal dietary supplements |
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156 | (2) |
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10.4.1 The U.S. Food and Drug Administration |
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157 | (1) |
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10.4.2 Regulation of Chinese herbs in China |
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158 | (1) |
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10.5 Toxicological study of herbal dietary supplements by the NTP and the NCTR |
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158 | (4) |
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10.5.1 Toxicological study by the NTP |
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158 | (1) |
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10.5.2 Toxicological studies by the NCTR |
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159 | (1) |
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10.5.3 Case study: mechanism of liver tumor induction by riddelliine |
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160 | (1) |
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10.5.4 Official actions by the FDA and NTP on herbal dietary supplements |
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161 | (1) |
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10.6 Difficulties in safety assurance of herbs and herbal dietary supplements |
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162 | (1) |
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10.6.1 Intrinsic problems: herbs and herbal products contain multiple chemical constituents |
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162 | (1) |
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10.6.2 Understanding the theory of traditional Chinese medicine |
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162 | (1) |
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10.7 Alternative approaches for safety assurance of herbal dietary supplements |
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163 | (1) |
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10.8 The role of the Chinese government in safety assurance of Chinese herbal medicine |
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163 | (1) |
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164 | (5) |
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164 | (1) |
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164 | (5) |
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Chapter 11 Understanding Medical Foods under FDA Regulations |
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169 | (14) |
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11.1 History of medical foods |
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169 | (6) |
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175 | (2) |
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176 | (1) |
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11.3 Good manufacturing practices and import/export |
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177 | (2) |
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11.4 FDA enforcement of medical foods |
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179 | (1) |
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180 | (3) |
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Chapter 12 Current Canadian Regulatory Initiatives and Policies for Natural Health Products (Dietary Supplements) |
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183 | (18) |
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183 | (1) |
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184 | (1) |
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12.3 Current statistics on the NHPD regulatory products: what do the numbers show? |
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185 | (2) |
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12.4 NHPs transitioning to food products: a regulatory transition process |
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187 | (1) |
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12.5 A "new approach" to regulating NHPs |
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187 | (7) |
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12.5.1 Three-class system |
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188 | (1) |
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12.5.2 Guidance document 2012 |
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189 | (2) |
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191 | (1) |
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192 | (1) |
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12.5.5 Compliance transition |
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193 | (1) |
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12.6 Recent modifications by NHPD facilitating business and regulatory processes |
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194 | (1) |
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12.7 The larger picture: mutual recognition agreements |
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195 | (2) |
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12.8 Post-market activities following product approval |
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197 | (1) |
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197 | (1) |
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12.8.2 Post-market surveillance |
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198 | (1) |
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198 | (3) |
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199 | (2) |
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Chapter 13 European Regulations on Food Supplements, Fortified Foods, Dietetic Foods, and Health Claims |
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201 | (20) |
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201 | (1) |
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13.2 The General Food Law Regulation 178/2002 |
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201 | (2) |
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13.3 The Food Supplements Directive 2002/46 |
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203 | (3) |
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13.4 Regulation 1924/2006 on the addition of vitamins and minerals and other substances to food (fortified foods) |
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206 | (2) |
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13.5 Regulation 1924/2006 on nutrition and health claims made on foods |
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208 | (2) |
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13.6 Novel Foods Regulation 258/97 |
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210 | (2) |
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13.7 Foods for particular nutritional uses (dietetic foods) |
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212 | (2) |
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13.8 The future of botanicals |
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214 | (7) |
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217 | (4) |
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Chapter 14 Botanical Nutraceuticals, (Food Supplements, Fortified and Functional Foods) in the European Union with Main Focus on Nutrition And Health Claims Regulation |
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221 | (36) |
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221 | (1) |
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14.2 The nutraceutical concept in the US |
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222 | (1) |
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14.3 EU legislation on botanicals as medicines or foods |
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223 | (2) |
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14.4 Regulatory status and positioning of botanicals as food supplements, fortified, and functional foods |
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225 | (1) |
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14.4.1 Food supplement directive |
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225 | (1) |
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14.5 National control on botanicals in food supplements |
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226 | (1) |
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14.6 Regulation on mutual recognition |
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227 | (1) |
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14.7 Other regulations with an impact on functional foods |
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228 | (5) |
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14.7.1 Traditional herbal medicinal products |
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228 | (1) |
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14.7.2 Botanicals for enrichment of foods and functional foods |
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229 | (1) |
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14.7.3 EU legislation and functional foods |
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230 | (1) |
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14.7.4 EU legislation on fortified food |
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231 | (2) |
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14.8 EU legislation and parnuts |
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233 | (1) |
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14.9 EU legislation on novel foods |
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234 | (1) |
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235 | (1) |
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14.11 Safety of botanicals |
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236 | (1) |
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14.12 Efficacy of botanicals |
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237 | (5) |
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237 | (4) |
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14.12.2 Scientific substantiation of claims |
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241 | (1) |
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14.12.3 Qualified health claims |
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242 | (1) |
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14.13 Consequences of the NHCR |
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242 | (2) |
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14.13.1 Article 13.1 general function health claims |
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242 | (1) |
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14.13.2 Article 13.5 and Article 14 claims |
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243 | (1) |
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14.14 The article 13.1 list included in Commission Regulation 432/2012 |
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244 | (2) |
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14.14.1 Regulation (EU) 432/2012 |
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244 | (1) |
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14.14.2 Article 13.1 health claims put on hold |
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244 | (1) |
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14.14.3 Commission discussion paper on botanical health claims put on hold |
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245 | (1) |
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14.14.4 Criteria of evaluation of health claims adopted by EFSA under Article 13 (1) of NHCR |
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245 | (1) |
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14.14.5 Reasons for rejection of health claims by EFSA under article 13 (1) of NHCR |
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246 | (1) |
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14.15 Examples of negative and positive opinions on botanical health claims evaluated by EFSA |
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246 | (1) |
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246 | (11) |
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253 | (4) |
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Chapter 15 History and Current Status of Functional Food Regulations in Japan |
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257 | (8) |
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257 | (1) |
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257 | (2) |
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15.3 Food with nutrient function claim |
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259 | (1) |
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15.4 Revision of FoSHU categories |
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260 | (1) |
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15.5 Function evaluation of FoSHU |
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260 | (1) |
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15.6 Safety evaluation of FoSHU |
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261 | (1) |
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15.7 The future of functional food regulations in Japan |
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262 | (3) |
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263 | (2) |
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Chapter 16 Health Foods and Foods with Health Claims in Japan |
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265 | (36) |
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265 | (1) |
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16.2 Historical development of FFs |
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266 | (2) |
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268 | (1) |
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268 | (4) |
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16.3.1 HF and FOSHU markets |
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268 | (1) |
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16.3.2 Implications of defining HF |
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269 | (1) |
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16.3.3 Necessity of regulation for HF |
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269 | (1) |
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270 | (2) |
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16.4 Regulatory systems on HF |
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272 | (6) |
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16.4.1 Food safety basic act |
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272 | (1) |
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16.4.2 Pharmaceutical affairs law |
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272 | (3) |
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16.4.3 Health promotion law |
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275 | (1) |
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16.4.4 Food sanitation law |
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276 | (1) |
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16.4.5 Japan agricultural standards law |
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277 | (1) |
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16.4.6 Act against unjustifiable premiums and misleading representations and other laws |
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278 | (1) |
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278 | (1) |
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279 | (1) |
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280 | (1) |
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281 | (6) |
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16.8.1 Approval system for FOSHU |
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281 | (1) |
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282 | (1) |
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16.8.3 Qualified FOSHU and standardized FOSHU |
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283 | (3) |
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16.8.4 FOSHU and the Japanese traditional diets |
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286 | (1) |
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16.8.5 FOSHU and botanicals |
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287 | (1) |
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16.8.6 Disease risk reduction claims |
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287 | (1) |
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287 | (1) |
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288 | (5) |
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16.10.1 Risk analysis by the FSC |
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288 | (1) |
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16.10.2 General foods and safety concern |
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289 | (3) |
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16.10.3 GMP guideline for HF products |
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292 | (1) |
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16.10.4 Guideline for self-investigation of the safety of raw materials |
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292 | (1) |
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293 | (8) |
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298 | (1) |
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298 | (3) |
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Chapter 17 Complementary Medicine Regulation in Australia |
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301 | (8) |
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301 | (1) |
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301 | (1) |
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17.2.1 Designated active ingredients |
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301 | (1) |
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17.3 How CMs are regulated in Australia |
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302 | (2) |
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17.3.1 Two-tiered regulatory system |
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302 | (1) |
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303 | (1) |
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17.3.3 ARGCM structure and content |
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304 | (1) |
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17.3.4 TGA post-market regulatory activity of CMs |
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304 | (1) |
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17.3.5 Adverse events reporting |
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304 | (1) |
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304 | (1) |
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17.5 Attitudes of consumers and healthcare professionals to CMs |
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305 | (1) |
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17.5.1 Recent controversies |
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306 | (1) |
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306 | (1) |
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307 | (2) |
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307 | (2) |
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Chapter 18 Russian Regulations on Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods |
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309 | (18) |
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309 | (2) |
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18.2 Russian regulations on nutraceuticals |
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311 | (5) |
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18.3 Russian regulations on functional foods |
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316 | (6) |
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18.4 Russian regulations on foods for special dietary uses |
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322 | (5) |
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325 | (2) |
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Chapter 19 Nutraceutical and Functional Food Regulations in India |
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327 | (16) |
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327 | (2) |
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19.2 Positioning benefits |
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329 | (1) |
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19.3 Indian market and health |
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330 | (1) |
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330 | (6) |
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19.4.1 Overview of regulations |
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332 | (1) |
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19.4.2 History of food regulations in India |
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333 | (3) |
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19.5 Emerging opportunities |
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336 | (1) |
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19.6 Regulation of claims pertaining to nutraceuticals |
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337 | (1) |
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19.7 Licensing and registration requirements |
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337 | (3) |
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19.7.1 Regulatory requirements for entry in India |
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338 | (2) |
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19.8 Recommendation and conclusion |
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340 | (3) |
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341 | (2) |
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Chapter 20 Regulations on Nutraceuticals, Functional Foods and Dietary Supplements in India |
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343 | (20) |
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343 | (2) |
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20.2 Food Safety and Standards Act |
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345 | (12) |
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20.2.1 The Food Safety and Standards Regulations |
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346 | (1) |
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20.2.2 Licensing and registration |
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347 | (1) |
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347 | (1) |
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20.2.4 Packaging and labeling regulations |
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347 | (2) |
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20.2.5 Food product standards and food additives |
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349 | (1) |
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20.2.6 Prohibition and restrictions on sales |
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350 | (1) |
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20.2.7 Regulations on contaminants, toxins, and residues |
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350 | (1) |
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20.2.8 Regulations on laboratory and sampling analysis |
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350 | (1) |
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20.2.9 Regulation on authorization of health claims |
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351 | (1) |
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20.2.10 Food recall procedures |
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351 | (2) |
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20.2.11 Food import and clearance regulations |
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353 | (1) |
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20.2.12 Advisory on misbranding/misleading claims/labeling claims |
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353 | (2) |
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20.2.13 Regulation of energy drinks and caffeinated beverages |
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355 | (1) |
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20.2.14 Offenses and penalties |
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356 | (1) |
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357 | (1) |
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358 | (1) |
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20.5 Probiotic regulatory overview |
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359 | (1) |
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359 | (4) |
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360 | (3) |
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Chapter 21 Historical Change of Raw Materials and Claims of Health Food Regulations in China |
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363 | (26) |
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363 | (1) |
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21.2 Definition of Health Foods in China |
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363 | (2) |
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21.3 Evolution of allowable claims of health foods |
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365 | (3) |
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21.3.1 New function claim |
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367 | (1) |
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21.4 Raw Materials used in health foods |
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368 | (4) |
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21.5 Nutrient supplements |
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372 | (5) |
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377 | (9) |
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386 | (3) |
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386 | (3) |
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Chapter 22 Regulations on Health/Functional Foods in Korea |
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389 | (12) |
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389 | (1) |
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389 | (2) |
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391 | (1) |
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22.4 Product-specific HFFs |
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392 | (5) |
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392 | (2) |
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394 | (1) |
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22.4.3 Efficacy evaluation |
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394 | (2) |
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396 | (1) |
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22.4.5 Claims approved for product-specific HFFs |
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396 | (1) |
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397 | (1) |
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397 | (4) |
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400 | (1) |
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Chapter 23 Phytomedicines, Functional Foods, Nutraceuticals, and Their Regulation in Africa |
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401 | (18) |
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401 | (3) |
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23.2 African herbal medicine |
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404 | (7) |
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23.2.1 African medicinal plants on the market |
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405 | (4) |
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23.2.2 Difficulties facing herbal medicine |
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409 | (2) |
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23.3 Reφulatory status of botanical drugs and functional foods in Africa |
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411 | (3) |
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414 | (5) |
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414 | (5) |
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Chapter 24 Regulation of Functional Foods in Selected Asian Countries in the Pacific Rim |
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419 | (46) |
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419 | (1) |
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420 | (4) |
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420 | (2) |
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24.2.2 Selling health (functional) foods in Taiwan |
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422 | (1) |
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423 | (1) |
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424 | (6) |
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424 | (2) |
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24.3.2 Health foods regulations |
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426 | (1) |
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24.3.3 Food labeling regulations |
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427 | (1) |
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24.3.4 Nutrition labeling, nutrition claims, and health claims |
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428 | (2) |
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430 | (11) |
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430 | (1) |
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431 | (2) |
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433 | (4) |
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437 | (1) |
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24.4.5 Quality and manufacturing process |
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438 | (1) |
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24.4.6 Labeling requirements |
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438 | (2) |
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24.4.7 Regulations pertaining to health functional foods |
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440 | (1) |
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24.4.8 Recognition of standards, specifications, and ingredients for health functional foods |
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440 | (1) |
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24.4.9 Importation of functional foods to Korea |
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441 | (1) |
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441 | (10) |
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441 | (1) |
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442 | (1) |
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24.5.3 Food laws and regulations |
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443 | (7) |
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24.5.4 Health and medicinal food products |
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450 | (1) |
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451 | (2) |
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451 | (1) |
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451 | (1) |
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24.6.3 Nutritional labeling |
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452 | (1) |
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453 | (1) |
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453 | (2) |
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453 | (1) |
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454 | (1) |
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24.7.3 Nutritional labeling and health claims |
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454 | (1) |
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455 | (3) |
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455 | (1) |
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|
455 | (1) |
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24.8.3 Nutritional labeling and nutrition and health claims |
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456 | (2) |
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458 | (7) |
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|
458 | (1) |
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24.9.2 Nutritional labeling and nutrition and health claims |
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458 | (1) |
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|
459 | (6) |
|
Chapter 25 Overview of Regulations and Development Trends of Functional Foods in Malaysia |
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465 | (14) |
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465 | (1) |
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25.2 Western versus eastern perspective on functional foods |
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466 | (1) |
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25.3 Functional foods and the unique Malaysian society |
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|
467 | (1) |
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25.4 Functional food research in Malaysia |
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468 | (2) |
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25.5 Overview of regulatory environment in Malaysia |
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470 | (3) |
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25.5.1 Regulations concerning nutrition labels and health claims |
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471 | (2) |
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25.6 Market size, structure, and development trends in Malaysia |
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473 | (2) |
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25.6.1 Demand for functional food in Malaysia |
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|
473 | (1) |
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25.6.2 Future demand and challenges |
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|
474 | (1) |
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475 | (4) |
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|
476 | (3) |
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Chapter 26 World Trade Organization and Food Regulation: Impact on the Food Supply Chain |
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|
479 | (18) |
|
26.1 Food regulation, supply chain, and the world trade organization |
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|
479 | (6) |
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26.2 Sanitary and phytosanitary agreements |
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|
485 | (3) |
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488 | (9) |
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|
493 | (1) |
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493 | (4) |
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PART V REGULATIONS ON PET FOOD |
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Chapter 27 Functional Ingredients in the Pet Food Industry: Regulatory Considerations |
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497 | (8) |
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497 | (1) |
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498 | (1) |
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27.3 Regulatory approval of the manufacturing facility |
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|
498 | (1) |
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27.4 Regulatory approval of the pet food ingredient |
|
|
499 | (1) |
|
27.5 Globally accepted pet food ingredients |
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|
500 | (1) |
|
27.6 Regulation trends in pet food ingredients |
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|
500 | (5) |
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|
500 | (1) |
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27.6.2 Other trends in regulations |
|
|
500 | (1) |
|
27.6.3 Health claims regulations |
|
|
501 | (1) |
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|
501 | (1) |
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|
502 | (3) |
|
PART VI VALIDATION APPROACH |
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|
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Chapter 28 Validation Approach in Nutraceutical Industry |
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|
505 | (14) |
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|
505 | (1) |
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28.2 Validation approach: V-model |
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|
505 | (9) |
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28.2.1 Validation master plan |
|
|
506 | (1) |
|
28.2.2 User requirements specification |
|
|
507 | (1) |
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|
508 | (1) |
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28.2.4 Validation protocols |
|
|
508 | (1) |
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|
509 | (1) |
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|
510 | (1) |
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|
511 | (1) |
|
|
512 | (1) |
|
28.2.9 Cleaning validation |
|
|
513 | (1) |
|
28.2.10 Revalidation and change control |
|
|
514 | (1) |
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|
514 | (5) |
|
|
515 | (4) |
|
PART VII ADVERSE EVENT REPORTING |
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|
|
Chapter 29 Global Adverse Event Reporting Regulations for Nutraceuticals, Functional Foods, and Dietary/Food/Health Supplements |
|
|
519 | (10) |
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|
519 | (1) |
|
29.2 Global AE monitoring and reporting regulations |
|
|
520 | (2) |
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|
520 | (1) |
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|
521 | (1) |
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|
521 | (1) |
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|
522 | (1) |
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|
522 | (1) |
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|
522 | (1) |
|
29.3 Post-market surveillance versus AE reporting |
|
|
522 | (1) |
|
29.4 Guidance for industry and regulators |
|
|
523 | (6) |
|
|
524 | (5) |
|
PART VIII INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, BRANDING, TRADEMARK, AND REGULATORY APPROVALS IN NUTRACEUTICALS AND FUNCTIONAL FOODS |
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|
|
Chapter 30 Intellectual Property, Branding, Trademark, and Regulatory Approvals in Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods |
|
|
529 | (12) |
|
|
529 | (1) |
|
30.2 Nutraceuticals, patent rights, and bioprospecting |
|
|
530 | (5) |
|
30.3 Branding: a hypothetical case scenario |
|
|
535 | (4) |
|
30.3.1 Protecting your patents with coded identities and branding... the right way |
|
|
537 | (2) |
|
|
539 | (2) |
|
|
540 | (1) |
Index |
|
541 | (10) |
Food Science and Technology International Series |
|
551 | |