| List of contributors |
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xxiii | |
| Introduction |
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xxix | |
| Section I Applications of nutraceuticals in common diseases and disorders |
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1 | (270) |
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1 Nutraceuticals in central nervous system diseases: potential mechanisms of neuroprotection |
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3 | (14) |
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3 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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Counteracting oxidative stress as a mechanism of neuroprotection |
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4 | (1) |
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Direct antioxidant action of quercetin |
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4 | (1) |
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Potential role of hormesis in neuroprotection |
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5 | (1) |
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Modulation of the Nrf2-ARE pathway as a mechanism of quercetin neuroprotection |
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5 | (1) |
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Modulation of paraoxonase 2 as a potential novel mechanism of quercetin neuroprotection |
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6 | (3) |
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9 | (1) |
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9 | (1) |
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Ginkgo biloba and neuroprotection |
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10 | (1) |
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Concluding remarks and future directions |
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10 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
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11 | (6) |
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2 Prevention of neurodegenerative disorders by nutraceuticals |
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17 | (24) |
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17 | (1) |
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Nutraceuticals for the prevention and amelioration of Alzheimer disease |
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18 | (5) |
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Nutraceuticals for the prevention and amelioration of Parkinson disease |
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23 | (6) |
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Nutraceuticals for the prevention and amelioration of autism spectrum disorders |
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29 | (5) |
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Concluding remarks and future directions |
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34 | (1) |
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35 | (6) |
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3 Cognitive effects of nutraceuticals |
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41 | (22) |
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41 | (1) |
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Biological basis of cognition |
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41 | (5) |
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Nutraceuticals with potential cognitive-enhancing functions |
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46 | (12) |
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Potential concerns of cognitive enhancement |
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58 | (1) |
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Concluding remarks and future directions |
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58 | (1) |
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59 | (4) |
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4 Nutraceuticals in anxiety and stress |
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63 | (10) |
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63 | (1) |
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Neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, and the HPA axis in stress and anxiety |
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63 | (2) |
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65 | (1) |
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Dietary supplements in anxiety and stress |
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65 | (1) |
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66 | (1) |
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66 | (1) |
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67 | (1) |
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67 | (1) |
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67 | (1) |
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67 | (3) |
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Concluding remarks and future directions |
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70 | (1) |
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70 | (3) |
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5 Countering cardiovascular diseases with nutraceuticals |
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73 | (10) |
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73 | (1) |
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Primary cardiovascular diseases of concern |
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73 | (2) |
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Herb- and plant-invoked processes |
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75 | (2) |
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77 | (1) |
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Cardioprotective effects of nutraceuticals |
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78 | (1) |
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Concluding remarks and future directions |
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79 | (1) |
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79 | (4) |
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6 Nutraceuticals for diabetes and glucose balance |
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83 | (18) |
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Introduction and background |
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83 | (1) |
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Pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus |
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84 | (1) |
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Nutraceuticals indicated in diabetes mellitus |
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84 | (1) |
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84 | (5) |
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89 | (1) |
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Bitter melon (M. charantia) |
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89 | (3) |
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92 | (1) |
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93 | (1) |
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Ginger (gingerol and shogaol) |
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94 | (1) |
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95 | (1) |
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Gymnema sylvestre (Gur-Mar) |
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95 | (1) |
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96 | (1) |
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Efficacy of nutraceuticals |
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96 | (1) |
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97 | (1) |
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Concluding remarks and future directions |
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97 | (1) |
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97 | (4) |
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7 Role of nutraceuticals in respiratory and allied diseases |
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101 | (16) |
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101 | (1) |
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102 | (2) |
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104 | (1) |
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105 | (5) |
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110 | (1) |
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Concluding remarks and future directions |
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111 | (1) |
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112 | (5) |
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8 Nutraceuticals in hepatic diseases |
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117 | (14) |
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117 | (1) |
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Liver structure and function |
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117 | (2) |
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Hepatic injury and repair |
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119 | (3) |
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Biomarkers of hepatic injury |
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122 | (1) |
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Nutraceuticals and the liver |
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122 | (5) |
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Concluding remarks and future directions |
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127 | (1) |
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127 | (4) |
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9 Nutraceuticals in renal diseases |
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131 | (10) |
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131 | (1) |
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Kidney functional anatomy |
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131 | (2) |
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133 | (1) |
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133 | (1) |
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134 | (1) |
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134 | (1) |
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Nutraceuticals and the kidney |
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135 | (1) |
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Angiotensin-converting enzyme-inhibiting herbs |
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135 | (1) |
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135 | (1) |
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135 | (1) |
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135 | (1) |
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136 | (1) |
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137 | (1) |
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137 | (1) |
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Concluding remarks and future directions |
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137 | (1) |
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137 | (4) |
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10 Nutraceuticals in gastrointestinal disorders |
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141 | (16) |
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141 | (1) |
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Pharmaceuticals versus nutraceuticals |
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141 | (2) |
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Role of nutraceuticals in cancer associated with the gastrointestinal tract |
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143 | (3) |
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Gastritis and the role of nutraceuticals in its treatment |
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146 | (1) |
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Compounds targeting the adhesin-mucin interaction |
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147 | (1) |
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Nutraceuticals in irritable bowel disease |
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147 | (2) |
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Nutraceuticals in peptic ulcer |
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149 | (1) |
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Nutraceuticals in chronic or prolonged inflammations like appendicitis |
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150 | (1) |
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Nutraceuticals in other gastrointestinal conditions |
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151 | (1) |
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Concluding remarks and future directions |
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151 | (1) |
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151 | (6) |
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11 Nutraceuticals in reproductive and developmental disorders |
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157 | (10) |
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157 | (1) |
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Nutraceuticals in female reproductive abnormalities |
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157 | (5) |
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Nutraceuticals in developmental disorders |
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162 | (1) |
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Nutraceuticals in male reproductive abnormalities/diseases |
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163 | (1) |
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Concluding remarks and future directions |
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164 | (1) |
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165 | (2) |
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12 Nutraceuticals in ophthalmic diseases |
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167 | (14) |
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167 | (1) |
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Efficacy of nutraceuticals in the treatment and prevention of various ophthalmic diseases |
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167 | (8) |
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Mode of action and safety of the most commonly used nutraceuticals for ophthalmic diseases |
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175 | (2) |
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Concluding remarks and future directions |
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177 | (1) |
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178 | (3) |
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13 Nutraceuticals in dermal diseases |
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181 | (12) |
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181 | (1) |
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Skin anatomy and physiology |
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181 | (2) |
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Skin injury and repair: a complex interplay |
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183 | (2) |
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185 | (1) |
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185 | (4) |
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Concluding remarks and future directions |
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189 | (1) |
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189 | (1) |
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190 | (3) |
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14 Nutraceuticals in arthritis |
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193 | (22) |
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193 | (1) |
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194 | (2) |
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196 | (1) |
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197 | (1) |
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Glucosamine and chondroitin |
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198 | (2) |
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200 | (1) |
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201 | (1) |
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202 | (1) |
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203 | (1) |
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203 | (1) |
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203 | (1) |
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Naturally Preferred Holistic Frozen Dog Treats |
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204 | (1) |
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204 | (1) |
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204 | (1) |
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Terminalia chebula extract |
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205 | (1) |
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Boswellia serrata extract |
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206 | (1) |
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New Zealand green-lipped mussel |
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206 | (1) |
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Avocado and soybean unsaponifiables |
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207 | (1) |
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207 | (1) |
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207 | (1) |
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Concluding remarks and future directions |
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208 | (1) |
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208 | (7) |
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15 Nutraceuticals in sports activities and fatigue |
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215 | (14) |
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Introduction and background |
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215 | (1) |
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Dietary strategies to recover from exercise-induced fatigue and muscle damage |
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216 | (8) |
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Concluding remarks and future directions |
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224 | (1) |
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225 | (1) |
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225 | (4) |
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16 Role of nutraceuticals as adaptogens |
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229 | (16) |
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229 | (1) |
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Stress, health, and disease |
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229 | (2) |
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231 | (2) |
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Stress, nutraceuticals, and adaptogens |
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233 | (5) |
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Neurotransmitters and their precursors |
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238 | (1) |
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Vitamins as neurotransmitters or cofactors |
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239 | (2) |
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Nutraceuticals for life style diseases: the future |
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241 | (1) |
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Concluding remarks and future directions |
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241 | (1) |
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242 | (3) |
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17 Nutraceuticals for weight loss |
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245 | (8) |
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245 | (1) |
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Curcumin [ (1E,6E)-1,7-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxypheny1)-1,6-heptadiene-3, 5-dione] |
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245 | (1) |
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Lagenaria siceraria (bottle gourd) |
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246 | (1) |
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Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek) |
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246 | (1) |
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Emblica officinalis (syn. Phyllanthus emblica; Indian gooseberry) |
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247 | (1) |
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Murraya koenigii (curry tree) |
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247 | (1) |
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Vigna sp. (black gram, black lentil, cowpea, black-eyed pea, adzuki bean, mung bean) |
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247 | (1) |
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247 | (1) |
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248 | (1) |
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Hypericum perforatum (St. John's wort) |
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248 | (1) |
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Persea americana (avocado) |
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249 | (1) |
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Capsicum annuum (capsicum) |
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249 | (1) |
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Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary) |
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249 | (1) |
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Concluding remarks and future directions |
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250 | (1) |
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250 | (3) |
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18 Nutraceuticals in cancer prevention |
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253 | (10) |
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Introduction: targeting hallmarks of cancer |
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253 | (1) |
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Nutrient synergy targets pathomechanisms of cancer |
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253 | (1) |
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Defining anticancer activities of NM components |
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253 | (1) |
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Nutrient mixture inhibits tumor growth and cancer cell proliferation |
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254 | (1) |
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Decreased cancer cell proliferation in vitro in the presence of nutrient synergy |
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254 | (1) |
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NM inhibits chemically induced carcinogenesis |
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254 | (1) |
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Induction of cancer cell apoptosis in vivo and in vitro by NM |
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255 | (1) |
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Nutrient mixture modulates various parameters critical to metastasis: secretion of MMPs, uPA, and TIMPs, cancer cell migration, and Matrigel invasion |
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256 | (1) |
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Nutrient mixture inhibits MMP-2, MMP-9, and MMP-9 dimer secretion |
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257 | (1) |
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NM decreases uPA and increases TIMP-2 activities |
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257 | (1) |
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Nutrient synergy has inhibitory effect on cancer cell migration |
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258 | (1) |
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Nutrient synergy inhibits Matrigel invasion by cancer cells |
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258 | (1) |
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Nutrient mixture inhibits angiogenesis in vivo and in vitro |
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258 | (1) |
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Nutrient synergy controls metastasis |
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258 | (1) |
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259 | (1) |
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Pulmonary metastasis from vein |
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259 | (1) |
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Hepatic metastasis from spleen |
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260 | (1) |
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Peritoneal and lung metastasis from testicle |
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261 | (1) |
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Nutrient synergy modulates inflammatory proteins Cox-2 and iNOS expression in cancer cells |
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261 | (1) |
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261 | (1) |
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Concluding remarks and future directions |
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261 | (1) |
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261 | (2) |
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19 Application of "nano" nutraceuticals in medicine |
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263 | (8) |
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263 | (1) |
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Nanoparticles as delivery systems for nutraceuticals |
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263 | (4) |
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Regulatory concerns with nanonutraceuticals |
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267 | (1) |
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Concluding remarks and future directions |
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268 | (1) |
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269 | (2) |
| Section II Models and mechanisms in evaluation of nutraceuticals |
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271 | (228) |
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20 The biology of nutrients: genetic and molecular principles |
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273 | (16) |
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273 | (1) |
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Nutritional implications of interindividual genetic differences |
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273 | (1) |
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274 | (6) |
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Nutritional regulation of cell signaling, cell growth, proliferation, and survival |
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280 | (1) |
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Effects of nutrients on gene expression |
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281 | (5) |
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Concluding remarks and future directions |
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286 | (1) |
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286 | (3) |
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21 Genomic and proteomic mechanisms and models in toxicity and safety evaluation of nutraceuticals |
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289 | (10) |
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289 | (1) |
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289 | (1) |
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Application of high-throughput technologies |
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290 | (1) |
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290 | (1) |
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Application of high-throughput technologies |
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291 | (1) |
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Genomics and proteomics applications in nutraceutical research |
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292 | (2) |
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Determining molecular mechanisms of nutraceuticals and disease |
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294 | (1) |
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Concluding remarks and future directions |
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295 | (1) |
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295 | (4) |
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22 Transcriptomic profiling for safety and toxicity evaluation of nutraceuticals |
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299 | (16) |
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299 | (1) |
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300 | (2) |
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302 | (3) |
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305 | (2) |
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307 | (2) |
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Concluding remarks and future directions |
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309 | (1) |
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310 | (1) |
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310 | (5) |
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23 Target identification and polypharmacology of nutraceuticals |
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315 | (30) |
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315 | (2) |
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Polypharmacology and synergy in the area of nutraceuticals |
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317 | (1) |
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Target identification and deconvolution techniques |
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318 | (8) |
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Molecular targets of nutraceuticals in the signaling networks |
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326 | (5) |
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Identification of the molecular targets of nutraceuticals |
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331 | (10) |
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Concluding remarks and future directions |
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341 | (1) |
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341 | (4) |
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24 Systems pharmacology investigation of mechanism of action of nutraceuticals |
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345 | (18) |
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Introduction to systems-based mechanism of action discovery |
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345 | (2) |
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Integrated systems-based approaches for target identification and the MoA discovery |
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347 | (5) |
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Case study: application of nutraceuticals and prototypical stimulus |
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352 | (6) |
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Concluding remarks and future directions |
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358 | (1) |
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359 | (4) |
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25 Noninvasive in vivo optical imaging models for safety and toxicity testing |
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363 | (16) |
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Introduction and background |
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363 | (1) |
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Noninvasive optical imaging |
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364 | (1) |
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In vivo preclinical NIR FLI in liver safety/toxicology |
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365 | (4) |
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In vivo preclinical NIR imaging in kidney safety/toxicology |
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369 | (2) |
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In vivo preclinical NIR imaging in gastric emptying toxicology |
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371 | (1) |
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In vivo preclinical NIR imaging of vitamin D toxicity |
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372 | (1) |
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In vivo preclinical NIR imaging of vascular toxicity |
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373 | (1) |
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Concluding remarks and future directions |
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374 | (1) |
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375 | (1) |
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375 | (4) |
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26 Flow cytometry and light-scattering techniques in evaluation of nutraceuticals |
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379 | (16) |
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Introduction and background |
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379 | (9) |
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Concluding remarks and future directions |
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388 | (3) |
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391 | (1) |
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391 | (4) |
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27 Zebrafish as a model system to evaluate the safety and toxicity of nutraceuticals |
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395 | (16) |
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395 | (1) |
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Zebrafish model for safety and toxicity assay of nutraceuticals |
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395 | (1) |
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Assessment of common nutraceuticals using zebrafish |
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396 | (8) |
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Transparent zebrafish and fluorescent transgenic zebrafish for safety and toxicity testing of nutraceuticals |
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404 | (1) |
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Genome-editing technique for safety and toxicity testing of nutraceuticals in zebrafish |
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404 | (1) |
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Concluding remarks and future directions |
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404 | (1) |
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404 | (1) |
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405 | (1) |
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405 | (6) |
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28 Caenorhabditis elegans: an elegant model organism for evaluating the neuroprotective and neurotherapeutic potential of nutraceuticals |
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411 | (20) |
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411 | (1) |
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Caenorhabditis elegans as a model organism |
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412 | (4) |
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Nutraceutical compounds and Caenorhabditis elegans |
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416 | (7) |
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Nutraceutical testing in a Caenorhabditis elegans model of neurodegenerative diseases |
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423 | (1) |
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Concluding remarks and future directions |
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424 | (3) |
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427 | (1) |
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427 | (4) |
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29 Alternative in vitro models for safety and toxicity evaluation of nutraceuticals |
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431 | (32) |
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431 | (2) |
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433 | (1) |
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General concepts for safety assessment of nutraceuticals |
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433 | (1) |
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Overview of in vitro experimental systems |
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434 | (1) |
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General types of in vitro assays |
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435 | (1) |
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Assay types by effect observed |
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435 | (1) |
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Assay types by experimental system |
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436 | (1) |
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Endpoint-based in vitro toxicity assessment of nutraceuticals |
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436 | (3) |
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In vitro cytogenetic assays |
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439 | (3) |
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442 | (2) |
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Applications in herbal products |
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444 | (1) |
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In vitro tests validated for use in regulatory toxicology contexts |
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|
444 | (1) |
|
Use of S9 metabolic activation revolutionized in vitro testing |
|
|
444 | (1) |
|
Methods for teratogenicity assessment |
|
|
445 | (1) |
|
In vitro methods for teratogenicity assessment in stem cells and embryos |
|
|
445 | (1) |
|
In vitro models for safety assessment and toxicology studies of the gastrointestinal tract |
|
|
446 | (1) |
|
In vitro chip technology: organ, human, or lab on chips |
|
|
447 | (2) |
|
In vitro models for safety assessment and toxicology studies of the liver |
|
|
449 | (1) |
|
|
|
449 | (1) |
|
Primary hepatocyte suspensions |
|
|
449 | (1) |
|
Primary hepatocyte cultures |
|
|
449 | (1) |
|
Primary hepatocyte cultures combined with inflammatory mediators |
|
|
450 | (1) |
|
Novel liver-derived cell culture systems |
|
|
450 | (2) |
|
In vitro models for safety assessment and toxicology studies of the cardiovascular system |
|
|
452 | (4) |
|
Toxicity testing in the twenty-first century and the human toxome project |
|
|
456 | (2) |
|
Concluding remarks and future directions |
|
|
458 | (1) |
|
|
|
458 | (5) |
|
30 Mitochondria as a target for safety and toxicity evaluation of nutraceuticals |
|
|
463 | (22) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
463 | (1) |
|
|
|
463 | (14) |
|
Concluding remarks and future directions |
|
|
477 | (1) |
|
|
|
478 | (7) |
|
31 Oxidative stress and excitotoxicity: antioxidants from nutraceuticals |
|
|
485 | (14) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
485 | (1) |
|
Lipid peroxidation and markers of oxidative stress |
|
|
486 | (1) |
|
Prostaglandin-like compounds as in vivo markers of oxidative stress |
|
|
486 | (1) |
|
Aldehydes as lipid peroxidation products |
|
|
487 | (1) |
|
Reactivity of lipid peroxidation products |
|
|
487 | (1) |
|
Oxidative stress and excitotoxicity |
|
|
488 | (1) |
|
Antioxidant defense and suppression of oxidative injury |
|
|
489 | (4) |
|
Concluding remarks and future directions |
|
|
493 | (1) |
|
|
|
493 | (1) |
|
|
|
493 | (6) |
| Section III Common nutraceuticals |
|
499 | (560) |
|
32 Caffeine: an evaluation of the safety database |
|
|
501 | (18) |
|
|
|
Introduction and background |
|
|
501 | (2) |
|
The pharmacokinetics of caffeine |
|
|
503 | (3) |
|
The biological activity of caffeine |
|
|
506 | (1) |
|
The safety data available for caffeine |
|
|
507 | (7) |
|
Concluding remarks and future directions |
|
|
514 | (2) |
|
|
|
516 | (3) |
|
33 Biological activities and potential nanotechnological delivery of resveratrol |
|
|
519 | (18) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
519 | (1) |
|
A concise overview of natural substances |
|
|
519 | (5) |
|
|
|
524 | (5) |
|
Nanomolecular cargos for the delivery of biological molecules |
|
|
529 | (4) |
|
Concluding remarks and future directions |
|
|
533 | (1) |
|
|
|
534 | (3) |
|
34 Melatonin: a safe nutraceutical and clinical agent |
|
|
537 | (18) |
|
|
|
|
|
Maria-Rosa Martinez-Larranaga |
|
|
|
|
|
|
537 | (3) |
|
Pharmacokinetics of melatonin |
|
|
540 | (3) |
|
Melatonin and circadian rhythms |
|
|
543 | (1) |
|
Melatonin and oxidative stress |
|
|
543 | (1) |
|
Melatonin in neuroprotection and central nervous system disorders |
|
|
544 | (1) |
|
Melatonin and inflammation |
|
|
545 | (1) |
|
Melatonin and immune responses |
|
|
545 | (1) |
|
Melatonin and analgesia and other modulatory roles |
|
|
545 | (1) |
|
Toxicity and safety of melatonin |
|
|
546 | (1) |
|
Adverse effects in humans |
|
|
547 | (1) |
|
|
|
548 | (1) |
|
Vulnerable populations and at-risk situations |
|
|
549 | (1) |
|
|
|
550 | (2) |
|
|
|
552 | (1) |
|
|
|
552 | (3) |
|
35 Standardized turmeric and curcumin |
|
|
555 | (16) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
555 | (1) |
|
|
|
556 | (1) |
|
|
|
556 | (1) |
|
|
|
557 | (1) |
|
Methods to improve the bioactivity of turmeric |
|
|
557 | (1) |
|
Safety: potential risks and adverse side effects |
|
|
557 | (1) |
|
|
|
558 | (2) |
|
Central nervous system diseases |
|
|
560 | (1) |
|
|
|
561 | (1) |
|
|
|
561 | (1) |
|
|
|
561 | (1) |
|
|
|
561 | (1) |
|
|
|
562 | (1) |
|
|
|
562 | (1) |
|
|
|
562 | (1) |
|
|
|
563 | (1) |
|
|
|
564 | (1) |
|
|
|
564 | (1) |
|
|
|
565 | (1) |
|
Concluding remarks and future directions |
|
|
566 | (1) |
|
|
|
567 | (4) |
|
36 Curcuminoid-metal complexes for oxidative stress |
|
|
571 | (14) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
571 | (1) |
|
|
|
571 | (1) |
|
|
|
572 | (1) |
|
Curcumin and bioavailability |
|
|
572 | (1) |
|
|
|
573 | (2) |
|
Uses of curcuminoid-metal complexes |
|
|
575 | (1) |
|
Antiinflammatory activity of curcumin-metal complexes |
|
|
576 | (1) |
|
Antimicrobial activity of curcumin-metal complexes |
|
|
577 | (1) |
|
|
|
577 | (1) |
|
|
|
577 | (1) |
|
|
|
577 | (1) |
|
Tetrahydrocurcumin-metal complexes |
|
|
577 | (1) |
|
Zinc as a metal to use in complexes |
|
|
577 | (1) |
|
Zinc's role as an antiviral agent |
|
|
578 | (1) |
|
Curcumin as a platform for novel complexes |
|
|
579 | (1) |
|
Tetrahydrocurcumin-Zn-curcumin complexes |
|
|
579 | (1) |
|
Concluding remarks and future directions |
|
|
579 | (3) |
|
|
|
582 | (1) |
|
|
|
582 | (3) |
|
37 Fenugreek: multiple health benefits |
|
|
585 | (18) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Introduction and background |
|
|
585 | (1) |
|
Major active components of fenugreek |
|
|
585 | (1) |
|
Potential for an antihyperglycemic effect in diabetic conditions |
|
|
586 | (4) |
|
Other fenugreek effects and limitations related to normalization of hyperglycemia |
|
|
590 | (2) |
|
Normalization of lipid levels and effect on fat accumulation |
|
|
592 | (1) |
|
In vitro investigations related to fenugreek's effect on adipocyte function and accumulation of lipids |
|
|
592 | (1) |
|
In vivo investigations related to the hypolipidemic effect of fenugreek |
|
|
593 | (1) |
|
Maintenance of the growth hormone level helping in the normalization of metabolic syndrome and related altered functions |
|
|
594 | (1) |
|
Potential for antiinflammatory and anticancer benefits |
|
|
595 | (1) |
|
|
|
596 | (1) |
|
Safety and toxicity profile for fenugreek and its active components |
|
|
597 | (3) |
|
Concluding remarks and future directions |
|
|
600 | (1) |
|
|
|
600 | (3) |
|
38 Cannabis sativa: an overview |
|
|
603 | (22) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
603 | (1) |
|
|
|
603 | (1) |
|
European approved hemp cultivars and medical Cannabis sativa |
|
|
603 | (1) |
|
Chemotaxonomy of Cannabis sativa |
|
|
604 | (1) |
|
|
|
604 | (1) |
|
Cannabis sativa chemistry |
|
|
605 | (1) |
|
|
|
605 | (2) |
|
Cannabinoids from non-Cannabis sativa species |
|
|
607 | (1) |
|
|
|
608 | (1) |
|
Phytocannabinoid and terpene biochemistry |
|
|
609 | (1) |
|
|
|
609 | (2) |
|
The pharmacology of cannabis |
|
|
611 | (2) |
|
|
|
613 | (2) |
|
|
|
615 | (1) |
|
|
|
615 | (1) |
|
Tetrahydrocannabinoic acid and cannabidiolic acid |
|
|
615 | (1) |
|
|
|
615 | (1) |
|
|
|
615 | (1) |
|
|
|
615 | (1) |
|
|
|
616 | (1) |
|
|
|
616 | (1) |
|
|
|
616 | (1) |
|
Cannabinoid-terpene interaction |
|
|
617 | (1) |
|
|
|
617 | (1) |
|
|
|
617 | (1) |
|
Cannabis sativa as a nutraceutical |
|
|
617 | (1) |
|
|
|
617 | (1) |
|
|
|
618 | (1) |
|
|
|
619 | (1) |
|
|
|
619 | (1) |
|
|
|
619 | (1) |
|
|
|
620 | (1) |
|
|
|
620 | (1) |
|
|
|
620 | (1) |
|
Concluding remarks and future directions |
|
|
620 | (1) |
|
|
|
621 | (4) |
|
|
|
625 | (36) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
625 | (1) |
|
|
|
625 | (2) |
|
|
|
627 | (2) |
|
Pharmacokinetics of cannabidiol |
|
|
629 | (4) |
|
|
|
633 | (16) |
|
Cannabidiol-drug interactions |
|
|
649 | (2) |
|
Conclusion-determining a safe level of cannabidiol for use in nutraceuticals |
|
|
651 | (3) |
|
|
|
654 | (7) |
|
40 St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum L) |
|
|
661 | (36) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
661 | (1) |
|
Extraction, chemistry, and quality control |
|
|
662 | (2) |
|
|
|
664 | (3) |
|
Phytopharmacology - depression |
|
|
667 | (6) |
|
Phytopharmacology-cognation, aging, and pain |
|
|
673 | (4) |
|
Phytopharmacology-women specific uses |
|
|
677 | (1) |
|
Phytopharmacology - immune, antiinflammatory, and antidiabetic actions |
|
|
678 | (2) |
|
Phytopharmacology-antimicrobial activity |
|
|
680 | (1) |
|
Phytopharmacology-vulenaries |
|
|
681 | (2) |
|
Hypericum perforatum extracts and drug interactions |
|
|
683 | (2) |
|
Toxicology of Hypericum perforatum preparations |
|
|
685 | (4) |
|
Prescribing St John's wort |
|
|
689 | (1) |
|
Concluding remarks and future directions |
|
|
690 | (1) |
|
|
|
690 | (7) |
|
|
|
697 | (28) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
697 | (1) |
|
Chemistry of green tea infusions and extracts |
|
|
698 | (3) |
|
Pharmacokinetics and biotransformation |
|
|
701 | (2) |
|
Pharmacology of green tea infusions and green tea extracts |
|
|
703 | (5) |
|
Green tea and cardiovascular diseases |
|
|
708 | (1) |
|
Cancer and green tea infusions and extracts |
|
|
709 | (3) |
|
Modified green tea extracts and genital warts |
|
|
712 | (1) |
|
Intestinal microbes and green tea |
|
|
712 | (1) |
|
Green tea and the immune system |
|
|
713 | (1) |
|
Drug interactions and iron absorption |
|
|
713 | (2) |
|
|
|
715 | (3) |
|
Concluding remarks and future directions |
|
|
718 | (1) |
|
|
|
718 | (7) |
|
|
|
725 | (24) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Introduction and background |
|
|
725 | (2) |
|
Processing of green coffee beans |
|
|
727 | (6) |
|
Major pharmacokinetic attributes |
|
|
733 | (3) |
|
Green coffee bean as a nutraceutical and pharmacotherapeutic agent |
|
|
736 | (5) |
|
|
|
741 | (1) |
|
|
|
742 | (1) |
|
Concluding remarks and future directions |
|
|
743 | (1) |
|
|
|
743 | (6) |
|
|
|
749 | (8) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
749 | (1) |
|
|
|
749 | (2) |
|
Quercetin and cardiovascular diseases |
|
|
751 | (1) |
|
Quercetin and neurodegenerative diseases |
|
|
751 | (2) |
|
Concluding remarks and future directions |
|
|
753 | (1) |
|
|
|
753 | (1) |
|
|
|
753 | (1) |
|
|
|
753 | (4) |
|
|
|
757 | (16) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
757 | (1) |
|
Phytochemical constituents |
|
|
758 | (1) |
|
|
|
759 | (8) |
|
Safety and toxicity of chamomile |
|
|
767 | (1) |
|
Concluding remarks and future directions |
|
|
768 | (1) |
|
|
|
768 | (5) |
|
45 Isoflavones: toxicological aspects and efficacy |
|
|
773 | (22) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
773 | (1) |
|
Occurrence and dietary intake of isoflavones |
|
|
773 | (2) |
|
Biokinetics of isoflavones |
|
|
775 | (2) |
|
Oxidative hepatic and reductive bacterial metabolism |
|
|
777 | (3) |
|
Isoflavones as endocrine disruptors |
|
|
780 | (1) |
|
|
|
780 | (2) |
|
Isoflavones and the thyroid |
|
|
782 | (1) |
|
Isoflavones and reproduction and development |
|
|
783 | (1) |
|
Genotoxicity of isoflavones |
|
|
783 | (3) |
|
Carcinogenicity versus chemoprevention |
|
|
786 | (1) |
|
Carcinogenicity of genistein in experimental animals |
|
|
786 | (1) |
|
Tumor proliferation studies |
|
|
787 | (1) |
|
|
|
787 | (1) |
|
Isoflavones and human breast cancer risk |
|
|
788 | (1) |
|
|
|
789 | (1) |
|
|
|
789 | (1) |
|
|
|
790 | (1) |
|
Concluding remarks and future directions |
|
|
790 | (1) |
|
|
|
791 | (4) |
|
|
|
795 | (18) |
|
|
|
|
|
795 | (1) |
|
Chemical compounds of propolis |
|
|
796 | (1) |
|
Geographical origin and composition of propolis |
|
|
796 | (1) |
|
Biomedical applications of propolis |
|
|
796 | (1) |
|
Antioxidant activity of propolis |
|
|
796 | (6) |
|
Antiinflammatory activity of propolis |
|
|
802 | (1) |
|
Antibacterial activity of propolis |
|
|
803 | (1) |
|
Antifungal activity of propolis |
|
|
803 | (1) |
|
Antiprotozoal activity of propolis |
|
|
803 | (1) |
|
Antiviral activity of propolis |
|
|
804 | (1) |
|
Neuroprotective mechanism conferred by propolis in neurodegenerative diseases |
|
|
804 | (1) |
|
Gastrointestinal health by propolis and its connection with the brain's innate immunity via the inflammatory reflex |
|
|
804 | (1) |
|
Systemic immunity regulation by propolis and its connection with brain innate immunity across the blood-brain barrier |
|
|
805 | (1) |
|
Brain innate immunity regulation by phytochemicals and its neuroprotective implication |
|
|
805 | (1) |
|
Propolis and cardiovascular function |
|
|
805 | (1) |
|
Gastrointestinal health and propolis |
|
|
806 | (1) |
|
Effect of propolis on oral and dental health |
|
|
806 | (1) |
|
Dermatological care and propolis |
|
|
806 | (1) |
|
Hepatoprotective activity of propolis |
|
|
807 | (1) |
|
Propolis and wound healing |
|
|
807 | (1) |
|
Propolis in gynecological care |
|
|
807 | (1) |
|
Propolis in human male fertility |
|
|
808 | (1) |
|
|
|
808 | (1) |
|
Propolis as a protective agent against therapeutic toxicities |
|
|
809 | (1) |
|
|
|
809 | (1) |
|
|
|
810 | (1) |
|
Safety concerns for usage of propolis as a nutritional and/or health care product |
|
|
810 | (1) |
|
Pregnancy and breastfeeding |
|
|
810 | (1) |
|
|
|
810 | (1) |
|
|
|
810 | (1) |
|
Contradictions with other medications |
|
|
810 | (1) |
|
Concluding remarks and future directions |
|
|
810 | (1) |
|
|
|
810 | (3) |
|
47 Bee products as nutraceuticals to nutraceuticals for bees |
|
|
813 | (22) |
|
|
|
|
|
813 | (1) |
|
|
|
814 | (1) |
|
|
|
814 | (2) |
|
|
|
816 | (1) |
|
|
|
817 | (1) |
|
Antimicrobial use of bee products |
|
|
817 | (2) |
|
Bee products in dentistry and mouth care |
|
|
819 | (1) |
|
|
|
820 | (1) |
|
Bee products use in wound healing and dermatology |
|
|
821 | (2) |
|
Bee products and neoplasia (cancer) |
|
|
823 | (1) |
|
Bee products and ophthalmology |
|
|
823 | (1) |
|
Reproductive and gynecological uses |
|
|
824 | (2) |
|
Protective effects of honey |
|
|
826 | (1) |
|
|
|
826 | (1) |
|
Toxicology of bee products |
|
|
827 | (2) |
|
Nutraceuticals and probiotics for bees |
|
|
829 | (1) |
|
Concluding remarks and future directions |
|
|
829 | (1) |
|
|
|
830 | (5) |
|
|
|
835 | (18) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
835 | (1) |
|
Manufacturing standards and medical indications |
|
|
835 | (1) |
|
|
|
836 | (1) |
|
|
|
837 | (8) |
|
|
|
845 | (5) |
|
Concluding remarks and future directions |
|
|
850 | (1) |
|
|
|
851 | (2) |
|
|
|
853 | (12) |
|
|
|
Characteristics of ginseng |
|
|
853 | (5) |
|
|
|
858 | (3) |
|
Concluding remarks and future directions |
|
|
861 | (1) |
|
|
|
862 | (3) |
|
50 Ashwagandha: multiple health benefits |
|
|
865 | (16) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
865 | (1) |
|
Botany of Withania somnifera |
|
|
865 | (1) |
|
Important bioactive molecules present in Withania somnifera |
|
|
866 | (1) |
|
Major medicinal value in animals and humans |
|
|
867 | (1) |
|
|
|
867 | (4) |
|
|
|
871 | (1) |
|
Experimental studies supporting the medicinal value of Withania somnifera |
|
|
871 | (1) |
|
Potential medicinal application in ameliorating high-altitude stress |
|
|
871 | (5) |
|
Available drug formulation using Withania somnifera |
|
|
876 | (2) |
|
Concluding remarks and future directions |
|
|
878 | (1) |
|
|
|
878 | (1) |
|
|
|
878 | (3) |
|
51 Astaxanthin: health benefits and toxicity |
|
|
881 | (10) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
881 | (1) |
|
Pharmacokinetics (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion) |
|
|
881 | (2) |
|
|
|
883 | (3) |
|
Concluding remarks and future directions |
|
|
886 | (1) |
|
|
|
887 | (1) |
|
|
|
887 | (4) |
|
|
|
891 | (12) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
891 | (1) |
|
Thymoquinone derivatives and its biological activity |
|
|
891 | (1) |
|
Anticancer potentials of thymoquinone in combination with various drugs |
|
|
892 | (2) |
|
|
|
894 | (1) |
|
|
|
895 | (1) |
|
|
|
895 | (2) |
|
|
|
897 | (1) |
|
Encapsulation of thymoquinone |
|
|
898 | (1) |
|
Concluding remarks and future directions |
|
|
899 | (1) |
|
|
|
899 | (1) |
|
|
|
899 | (4) |
|
|
|
903 | (8) |
|
|
|
|
|
903 | (1) |
|
Classification of glucosinolates |
|
|
903 | (1) |
|
Sources of glucosinolates |
|
|
903 | (1) |
|
Stability and metabolism of glucosinolates |
|
|
904 | (1) |
|
|
|
905 | (1) |
|
|
|
905 | (1) |
|
|
|
905 | (1) |
|
|
|
905 | (1) |
|
|
|
906 | (1) |
|
Beneficial effects of glucosinolates |
|
|
906 | (1) |
|
Toxic effects of glucosinolates |
|
|
907 | (1) |
|
Other compounds in Brassica |
|
|
908 | (1) |
|
Concluding remarks and future directions |
|
|
908 | (1) |
|
|
|
908 | (3) |
|
54 Organosulfur compounds as nutraceuticals |
|
|
911 | (14) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Introduction and background |
|
|
911 | (11) |
|
|
|
922 | (1) |
|
|
|
922 | (3) |
|
55 Arginine and citrulline as nutraceuticals: efficacy and safety in diseases |
|
|
925 | (20) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
925 | (1) |
|
|
|
926 | (1) |
|
|
|
927 | (1) |
|
Salient aspects of nitric oxide |
|
|
927 | (1) |
|
Citrulline: more efficacious than arginine-a justification |
|
|
927 | (1) |
|
Therapeutic utility of nutraceuticals |
|
|
928 | (1) |
|
Pharmacokinetics of citrulline and arginine |
|
|
928 | (1) |
|
|
|
929 | (1) |
|
Pharmacodynamics of citrulline and arginine |
|
|
930 | (8) |
|
Concluding remarks and future directions |
|
|
938 | (2) |
|
|
|
940 | (1) |
|
|
|
941 | (4) |
|
|
|
945 | (14) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Introduction and background |
|
|
945 | (1) |
|
|
|
945 | (1) |
|
|
|
946 | (1) |
|
Pharmacological activities and therapeutic uses |
|
|
947 | (1) |
|
|
|
948 | (6) |
|
Safety and toxicity considerations |
|
|
954 | (2) |
|
Concluding remarks and future directions |
|
|
956 | (1) |
|
|
|
956 | (3) |
|
|
|
959 | (16) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
959 | (1) |
|
The consumption of Arthrospira |
|
|
959 | (1) |
|
General characteristics of Arthrospira |
|
|
959 | (2) |
|
Healthy aspects of Spirulina |
|
|
961 | (10) |
|
|
|
971 | (1) |
|
Concluding remarks and future directions |
|
|
971 | (1) |
|
|
|
972 | (3) |
|
|
|
975 | (16) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Introduction and background |
|
|
975 | (1) |
|
Phytochemical ingredients |
|
|
976 | (1) |
|
|
|
976 | (7) |
|
|
|
983 | (1) |
|
|
|
984 | (2) |
|
Concluding remarks and future directions |
|
|
986 | (1) |
|
|
|
987 | (4) |
|
59 Vitamin E TPGS and its applications in nutraceuticals |
|
|
991 | (20) |
|
|
|
|
|
991 | (1) |
|
Properties of vitamin E TPGS |
|
|
991 | (3) |
|
Functionality of vitamin E TPGS |
|
|
994 | (3) |
|
Efficacy of vitamin E TPGS |
|
|
997 | (3) |
|
Applications of vitamin E TPGS in nutraceuticals |
|
|
1000 | (6) |
|
Product formats and routes of administration |
|
|
1006 | (2) |
|
|
|
1008 | (3) |
|
60 Role of transferrin: an iron-binding protein in health and diseases |
|
|
1011 | (16) |
|
|
|
|
|
1011 | (1) |
|
|
|
1011 | (1) |
|
Biochemistry of transferrin |
|
|
1012 | (1) |
|
Transferrin receptors and mechanism of iron transport |
|
|
1012 | (2) |
|
Biological functions of transferrin |
|
|
1014 | (2) |
|
Aberrations of transferrin |
|
|
1016 | (2) |
|
Application of transferrin in drug delivery |
|
|
1018 | (3) |
|
Clinical implications of transferrin |
|
|
1021 | (2) |
|
Concluding remarks and future directions |
|
|
1023 | (1) |
|
|
|
1023 | (4) |
|
61 Glutamine supplementation: hope, hype, or stay tuned? |
|
|
1027 | (10) |
|
|
|
|
|
1027 | (1) |
|
Biological functions of glutamine |
|
|
1027 | (1) |
|
|
|
1027 | (1) |
|
Cell proliferation and cancer |
|
|
1028 | (1) |
|
|
|
1029 | (1) |
|
Oral rehydration solutions |
|
|
1029 | (1) |
|
Glutamine and the critically ill patients controversy |
|
|
1030 | (1) |
|
|
|
1031 | (1) |
|
|
|
1031 | (1) |
|
|
|
1031 | (1) |
|
Alanine-glutamine peptide |
|
|
1032 | (1) |
|
Sports, athletes, and glutamine |
|
|
1032 | (2) |
|
Concluding remarks and future directions |
|
|
1034 | (1) |
|
|
|
1034 | (3) |
|
62 What to do with placenta after birth: is it a waste? |
|
|
1037 | (8) |
|
|
|
|
|
1037 | (1) |
|
Contents of placenta and associated structures |
|
|
1038 | (1) |
|
Applications of placental tissue as a nutraceutical |
|
|
1038 | (2) |
|
|
|
1040 | (3) |
|
Concluding remarks and future directions |
|
|
1043 | (1) |
|
|
|
1043 | (2) |
|
63 Chitin, chitosan, and their derivatives |
|
|
1045 | (14) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1045 | (1) |
|
Sources and physicochemical properties of chitin and chitosan |
|
|
1045 | (1) |
|
|
|
1046 | (1) |
|
Applications of chitosan and chitosan derivatives |
|
|
1046 | (8) |
|
Toxicity and safety of chitosan |
|
|
1054 | (1) |
|
Concluding remarks and future directions |
|
|
1054 | (1) |
|
|
|
1054 | (5) |
| Section IV Prebiotics and probiotics |
|
1059 | (66) |
|
64 Prebiotics: safety and toxicity considerations |
|
|
1061 | (20) |
|
|
|
|
|
Maria-Rosa Martinez-Larratiaga |
|
|
|
|
|
|
1061 | (2) |
|
Prebiotic concept/prebiotic effects |
|
|
1063 | (1) |
|
Source of dietary oligosaccharides |
|
|
1064 | (7) |
|
|
|
1071 | (3) |
|
Guidelines of prebiotic safety |
|
|
1074 | (1) |
|
Safety and toxicity considerations |
|
|
1075 | (2) |
|
Concluding remarks and future directions |
|
|
1077 | (1) |
|
|
|
1078 | (1) |
|
|
|
1078 | (1) |
|
|
|
1078 | (3) |
|
65 Probiotics: safety and toxicity considerations |
|
|
1081 | (26) |
|
|
|
|
|
Maria-Rosa Martinez-Larranaga |
|
|
|
|
|
|
1081 | (1) |
|
|
|
1082 | (2) |
|
Gastrointestinal microbiota |
|
|
1084 | (3) |
|
Probiotics used in food or as medicines |
|
|
1087 | (2) |
|
|
|
1089 | (1) |
|
|
|
1090 | (4) |
|
Safety aspects of probiotics |
|
|
1094 | (2) |
|
Probiotic efficacy evidence |
|
|
1096 | (4) |
|
European regulations of probiotics |
|
|
1100 | (2) |
|
Concluding remarks and future directions |
|
|
1102 | (1) |
|
|
|
1103 | (1) |
|
|
|
1103 | (1) |
|
|
|
1103 | (4) |
|
66 Synbiotics: safety and toxicity considerations |
|
|
1107 | (18) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Introduction and background |
|
|
1107 | (1) |
|
|
|
1108 | (1) |
|
|
|
1109 | (4) |
|
|
|
1113 | (5) |
|
|
|
1118 | (2) |
|
Concluding remarks and future directions |
|
|
1120 | (1) |
|
|
|
1120 | (5) |
| Section V Nutraceuticals in veterinary medicine |
|
1125 | (18) |
|
67 Nutraceuticals in animal health and diseases |
|
|
1127 | (16) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1127 | (1) |
|
Nutraceuticals in cognitive dysfunction |
|
|
1127 | (1) |
|
Nutraceuticals in cardiovascular diseases |
|
|
1128 | (1) |
|
Nutraceuticals in diabetes and metabolic syndrome |
|
|
1128 | (1) |
|
Periodontal health and diseases |
|
|
1128 | (8) |
|
Nutraceuticals for hepatic diseases |
|
|
1136 | (1) |
|
Nutraceuticals for wound healing |
|
|
1136 | (1) |
|
|
|
1136 | (3) |
|
Concluding remarks and future directions |
|
|
1139 | (1) |
|
|
|
1140 | (3) |
| Section VI Toxicity and toxic interactions |
|
1143 | (70) |
|
68 Toxic contamination of nutraceuticals and food ingredients |
|
|
1145 | (14) |
|
|
|
|
|
M. Concepcion Martin-Domingo |
|
|
Introduction and background |
|
|
1145 | (2) |
|
Chemical contamination in nutraceuticals and food ingredients |
|
|
1147 | (6) |
|
Radioactive contamination of nutraceuticals and food ingredients |
|
|
1153 | (1) |
|
Adulteration and undeclared chemical substances in nutraceuticals and food ingredients |
|
|
1154 | (1) |
|
Risk assessment of toxic contaminants in nutraceuticals and food ingredients |
|
|
1154 | (1) |
|
Concluding remarks and future directions |
|
|
1155 | (1) |
|
|
|
1155 | (4) |
|
69 Nutraceuticals and adverse outcome pathways |
|
|
1159 | (16) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1159 | (1) |
|
Concept and regulatory aspects of nutraceuticals |
|
|
1159 | (1) |
|
Toxicity pathways and adverse outcome pathways |
|
|
1160 | (1) |
|
Type, sources, and health benefits of nutraceuticals |
|
|
1161 | (2) |
|
Mechanisms underlying nutraceuticals' beneficial effects |
|
|
1163 | (6) |
|
Toxicity of nutraceuticals |
|
|
1169 | (2) |
|
Can nutraceuticals be subjected to an adverse outcome pathway approach? |
|
|
1171 | (1) |
|
Concluding remarks and future directions |
|
|
1172 | (1) |
|
|
|
1173 | (2) |
|
70 Interactions between nutraceuticals/nutrients and nutrients and therapeutic drugs |
|
|
1175 | (24) |
|
|
|
|
|
Maria-Rosa Martinez-Larranaga |
|
|
|
|
|
|
1175 | (1) |
|
|
|
1176 | (2) |
|
Types of drug-nutrient interactions |
|
|
1178 | (3) |
|
Nutrient-drug interactions |
|
|
1181 | (1) |
|
|
|
1182 | (6) |
|
Herb-micronutrient interactions |
|
|
1188 | (1) |
|
Food and nutrient-drug interactions |
|
|
1189 | (5) |
|
Concluding remarks and future directions |
|
|
1194 | (1) |
|
|
|
1195 | (1) |
|
|
|
1195 | (1) |
|
|
|
1195 | (4) |
|
71 Genotoxicity evaluation of nutraceuticals |
|
|
1199 | (14) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1199 | (1) |
|
|
|
1200 | (2) |
|
|
|
1202 | (3) |
|
|
|
1205 | (2) |
|
Concluding remarks and future directions |
|
|
1207 | (1) |
|
|
|
1208 | (1) |
|
|
|
1208 | (5) |
| Section VII Regulatory aspects |
|
1213 | |
|
72 The regulatory framework for nutraceuticals: North America |
|
|
1215 | (26) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1215 | (1) |
|
Regulation of nutraceuticals in the United States |
|
|
1215 | (11) |
|
Regulation of nutraceuticals in Canada |
|
|
1226 | (11) |
|
Concluding remarks and future directions |
|
|
1237 | (1) |
|
|
|
1238 | (3) |
|
73 Evaluation and regulation of food supplements: European perspective |
|
|
1241 | (32) |
|
|
|
|
|
Maria-Rosa Martinez-Larrariaga |
|
|
|
|
|
|
1241 | (1) |
|
The European Union's regulatory framework on food supplements and other similar nutritional products |
|
|
1242 | (2) |
|
Food supplements: vitamins and minerals |
|
|
1244 | (4) |
|
Food supplements: substances other than vitamins and minerals |
|
|
1248 | (15) |
|
The European Food Safety Authority: role and activities |
|
|
1263 | (6) |
|
Concluding remarks and future directions |
|
|
1269 | (1) |
|
Conflict of interest statement |
|
|
1269 | (1) |
|
|
|
1269 | (1) |
|
|
|
1269 | (4) |
|
74 Regulatory guidelines for nutraceuticals in India: an overview |
|
|
1273 | (8) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1273 | (1) |
|
Global scenario for nutraceuticals |
|
|
1274 | (1) |
|
|
|
1275 | (1) |
|
Regulatory aspects of nutraceuticals in India |
|
|
1276 | (1) |
|
Registration and licensing requirements |
|
|
1277 | (1) |
|
FSSAI: Constitution and Responsibilities |
|
|
1277 | (1) |
|
|
|
1278 | (1) |
|
Nutraceuticals from Indian Traditional System of Medicine |
|
|
1278 | (2) |
|
Concluding remarks and recommendations |
|
|
1280 | (1) |
|
|
|
1280 | (1) |
|
75 Regulatory aspects of nutraceuticals: Chinese perspective |
|
|
1281 | (12) |
|
|
|
|
|
1281 | (1) |
|
From Chinese herbal medicine to functional foods |
|
|
1282 | (1) |
|
Food that can also be used as medicine |
|
|
1282 | (1) |
|
The new resource foods (or new food ingredients) |
|
|
1283 | (1) |
|
Regulatory aspects of functional foods |
|
|
1284 | (1) |
|
Approval process for health (functional) food application |
|
|
1285 | (2) |
|
Regulation of new resource food |
|
|
1287 | (1) |
|
Dietary supplements and their regulation |
|
|
1288 | (1) |
|
Challenges in developing herbal medicines as nutraceuticals |
|
|
1288 | (1) |
|
|
|
1288 | (1) |
|
Standardization of health (functional) food products |
|
|
1289 | (1) |
|
Concluding remarks and future directions |
|
|
1289 | (1) |
|
|
|
1289 | (4) |
|
76 Uses and regulation of nutraceuticals: Australia and New Zealand |
|
|
1293 | (6) |
|
|
|
|
|
1293 | (1) |
|
The Australian and New Zealand nutraceutical market |
|
|
1293 | (1) |
|
What is and is not a therapeutic good in Australia? |
|
|
1293 | (2) |
|
What is a complementary medicine in Australia? |
|
|
1295 | (1) |
|
What is and is not a therapeutic product in New Zealand and how are they regulated? |
|
|
1295 | (1) |
|
What is a novel food in Australia and New Zealand? |
|
|
1296 | (1) |
|
Concluding remarks and future directions |
|
|
1297 | (1) |
|
|
|
1297 | (2) |
|
77 Regulatory aspects of nutraceuticals: Japanese perspective |
|
|
1299 | (10) |
|
|
|
|
|
1299 | (1) |
|
Foods for special dietary uses |
|
|
1300 | (1) |
|
Foods for specified health uses |
|
|
1301 | (1) |
|
Foods with nutrient function claims |
|
|
1302 | (1) |
|
Foods with function claims |
|
|
1303 | (2) |
|
Current issues in foods with health claims |
|
|
1305 | (1) |
|
Efforts to ensure the safety of health foods |
|
|
1305 | (1) |
|
Concluding remarks and future directions |
|
|
1306 | (1) |
|
|
|
1306 | (3) |
|
78 Nutraceuticals: the Turkish perspective |
|
|
1309 | |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1309 | (1) |
|
|
|
1310 | (1) |
|
|
|
1311 | (1) |
|
|
|
1312 | (1) |
|
Fermented products as nutraceuticals |
|
|
1312 | (1) |
|
|
|
1313 | (6) |
|
Concluding remarks and future directions |
|
|
1319 | (1) |
|
|
|
1319 | |
| Index |
|
132 | |
