Abbreviations |
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xvii | |
How to use this book |
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xviii | |
Section 1 Fundamentals of healthy nutrition and lifestyle |
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1 The importance of nutrition and lifestyle to healthy development |
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3 | (12) |
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Developmental origins of health and disease |
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3 | (2) |
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Nutrition: providing the building blocks of development and the fuel for metabolism |
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5 | (5) |
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The importance of physical activity |
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10 | (1) |
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Avoidance of risky exposures |
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11 | (1) |
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Opportunities and challenges |
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12 | (3) |
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2 Conceptual background to healthy growth and development |
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15 | (14) |
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Development is affected by early environment |
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15 | (3) |
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18 | (7) |
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Other forms of developmental response |
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25 | (1) |
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Taking a life-course' approach |
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25 | (4) |
Section 2 Nutritional requirements for pregnancy and breastfeeding |
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3 Practicalities: understanding nutrient recommendations |
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29 | (4) |
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Nutritional advice and caveats |
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29 | (1) |
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Dietary reference intakes |
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29 | (1) |
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30 | (3) |
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4 Macronutrients and fibre requirements during pregnancy |
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33 | (7) |
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Macronutrient transfer to the fetus |
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33 | (1) |
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Macronutrient balance during pregnancy |
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33 | (4) |
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Recommended macronutrient and fibre intakes during pregnancy |
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37 | (1) |
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Our recommendations for macronutrient and fibre intake during pregnancy |
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38 | (2) |
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5 Polyunsaturated fatty acids in pregnancy and breastfeeding |
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40 | (7) |
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Polyunsaturated fatty acids are essential for fetal and infant development |
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40 | (1) |
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Dietary sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids |
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41 | (1) |
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Polyunsaturated fatty acid status in pregnancy and lactation |
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41 | (1) |
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Effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids on health |
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42 | (3) |
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Agency guidelines on polyunsaturated fatty acid intake |
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45 | (1) |
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Our recommendations for polyunsaturated fatty acid intake during pregnancy and lactation |
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45 | (2) |
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6 Vitamin A in pregnancy and breastfeeding |
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47 | (10) |
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47 | (1) |
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48 | (1) |
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49 | (2) |
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Vitamin A in lactation and infancy |
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51 | (1) |
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Sources and metabolism of vitamin A |
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52 | (1) |
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Risks of excess vitamin A during pregnancy |
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52 | (1) |
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Agency guidelines for vitamin A intake |
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53 | (3) |
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Our recommendations for vitamin A intake during pregnancy and lactation |
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56 | (1) |
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7 Vitamin B1 (thiamine) in pregnancy and breastfeeding |
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57 | (5) |
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57 | (1) |
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Indicators of thiamine status |
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57 | (1) |
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58 | (1) |
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59 | (1) |
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Thiamine in lactation and infancy |
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59 | (1) |
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60 | (1) |
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Effects of excess thiamine |
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60 | (1) |
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Agency guidelines for thiamine intake |
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60 | (1) |
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Our recommendations for thiamine intake during pregnancy and lactation |
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61 | (1) |
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8 Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) in pregnancy and breastfeeding |
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62 | (5) |
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62 | (1) |
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Indicators of riboflavin status |
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63 | (1) |
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63 | (1) |
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64 | (1) |
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64 | (1) |
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65 | (1) |
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Risks of excess riboflavin |
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65 | (1) |
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Agency guidelines for riboflavin intake |
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65 | (1) |
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Our recommendations for riboflavin intake during pregnancy and lactation |
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66 | (1) |
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9 Vitamin B3 (niacin) in pregnancy and breastfeeding |
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67 | (4) |
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67 | (1) |
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Indicators of niacin status |
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67 | (1) |
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68 | (1) |
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Niacin in pregnancy and lactation |
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68 | (1) |
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68 | (1) |
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69 | (1) |
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Agency guidelines for niacin intake |
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69 | (1) |
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Our recommendations for niacin intake during pregnancy and lactation |
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70 | (1) |
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10 Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) in pregnancy and breastfeeding |
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71 | (6) |
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71 | (1) |
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Indicators of vitamin B6 status |
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72 | (1) |
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72 | (1) |
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72 | (2) |
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Vitamin B6 in lactation and infancy |
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74 | (1) |
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Vitamin B6 sources and metabolism |
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74 | (1) |
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Risks of excess vitamin B6 |
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75 | (1) |
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Agency guidelines for vitamin B6 intake |
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75 | (1) |
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Our recommendations for vitamin B6 intake during pregnancy and lactation |
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76 | (1) |
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11 Vitamin B7 (biotin) in pregnancy and breastfeeding |
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77 | (4) |
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77 | (1) |
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Indicators of biotin status |
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77 | (1) |
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77 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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79 | (1) |
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Agency guidelines for biotin intake |
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79 | (1) |
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Our recommendations for biotin intake during pregnancy and lactation |
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80 | (1) |
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12 Vitamin B9 (folate) in pregnancy and breastfeeding |
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81 | (13) |
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81 | (2) |
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Indicators of folate status |
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83 | (1) |
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83 | (1) |
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84 | (3) |
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87 | (1) |
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Folate interactions with vitamin B12 and choline |
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87 | (1) |
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88 | (1) |
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Food fortification with folic acid |
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88 | (1) |
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89 | (1) |
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Agency guidelines for folate intake |
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90 | (3) |
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Our recommendations for folate intake during pregnancy and lactation |
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93 | (1) |
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13 Vitamin B2 (cobalamin) in pregnancy and breastfeeding |
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94 | (8) |
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94 | (1) |
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Indicators of vitamin 1312 status |
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95 | (1) |
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95 | (2) |
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Vitamin B12 in pregnancy and lactation |
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97 | (1) |
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98 | (1) |
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Risks of excess vitamin B12 |
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99 | (1) |
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Agency guidelines for vitamin B12 intake |
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99 | (1) |
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Our recommendations for vitamin B12 intake during pregnancy and lactation |
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100 | (2) |
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14 Choline in pregnancy and breastfeeding |
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102 | (5) |
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102 | (1) |
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Indicators of choline status |
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102 | (1) |
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103 | (1) |
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103 | (1) |
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104 | (1) |
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Choline and epigenetic mechanisms |
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105 | (1) |
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105 | (1) |
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Agency guidelines for choline intake |
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105 | (1) |
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Our recommendations for choline intake during pregnancy and lactation |
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106 | (1) |
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15 Vitamin D in pregnancy and breastfeeding |
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107 | (15) |
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107 | (1) |
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108 | (2) |
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110 | (4) |
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114 | (1) |
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114 | (2) |
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Vitamin D supplementation |
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116 | (1) |
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Risks of excess vitamin D |
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117 | (1) |
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Agency guidelines for vitamin D intake |
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118 | (2) |
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Our recommendations for vitamin D intake during pregnancy and lactation |
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120 | (2) |
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16 Vitamin K in pregnancy and breastfeeding |
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122 | (5) |
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122 | (1) |
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Indicators of vitamin K status |
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122 | (1) |
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123 | (1) |
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Vitamin K in pregnancy and lactation |
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123 | (1) |
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Vitamin K sources and metabolism |
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124 | (1) |
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Risks of excess vitamin K |
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125 | (1) |
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Agency guidelines for vitamin K intake |
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125 | (1) |
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Our recommendations for vitamin K intake during pregnancy and lactation |
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126 | (1) |
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17 Vitamins C and E and other antioxidants in pregnancy and breastfeeding |
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127 | (14) |
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127 | (1) |
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Antioxidants in pregnancy |
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127 | (2) |
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129 | (2) |
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131 | (3) |
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134 | (3) |
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Supplementation trials of vitamins C and E in pregnancy |
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137 | (3) |
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Summary and recommendations for antioxidant intake |
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140 | (1) |
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Our recommendations for antioxidant intake during pregnancy and lactation |
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140 | (1) |
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18 Calcium in pregnancy and breastfeeding |
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141 | (11) |
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141 | (1) |
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Indicators of calcium status |
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142 | (1) |
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142 | (4) |
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146 | (1) |
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Prevalence of calcium deficiency |
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147 | (1) |
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148 | (1) |
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149 | (1) |
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Agency guidelines for calcium intake |
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149 | (1) |
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Our recommendations for calcium intake during pregnancy and lactation |
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150 | (2) |
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19 Iodine in pregnancy and breastfeeding |
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152 | (10) |
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152 | (1) |
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Indicators of iodine status |
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152 | (1) |
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Iodine deficiency in pregnancy |
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153 | (2) |
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155 | (1) |
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Iodine supplementation in pregnancy |
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155 | (2) |
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157 | (1) |
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Areas of concern for iodine availability |
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158 | (1) |
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158 | (1) |
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Agency guidelines for iodine intake |
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159 | (2) |
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Our recommendations for iodine intake during pregnancy and lactation |
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161 | (1) |
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20 Iron in pregnancy and breastfeeding |
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162 | (12) |
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162 | (1) |
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162 | (1) |
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Indicators of iron status and deficiency |
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163 | (1) |
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163 | (1) |
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Iron deficiency in pregnancy and infancy |
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164 | (2) |
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166 | (1) |
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Iron supplementation during pregnancy |
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166 | (2) |
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Iron sources and metabolism |
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168 | (1) |
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169 | (1) |
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Agency guidelines for iron intake |
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170 | (3) |
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Our recommendations for iron intake during pregnancy and lactation |
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173 | (1) |
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21 Magnesium in pregnancy and breastfeeding |
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174 | (10) |
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174 | (1) |
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Indicators of magnesium status |
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175 | (1) |
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175 | (1) |
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176 | (3) |
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Magnesium supplementation in pregnancy |
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179 | (1) |
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180 | (1) |
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180 | (1) |
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Risks of excess magnesium |
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181 | (1) |
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Agency guidelines for magnesium intake |
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181 | (2) |
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Our recommendations for magnesium intake during pregnancy and lactation |
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183 | (1) |
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22 Potassium in pregnancy and breastfeeding |
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184 | (3) |
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184 | (1) |
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185 | (1) |
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185 | (1) |
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Agency guidelines for potassium intake |
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185 | (1) |
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Our recommendations for potassium intake during pregnancy and lactation |
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186 | (1) |
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23 Selenium in pregnancy and breastfeeding |
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187 | (5) |
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187 | (1) |
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Indicators of selenium status |
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187 | (1) |
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188 | (1) |
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188 | (2) |
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190 | (1) |
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190 | (1) |
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Agency guidelines for selenium intake |
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190 | (1) |
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Our recommendations for selenium intake during pregnancy and lactation |
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191 | (1) |
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24 Copper in pregnancy and breastfeeding |
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192 | (4) |
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192 | (1) |
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Indicators of copper status |
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192 | (1) |
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192 | (1) |
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Copper in pregnancy, lactation, and infant feeding |
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193 | (1) |
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193 | (1) |
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194 | (1) |
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Agency guidelines for copper intake |
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194 | (1) |
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Our recommendations for copper intake during pregnancy and lactation |
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195 | (1) |
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25 Zinc in pregnancy and breastfeeding |
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196 | (8) |
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196 | (1) |
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Indicators of zinc status |
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196 | (1) |
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196 | (2) |
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198 | (1) |
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Zinc in lactation and infant feeding |
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199 | (1) |
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Zinc sources and bioavailability |
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200 | (1) |
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201 | (1) |
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Agency guidelines for zinc intake |
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201 | (1) |
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Our recommendations for zinc intake during pregnancy and lactation |
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202 | (2) |
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26 Manganese in pregnancy and breastfeeding |
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204 | (5) |
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204 | (1) |
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Indicators of manganese status/exposure |
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204 | (1) |
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205 | (1) |
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206 | (1) |
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Risks of excess manganese |
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206 | (1) |
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Agency guidelines for manganese intake |
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206 | (1) |
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Our recommendations for manganese intake during pregnancy and lactation |
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207 | (2) |
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27 Prebiotics and probiotics in pregnancy and breastfeeding |
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209 | (6) |
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Prebiotic and probiotic functions |
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209 | (1) |
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Probiotics and the immune systemthe 'hygiene hypothesis' |
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210 | (1) |
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A potential role of probiotics in the prevention of gestational diabetes mellitus |
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210 | (1) |
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Our recommendations for prebiotic and probiotic intake during pregnancy and lactation |
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211 | (4) |
Section 3 A healthy lifestyle for a healthy pregnancy |
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28 Pre-conception maternal body composition and gestational weight gain |
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215 | (6) |
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The impact of maternal pre-conception bodyweight |
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215 | (1) |
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216 | (2) |
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Agency guidelines for weight gain during pregnancy |
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218 | (1) |
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Active management of gestational weight gain |
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219 | (1) |
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Our recommendations for pre-conceptional maternal body composition and gestational weight gain |
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220 | (1) |
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29 Exercise and physical activity in pregnancy |
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221 | (6) |
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Exercise and physiological changes in pregnancy |
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221 | (1) |
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Cultural factors influencing exercise during pregnancy |
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221 | (1) |
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The benefits of exercise for expecting mothers |
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222 | (1) |
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The effects of moderate maternal exercise on the offspring |
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223 | (1) |
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The potential risks of exercise during pregnancy |
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224 | (1) |
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Agency guidelines on exercise for pregnant women |
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225 | (1) |
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Our recommendations on exercise for pregnant women |
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226 | (1) |
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30 Foods, exposures, and lifestyle risk factors in pregnancy and breastfeeding |
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227 | (21) |
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Deciphering the messages about foods and exposures to avoid during pregnancy |
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227 | (1) |
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Foods to avoid during pregnancy and lactation |
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228 | (13) |
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Maternal behaviours that affect pregnancy outcomes |
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241 | (6) |
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Our recommendations concerning foods, exposures, and lifestyle risk factors during pregnancy and lactation |
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247 | (1) |
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31 Cultural and traditional food practices in pregnancy and breastfeeding |
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248 | (5) |
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Pregnancy-related diet, food practices, and 'taboos' |
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248 | (2) |
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Fasting and dieting during pregnancy |
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250 | (1) |
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Postpartum food practices and beliefs |
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251 | (1) |
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Summary and recommendations concerning cultural and traditional food practices during pregnancy and lactation |
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252 | (1) |
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32 Traditional and herbal remedies in pregnancy and breastfeeding |
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253 | (4) |
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The use of complementary medicine during pregnancy and lactation |
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253 | (1) |
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Indications for the use of herbal remedies during pregnancy |
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253 | (2) |
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Summary and recommendations for the use of traditional and herbal remedies during pregnancy and lactation |
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255 | (2) |
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33 Maternal stress in pregnancy and breastfeeding |
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257 | (4) |
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The stress response during pregnancy |
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257 | (1) |
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258 | (1) |
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Stress and pregnancy outcomes |
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258 | (1) |
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Stress hormones and lactation |
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259 | (1) |
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Stress and the offspring sex ratio |
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260 | (1) |
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Summary and recommendations for managing maternal stress during pregnancy and lactation |
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260 | (1) |
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34 Effects of maternal age on pregnancy outcomes |
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261 | (5) |
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Advanced maternal age in pregnancy and breastfeeding |
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261 | (2) |
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Pregnancy and lactation during adolescence |
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263 | (1) |
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Summary and recommendations concerning maternal age during pregnancy and lactation |
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264 | (2) |
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35 Paternal factors that affect conception and pregnancy |
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266 | (11) |
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Paternal pre-conception nutrition and lifestyle |
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266 | (4) |
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Paternal factors and pregnancy outcomes |
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270 | (2) |
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Our recommendations concerning paternal factors in pregnancy |
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272 | (5) |
Section 4 A management guidefrom before conception to weaning |
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36 Guidelines for the pre-conception period |
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277 | (10) |
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Advice for a healthy pre-pregnancy state |
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277 | (1) |
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Recommended nutrition and supplementation prior to conception |
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278 | (6) |
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Weight status and exercise prior to conception |
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284 | (1) |
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284 | (1) |
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Diabetes control prior to conception |
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285 | (1) |
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Recommendations for a pre-conception diet |
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286 | (1) |
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37 Guidelines for pregnancy |
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287 | (6) |
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Guidelines for early pregnancy |
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287 | (2) |
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Guidelines for middle and late pregnancy |
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289 | (4) |
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38 Guidelines for breastfeeding and weaning |
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293 | (18) |
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Benefits of breastfeeding |
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293 | (1) |
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294 | (5) |
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299 | (1) |
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Exposures during lactation |
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300 | (2) |
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302 | (4) |
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Weaning and complementary foods |
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306 | (5) |
References |
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311 | (88) |
Index |
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399 | |