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Nutrition and Lifestyle for Pregnancy and Breastfeeding [Minkštas viršelis]

(University Distinguished Professor; Professor of Paediatric and Perinatal Biology; and Head, Centre of Human Evolution, Adaptation and Disease, The University of Auckland, New Zealand), , (Director, Academic Unit of Human Development and ),
  • Formatas: Paperback / softback, 448 pages, aukštis x plotis x storis: 233x155x23 mm, weight: 654 g
  • Išleidimo metai: 27-Nov-2014
  • Leidėjas: Oxford University Press
  • ISBN-10: 0198722702
  • ISBN-13: 9780198722700
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
  • Formatas: Paperback / softback, 448 pages, aukštis x plotis x storis: 233x155x23 mm, weight: 654 g
  • Išleidimo metai: 27-Nov-2014
  • Leidėjas: Oxford University Press
  • ISBN-10: 0198722702
  • ISBN-13: 9780198722700
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Explaining the practical implications of new discoveries in 'life-course biology',Nutrition and Lifestyle for Pregnancy and Breastfeeding is an informed resource on factors that affect offspring development. The impact of parental lifestyle and behavioural choices influence not only fetal development and birth outcomes, but also postnatal development, yet guidance on appropriate diet, behaviour, and exposures during pregnancy is often confusing and contradictory. With accessible explanations of the latest scientific research, and clear summaries and recommendations, this book is a valuable and authoritative guide for all levels of health care providers.

The authors provide an overview of the background evidence, highlighting the importance of lifestyle choices prior to and during pregnancy. In-depth discussions of nutritional and lifestyle factors that impact on pregnancy and offspring outcomes are based on the latest research and exploration of key scientific studies. Nutrition and Lifestyle for Pregnancy and Breastfeeding is a manual offering both scientific and clinical evidence to empower health care providers and ensure they have the information necessary to confidently care for prospective and new parents.
Abbreviations xvii
How to use this book xviii
Section 1 Fundamentals of healthy nutrition and lifestyle
1 The importance of nutrition and lifestyle to healthy development
3(12)
Developmental origins of health and disease
3(2)
Nutrition: providing the building blocks of development and the fuel for metabolism
5(5)
The importance of physical activity
10(1)
Avoidance of risky exposures
11(1)
Opportunities and challenges
12(3)
2 Conceptual background to healthy growth and development
15(14)
Development is affected by early environment
15(3)
Developmental plasticity
18(7)
Other forms of developmental response
25(1)
Taking a life-course' approach
25(4)
Section 2 Nutritional requirements for pregnancy and breastfeeding
3 Practicalities: understanding nutrient recommendations
29(4)
Nutritional advice and caveats
29(1)
Dietary reference intakes
29(1)
Food labelling
30(3)
4 Macronutrients and fibre requirements during pregnancy
33(7)
Macronutrient transfer to the fetus
33(1)
Macronutrient balance during pregnancy
33(4)
Recommended macronutrient and fibre intakes during pregnancy
37(1)
Our recommendations for macronutrient and fibre intake during pregnancy
38(2)
5 Polyunsaturated fatty acids in pregnancy and breastfeeding
40(7)
Polyunsaturated fatty acids are essential for fetal and infant development
40(1)
Dietary sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids
41(1)
Polyunsaturated fatty acid status in pregnancy and lactation
41(1)
Effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids on health
42(3)
Agency guidelines on polyunsaturated fatty acid intake
45(1)
Our recommendations for polyunsaturated fatty acid intake during pregnancy and lactation
45(2)
6 Vitamin A in pregnancy and breastfeeding
47(10)
Vitamin A functions
47(1)
Vitamin A deficiency
48(1)
Vitamin A in pregnancy
49(2)
Vitamin A in lactation and infancy
51(1)
Sources and metabolism of vitamin A
52(1)
Risks of excess vitamin A during pregnancy
52(1)
Agency guidelines for vitamin A intake
53(3)
Our recommendations for vitamin A intake during pregnancy and lactation
56(1)
7 Vitamin B1 (thiamine) in pregnancy and breastfeeding
57(5)
Thiamine functions
57(1)
Indicators of thiamine status
57(1)
Thiamine deficiency
58(1)
Thiamine in pregnancy
59(1)
Thiamine in lactation and infancy
59(1)
Thiamine sources
60(1)
Effects of excess thiamine
60(1)
Agency guidelines for thiamine intake
60(1)
Our recommendations for thiamine intake during pregnancy and lactation
61(1)
8 Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) in pregnancy and breastfeeding
62(5)
Riboflavin functions
62(1)
Indicators of riboflavin status
63(1)
Riboflavin deficiency
63(1)
Riboflavin in pregnancy
64(1)
Riboflavin in lactation
64(1)
Riboflavin sources
65(1)
Risks of excess riboflavin
65(1)
Agency guidelines for riboflavin intake
65(1)
Our recommendations for riboflavin intake during pregnancy and lactation
66(1)
9 Vitamin B3 (niacin) in pregnancy and breastfeeding
67(4)
Niacin functions
67(1)
Indicators of niacin status
67(1)
Niacin deficiency
68(1)
Niacin in pregnancy and lactation
68(1)
Niacin sources
68(1)
Risks of excess niacin
69(1)
Agency guidelines for niacin intake
69(1)
Our recommendations for niacin intake during pregnancy and lactation
70(1)
10 Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) in pregnancy and breastfeeding
71(6)
Vitamin B6 functions
71(1)
Indicators of vitamin B6 status
72(1)
Vitamin B6 deficiency
72(1)
Vitamin B6 in pregnancy
72(2)
Vitamin B6 in lactation and infancy
74(1)
Vitamin B6 sources and metabolism
74(1)
Risks of excess vitamin B6
75(1)
Agency guidelines for vitamin B6 intake
75(1)
Our recommendations for vitamin B6 intake during pregnancy and lactation
76(1)
11 Vitamin B7 (biotin) in pregnancy and breastfeeding
77(4)
Biotin functions
77(1)
Indicators of biotin status
77(1)
Biotin deficiency
77(1)
Biotin in pregnancy
78(1)
Biotin in lactation
78(1)
Biotin sources
78(1)
Risks of excess biotin
79(1)
Agency guidelines for biotin intake
79(1)
Our recommendations for biotin intake during pregnancy and lactation
80(1)
12 Vitamin B9 (folate) in pregnancy and breastfeeding
81(13)
Folate functions
81(2)
Indicators of folate status
83(1)
Folate deficiency
83(1)
Folate in pregnancy
84(3)
Folic acid genetics
87(1)
Folate interactions with vitamin B12 and choline
87(1)
Food folate sources
88(1)
Food fortification with folic acid
88(1)
Risks of excess folate
89(1)
Agency guidelines for folate intake
90(3)
Our recommendations for folate intake during pregnancy and lactation
93(1)
13 Vitamin B2 (cobalamin) in pregnancy and breastfeeding
94(8)
Vitamin B12 functions
94(1)
Indicators of vitamin 1312 status
95(1)
Vitamin B12 deficiency
95(2)
Vitamin B12 in pregnancy and lactation
97(1)
Vitamin B12 sources
98(1)
Risks of excess vitamin B12
99(1)
Agency guidelines for vitamin B12 intake
99(1)
Our recommendations for vitamin B12 intake during pregnancy and lactation
100(2)
14 Choline in pregnancy and breastfeeding
102(5)
Choline functions
102(1)
Indicators of choline status
102(1)
Choline deficiency
103(1)
Choline in pregnancy
103(1)
Choline in lactation
104(1)
Choline and epigenetic mechanisms
105(1)
Choline sources
105(1)
Agency guidelines for choline intake
105(1)
Our recommendations for choline intake during pregnancy and lactation
106(1)
15 Vitamin D in pregnancy and breastfeeding
107(15)
Vitamin D functions
107(1)
Vitamin D deficiency
108(2)
Vitamin D in pregnancy
110(4)
Vitamin D and fertility
114(1)
Vitamin D sources
114(2)
Vitamin D supplementation
116(1)
Risks of excess vitamin D
117(1)
Agency guidelines for vitamin D intake
118(2)
Our recommendations for vitamin D intake during pregnancy and lactation
120(2)
16 Vitamin K in pregnancy and breastfeeding
122(5)
Vitamin K functions
122(1)
Indicators of vitamin K status
122(1)
Vitamin K deficiency
123(1)
Vitamin K in pregnancy and lactation
123(1)
Vitamin K sources and metabolism
124(1)
Risks of excess vitamin K
125(1)
Agency guidelines for vitamin K intake
125(1)
Our recommendations for vitamin K intake during pregnancy and lactation
126(1)
17 Vitamins C and E and other antioxidants in pregnancy and breastfeeding
127(14)
Antioxidant functions
127(1)
Antioxidants in pregnancy
127(2)
Dietary antioxidants
129(2)
Vitamin C
131(3)
Vitamin E
134(3)
Supplementation trials of vitamins C and E in pregnancy
137(3)
Summary and recommendations for antioxidant intake
140(1)
Our recommendations for antioxidant intake during pregnancy and lactation
140(1)
18 Calcium in pregnancy and breastfeeding
141(11)
Calcium functions
141(1)
Indicators of calcium status
142(1)
Calcium in pregnancy
142(4)
Calcium in lactation
146(1)
Prevalence of calcium deficiency
147(1)
Calcium sources
148(1)
Risks of excess calcium
149(1)
Agency guidelines for calcium intake
149(1)
Our recommendations for calcium intake during pregnancy and lactation
150(2)
19 Iodine in pregnancy and breastfeeding
152(10)
Iodine functions
152(1)
Indicators of iodine status
152(1)
Iodine deficiency in pregnancy
153(2)
Iodine in lactation
155(1)
Iodine supplementation in pregnancy
155(2)
Iodine sources
157(1)
Areas of concern for iodine availability
158(1)
Risks of excess iodine
158(1)
Agency guidelines for iodine intake
159(2)
Our recommendations for iodine intake during pregnancy and lactation
161(1)
20 Iron in pregnancy and breastfeeding
162(12)
Iron functions
162(1)
Iron homeostasis
162(1)
Indicators of iron status and deficiency
163(1)
Iron in pregnancy
163(1)
Iron deficiency in pregnancy and infancy
164(2)
Infant iron requirements
166(1)
Iron supplementation during pregnancy
166(2)
Iron sources and metabolism
168(1)
Risks of excess iron
169(1)
Agency guidelines for iron intake
170(3)
Our recommendations for iron intake during pregnancy and lactation
173(1)
21 Magnesium in pregnancy and breastfeeding
174(10)
Magnesium functions
174(1)
Indicators of magnesium status
175(1)
Magnesium deficiency
175(1)
Magnesium in pregnancy
176(3)
Magnesium supplementation in pregnancy
179(1)
Magnesium in breast milk
180(1)
Sources of magnesium
180(1)
Risks of excess magnesium
181(1)
Agency guidelines for magnesium intake
181(2)
Our recommendations for magnesium intake during pregnancy and lactation
183(1)
22 Potassium in pregnancy and breastfeeding
184(3)
Potassium functions
184(1)
Potassium in pregnancy
185(1)
Potassium sources
185(1)
Agency guidelines for potassium intake
185(1)
Our recommendations for potassium intake during pregnancy and lactation
186(1)
23 Selenium in pregnancy and breastfeeding
187(5)
Selenium functions
187(1)
Indicators of selenium status
187(1)
Selenium and fertility
188(1)
Selenium in pregnancy
188(2)
Selenium sources
190(1)
Risks of excess selenium
190(1)
Agency guidelines for selenium intake
190(1)
Our recommendations for selenium intake during pregnancy and lactation
191(1)
24 Copper in pregnancy and breastfeeding
192(4)
Copper functions
192(1)
Indicators of copper status
192(1)
Copper deficiency
192(1)
Copper in pregnancy, lactation, and infant feeding
193(1)
Risks of excess copper
193(1)
Copper sources
194(1)
Agency guidelines for copper intake
194(1)
Our recommendations for copper intake during pregnancy and lactation
195(1)
25 Zinc in pregnancy and breastfeeding
196(8)
Zinc functions
196(1)
Indicators of zinc status
196(1)
Zinc deficiency
196(2)
Zinc in pregnancy
198(1)
Zinc in lactation and infant feeding
199(1)
Zinc sources and bioavailability
200(1)
Risks of excess zinc
201(1)
Agency guidelines for zinc intake
201(1)
Our recommendations for zinc intake during pregnancy and lactation
202(2)
26 Manganese in pregnancy and breastfeeding
204(5)
Manganese functions
204(1)
Indicators of manganese status/exposure
204(1)
Manganese in pregnancy
205(1)
Manganese sources
206(1)
Risks of excess manganese
206(1)
Agency guidelines for manganese intake
206(1)
Our recommendations for manganese intake during pregnancy and lactation
207(2)
27 Prebiotics and probiotics in pregnancy and breastfeeding
209(6)
Prebiotic and probiotic functions
209(1)
Probiotics and the immune system—the 'hygiene hypothesis'
210(1)
A potential role of probiotics in the prevention of gestational diabetes mellitus
210(1)
Our recommendations for prebiotic and probiotic intake during pregnancy and lactation
211(4)
Section 3 A healthy lifestyle for a healthy pregnancy
28 Pre-conception maternal body composition and gestational weight gain
215(6)
The impact of maternal pre-conception bodyweight
215(1)
Gestational weight gain
216(2)
Agency guidelines for weight gain during pregnancy
218(1)
Active management of gestational weight gain
219(1)
Our recommendations for pre-conceptional maternal body composition and gestational weight gain
220(1)
29 Exercise and physical activity in pregnancy
221(6)
Exercise and physiological changes in pregnancy
221(1)
Cultural factors influencing exercise during pregnancy
221(1)
The benefits of exercise for expecting mothers
222(1)
The effects of moderate maternal exercise on the offspring
223(1)
The potential risks of exercise during pregnancy
224(1)
Agency guidelines on exercise for pregnant women
225(1)
Our recommendations on exercise for pregnant women
226(1)
30 Foods, exposures, and lifestyle risk factors in pregnancy and breastfeeding
227(21)
Deciphering the messages about foods and exposures to avoid during pregnancy
227(1)
Foods to avoid during pregnancy and lactation
228(13)
Maternal behaviours that affect pregnancy outcomes
241(6)
Our recommendations concerning foods, exposures, and lifestyle risk factors during pregnancy and lactation
247(1)
31 Cultural and traditional food practices in pregnancy and breastfeeding
248(5)
Pregnancy-related diet, food practices, and 'taboos'
248(2)
Fasting and dieting during pregnancy
250(1)
Postpartum food practices and beliefs
251(1)
Summary and recommendations concerning cultural and traditional food practices during pregnancy and lactation
252(1)
32 Traditional and herbal remedies in pregnancy and breastfeeding
253(4)
The use of complementary medicine during pregnancy and lactation
253(1)
Indications for the use of herbal remedies during pregnancy
253(2)
Summary and recommendations for the use of traditional and herbal remedies during pregnancy and lactation
255(2)
33 Maternal stress in pregnancy and breastfeeding
257(4)
The stress response during pregnancy
257(1)
Stress and conception
258(1)
Stress and pregnancy outcomes
258(1)
Stress hormones and lactation
259(1)
Stress and the offspring sex ratio
260(1)
Summary and recommendations for managing maternal stress during pregnancy and lactation
260(1)
34 Effects of maternal age on pregnancy outcomes
261(5)
Advanced maternal age in pregnancy and breastfeeding
261(2)
Pregnancy and lactation during adolescence
263(1)
Summary and recommendations concerning maternal age during pregnancy and lactation
264(2)
35 Paternal factors that affect conception and pregnancy
266(11)
Paternal pre-conception nutrition and lifestyle
266(4)
Paternal factors and pregnancy outcomes
270(2)
Our recommendations concerning paternal factors in pregnancy
272(5)
Section 4 A management guide—from before conception to weaning
36 Guidelines for the pre-conception period
277(10)
Advice for a healthy pre-pregnancy state
277(1)
Recommended nutrition and supplementation prior to conception
278(6)
Weight status and exercise prior to conception
284(1)
Pre-conception exposures
284(1)
Diabetes control prior to conception
285(1)
Recommendations for a pre-conception diet
286(1)
37 Guidelines for pregnancy
287(6)
Guidelines for early pregnancy
287(2)
Guidelines for middle and late pregnancy
289(4)
38 Guidelines for breastfeeding and weaning
293(18)
Benefits of breastfeeding
293(1)
Nutrition for lactation
294(5)
Dieting during lactation
299(1)
Exposures during lactation
300(2)
Infant formulas
302(4)
Weaning and complementary foods
306(5)
References 311(88)
Index 399
Professor Gluckman trained in paediatrics and endocrinology at the Universities of Otago and Auckland, and the University of California, San Francisco. He returned to the University of Auckland to establish a research group in perinatal physiology, and later served as executive Dean of the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences and was the foundation director of the Liggins Institute, where he now heads the Centre of Human Evolution, Adaptation and Disease. His research encompasses the regulation of fetal and postnatal growth, nutrition, obesity and diabetes, the developmental origins of metabolic disease, the evolutionary-developmental biology-medical interface, and epigenetic epidemiology. He is a fellow of the Royal Society of NZ, a Companion of the NZ Order of Merit, and in 2009 was conferred a knighthood. He was appointed University Distinguished Professor by the University of Auckland in 2001, when he was also awarded New Zealand's highest scientific award, the Rutherford Medal.

Professor Hanson's research concerns several aspects of development and health, ranging from how the environment during our development (before and after birth) can affect the risk of chronic diseases such as hypertension and obesity, to population studies aimed at the early identification of risk, so that timely preventative interventions can be made. The group is exploring the epigenetic processes which relate to such risks, and which may serve as valuable early life biomarkers. His Unit works on these problems in both developed and developing countries in many parts of the world. Mark has pioneered a hospital research lab based education programme for adolescents, LifeLab, in Southampton. This aims to promote health and science literacy in students through context-specific curriculum material and a visit to a research lab, giving them hands-on experience of current research tools and engaging them with biomedical science under the heading of "Me, My Health and My Children's Health ".

Associate Professor Chong Yap Seng is a Senior Consultant in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National University Hospital. As the Consultant in charge of the Delivery Suite in NUH since 2001, Yap Seng balances interests in high-risk obstetrics with natural childbirth and breastfeeding advocacy. He is also an active researcher with special interest in fetal growth and early development. He is the Principal Investigator of the National Research Foundation Metabolic Translational and Clinical Research Flagship Programme and an Adjunct Principal Investigator in the Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research. His other research interests include strategies to promote breastfeeding, the genetic epidemiology of pregnancy-related disorders, and intrapartum and postpartum management issues.

Dr Bardsley trained in molecular and developmental biology at the University of Colorado, (Boulder, CO, USA), where she explored the phenomenon of maternal effect genes, and later carried out research in developmental genetics at Lund University (Sweden) and the University of Auckland. She spent 13 years as writer and editor for a suite of biomedical journals before returning to a research position at the Liggins Institute at the University of Auckland in 2012.