Preface |
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xv | |
About the Authors |
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xvii | |
1 Occupational Safety and Health Act |
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1 | (53) |
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1 | (2) |
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1.1 Comparison of OSHA and EPA. |
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2 | (1) |
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1.2 OSHA, the Organization |
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2 | (1) |
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2.0 Legislative Framework |
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3 | (3) |
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3 | (1) |
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4 | (1) |
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2.3 Exemptions from the Act |
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5 | (1) |
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2.4 Telecommuting and Home Workplaces |
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6 | (1) |
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3.0 Scope of OSHA Standards |
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6 | (4) |
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3.1 Areas Covered by the OSHA Standards |
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7 | (1) |
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3.2 Overview of Standards |
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8 | (1) |
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3.3 Overview of Health Standards |
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8 | (1) |
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3.4 Overview of Safety Standards |
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9 | (1) |
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10 | (8) |
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4.1 Consensus Standards: Section 6(a) |
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10 | (2) |
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4.2 Standards Completion and Deletion Processes |
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12 | (1) |
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4.3 Permanent Standards: Section 6(b) |
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12 | (2) |
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4.4 Emergency Temporary Standards |
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14 | (1) |
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4.5 General Duty Clause, 5(a)(1) |
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15 | (1) |
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4.6 Feasibility and the Balancing Debate |
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15 | (3) |
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18 | (1) |
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18 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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6.0 Compliance and Inspections |
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19 | (6) |
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19 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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6.3 Training and Competence of Inspectors |
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20 | (1) |
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6.4 Citations, Fines, and Penalties |
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21 | (2) |
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6.5 OSHA Citation and Penalty Patterns |
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23 | (1) |
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6.6 Communicating and Enforcing Company Rules |
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23 | (1) |
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6.7 Warrantless Inspections: The Barlow Case |
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24 | (1) |
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25 | (3) |
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25 | (1) |
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7.2 Monitoring and Medical Records |
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26 | (1) |
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27 | (1) |
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27 | (1) |
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7.5 Programmatic Standards |
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28 | (1) |
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8.0 Refusal to Work and Whistle-blowing |
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28 | (2) |
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28 | (1) |
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8.2 Protection of Whistle-blowing |
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29 | (1) |
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9.0 Federal and State Employees |
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30 | (1) |
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30 | (1) |
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31 | (1) |
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31 | (2) |
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31 | (1) |
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32 | (1) |
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33 | (1) |
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33 | (1) |
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34 | (1) |
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12.0 Overlapping Jurisdiction |
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34 | (1) |
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13.0 Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission |
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35 | (2) |
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13.1 OSHRC Appeal Process |
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36 | (1) |
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13.2 Limitations of the Commission |
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36 | (1) |
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14.0 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health |
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37 | (1) |
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37 | (1) |
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37 | (1) |
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15.0 Hazard Communication Regulations |
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38 | (6) |
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15.1 Reason for the Regulation |
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38 | (1) |
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15.2 Scope and Components |
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39 | (1) |
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40 | (1) |
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41 | (1) |
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15.5 Federal Preemption Controversy |
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42 | (2) |
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44 | (2) |
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44 | (1) |
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16.2 Scope of the Problem |
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44 | (1) |
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16.3 Scope of the Standard |
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45 | (1) |
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46 | (8) |
2 The Rulemaking Process |
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54 | (16) |
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54 | (1) |
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2.0 The Rulemaking Process |
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55 | (5) |
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2.1 Petitions for Rulemaking |
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55 | (1) |
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2.2 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health |
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56 | (1) |
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56 | (1) |
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57 | (1) |
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2.5 Request for Information & Advanced Notice of Rulemaking |
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58 | (1) |
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2.6 Notice of Proposed Rulemaking |
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58 | (1) |
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59 | (1) |
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59 | (1) |
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3.0 Negotiated Rulemaking |
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60 | (1) |
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4.0 Other Applicable Statutes Concerning Rulemaking |
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60 | (1) |
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61 | (1) |
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6.0 Emergency Temporary Standards |
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62 | (1) |
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63 | (2) |
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63 | (1) |
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64 | (1) |
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65 | (1) |
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8.0 State Law Standards/Jurisdiction |
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65 | (1) |
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66 | (4) |
3 The Duty to Comply with Standards |
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70 | (20) |
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70 | (1) |
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2.0 Applicability of OSHA Standards |
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70 | (2) |
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2.1 The General Principle of Preemption |
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70 | (1) |
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2.2 Special Applicability Problems |
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71 | (1) |
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3.0 General Principles of the Duty to Comply |
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72 | (3) |
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72 | (1) |
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3.2 To Whose Employee Does the Duty Run? |
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73 | (2) |
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4.0 Actual or Constructive Knowledge |
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75 | (1) |
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5.0 Additional Elements That OSHA Must Sometimes Prove |
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76 | (1) |
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6.0 The Employer's Substantive Affirmative Defenses |
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77 | (13) |
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77 | (1) |
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6.2 The Greater Hazard Defense |
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78 | (1) |
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6.3 Unpreventable Employee Misconduct |
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79 | (1) |
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6.4 Invalidity of the Standard |
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80 | (1) |
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81 | (9) |
4 The General Duty Clause |
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90 | (15) |
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90 | (2) |
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2.0 Who Is Protected by the General Duty Clause? |
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92 | (2) |
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3.0 The Existence of a Hazard |
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94 | (1) |
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95 | (3) |
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95 | (1) |
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96 | (1) |
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4.3 Obvious Hazard Recognition |
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97 | (1) |
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5.0 Causing or Likely to Cause Death or Serious Physical Harm |
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98 | (1) |
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6.0 Feasible Measures to Correct the Hazard |
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99 | (2) |
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7.0 Practical Enforcement of the General Duty Clause |
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101 | (1) |
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102 | (3) |
5 Recordkeeping |
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105 | (45) |
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105 | (1) |
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106 | (1) |
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3.0 Injury and Illness Recordkeeping |
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107 | (25) |
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3.1 History of the Recordkeeping Requirements |
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107 | (1) |
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3.2 OSHA's Authority to Require Employers to Keep Records |
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107 | (1) |
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3.3 Identifying Injuries and Illnesses that Must be Recorded |
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108 | (16) |
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124 | (4) |
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3.5 Recordkeeping Forms and Retention Periods |
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128 | (1) |
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3.6 Employee Involvement and Access to Records |
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129 | (1) |
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129 | (1) |
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3.8 Reporting Injuries and Fatalities |
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130 | (2) |
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3.9 Exemptions from Recordkeeping Requirements |
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132 | (1) |
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4.0 OSHA Standards Requiring Written Documents |
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132 | (8) |
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4.1 Safety Standard Recordkeeping Requirements |
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133 | (2) |
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135 | (2) |
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4.3 Hazard Communication and Bloodborne Pathogens |
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137 | (2) |
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139 | (1) |
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5.0 Using Records to Prove Compliance |
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140 | (10) |
6 Employees' and Employers' Rights |
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150 | (12) |
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150 | (2) |
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2.0 What Are the Employees' Rights in This Scenario? |
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152 | (3) |
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153 | (1) |
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2.2 Right to Refuse to Work. |
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153 | (1) |
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154 | (1) |
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2.4 Right to Participate. |
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154 | (1) |
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2.5 Right to a Workplace Free From Recognized Hazards |
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155 | (1) |
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3.0 What Are the Employer's Rights in This Scenario? |
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155 | (7) |
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3.1 Right to a Reasonable Inspection |
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156 | (1) |
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3.2 Right to Representation During Any Interview of a Management Employee |
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157 | (1) |
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3.3 Right Not to Perform Work or Process Demonstrations |
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158 | (1) |
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3.4 Right to Continue Operations in a Safe Manner |
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159 | (1) |
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3.5 Right to Protect Trade Secret Information |
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159 | (1) |
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3.6 Right to Establish Unpreventable Employee Misconduct as a Defense |
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160 | (2) |
7 Refusal to Work and Whistleblower Protection |
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162 | (16) |
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162 | (1) |
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163 | (8) |
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163 | (7) |
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170 | (1) |
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170 | (1) |
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171 | (1) |
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171 | (1) |
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172 | (1) |
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172 | (1) |
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172 | (6) |
8 Hazard Communication: Implementation of the Globally Harmonized System in the 21st Century |
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178 | (21) |
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178 | (2) |
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2.0 The Hazard Communication Standard and Push Toward Global Harmonization |
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180 | (4) |
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2.1 The Hazard Communication Standard |
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180 | (1) |
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180 | (3) |
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2.3 Move toward GHS and RHCS |
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183 | (1) |
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3.0 Revised Hazard Communication Standard |
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184 | (8) |
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3.1 Key Purpose and Scope |
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184 | (1) |
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184 | (6) |
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3.3 Implementation of RCHS |
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190 | (1) |
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3.4 Areas of Continuing Concern |
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191 | (1) |
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192 | (7) |
9 Voluntary Safety and Health Self-Audits |
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199 | (18) |
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199 | (1) |
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2.0 The Significance of Voluntary Safety and Health Auditing |
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200 | (4) |
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200 | (2) |
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202 | (2) |
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3.0 OSHA's Voluntary Self-Audit Policy |
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204 | (4) |
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204 | (1) |
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204 | (1) |
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205 | (1) |
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206 | (1) |
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207 | (1) |
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4.0 Privileges & Protections from Disclosure of Audit Information |
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208 | (5) |
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208 | (1) |
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4.2 The Self-Audit Privilege |
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208 | (3) |
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4.3 The Attorney/Client Privilege |
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211 | (1) |
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4.4 Attorney Work Product Doctrine |
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212 | (1) |
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213 | (4) |
10 Inspections and Investigations |
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217 | (14) |
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217 | (1) |
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2.0 Types of Inspections and Investigations |
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218 | (1) |
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2.1 Programmed Inspections |
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218 | (1) |
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2.2 Complaint Investigations |
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218 | (1) |
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219 | (1) |
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2.4 Imminent Danger Inspections |
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219 | (1) |
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2.5 Fatality/Catastrophe (FAT/CAT) Investigations |
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219 | (1) |
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219 | (4) |
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3.1 Consenting to the Inspection |
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220 | (1) |
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220 | (1) |
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3.3 Exceptions to the Warrant Requirement |
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221 | (1) |
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3.4 Challenging the Warrant |
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222 | (1) |
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223 | (4) |
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223 | (1) |
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223 | (3) |
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226 | (1) |
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227 | (1) |
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5.0 After the Closing Meeting |
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227 | (4) |
11 Understanding and Contesting OSHA Citations |
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231 | (19) |
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231 | (1) |
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2.0 Understanding the OSHA Citation |
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231 | (5) |
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232 | (1) |
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233 | (1) |
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234 | (2) |
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2.4 Abatement Requirements |
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236 | (1) |
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3.0 Addressing an OSHA Citation |
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236 | (1) |
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236 | (2) |
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4.1 Accepting the Citation |
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237 | (1) |
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4.2 Informal Conference and Settlement |
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237 | (1) |
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237 | (1) |
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4.3 Contesting OSHA Citations |
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237 | (1) |
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5.0 Why Should an Employer Contest a Citation? |
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238 | (2) |
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5.1 Abatement Can Be Significant and Long Term |
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238 | (1) |
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5.2 Citations Can Result in Repeat Violations Later |
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238 | (1) |
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5.3 Each Citation on the Employer's Record Increases the Chances of a Willful Violation |
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238 | (1) |
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238 | (1) |
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5.5 Citations Can Sometimes Be Used Against an Employer in Litigation |
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239 | (1) |
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5.6 Citations Can Hinder Business Opportunities and Damage Reputations |
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239 | (1) |
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6.0 The Process of an OSHA Contest |
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240 | (5) |
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240 | (1) |
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6.2 Review by OSHRC Administrative Law Judge |
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241 | (2) |
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6.3 OSHRC Discretionary Review |
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243 | (1) |
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244 | (1) |
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6.5 Recover of Costs and Attorney Fees |
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245 | (1) |
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7.0 Employee Participation |
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245 | (5) |
12 Criminal Enforcement of Violations |
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250 | (11) |
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250 | (1) |
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2.0 Willful Violations Causing Death to Employee |
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251 | (1) |
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252 | (2) |
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252 | (1) |
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3.2 Criminal Prosecutions Do Happen |
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253 | (1) |
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4.0 False Statements and Advance Notice |
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254 | (1) |
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5.0 Who is an "Employer"? |
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254 | (1) |
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255 | (1) |
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7.0 Prosecution under Environmental Statutes |
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256 | (1) |
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8.0 Legislative Proposals and Prospects |
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257 | (4) |
13 Judicial Review of Enforcement Actions |
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261 | (11) |
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261 | (1) |
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262 | (1) |
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2.1 Who Can Bring An Appeal? |
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262 | (1) |
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2.2 Which Courts Can Hear An Appeal? |
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263 | (1) |
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263 | (2) |
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3.1 Requirements Before Filing An Appeal |
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263 | (1) |
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3.2 When Do I Bring An Appeal? |
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264 | (1) |
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3.3 Filing for a Stay of Final Order |
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264 | (1) |
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3.4 Pre-Enforcement Judicial Review |
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265 | (1) |
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4.0 Scope of Judicial Review |
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265 | (3) |
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4.1 Rules and Practice Guidelines |
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265 | (1) |
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4.2 Standard of Review: Conclusions of Fact |
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266 | (1) |
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4.3 Standard of Review: Conclusion of Law |
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266 | (2) |
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4.4 Precedential Effect of Judicial Decisions |
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268 | (1) |
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268 | (4) |
14 Imminent Danger Inspections |
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272 | (17) |
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272 | (1) |
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2.0 Imminent Danger Defined |
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273 | (1) |
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3.0 Nuts and Bolts of an Inspection |
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273 | (1) |
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274 | (3) |
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5.0 Employee Representatives |
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277 | (1) |
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277 | (1) |
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278 | (1) |
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8.0 Notices of Imminent Danger & Temporary Restraining Orders |
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279 | (1) |
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280 | (1) |
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10.0 Citations and Penalties |
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280 | (1) |
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281 | (1) |
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12.0 MSHA Imminent Danger Inspections |
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282 | (2) |
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13.0 Individual Employee Rights and Labor Unions |
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284 | (1) |
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285 | (4) |
Appendix: The Occupational Safety and Health Act |
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