Part I Basic Sciences |
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3 | (28) |
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3 | (10) |
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Site of Origin of the Ophthalmic Artery from the Internal Carotid Artery |
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6 | (2) |
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Narrowing of the Internal Carotid Artery Beyond the Site of Origin of the Ophthalmic Artery |
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8 | (1) |
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Syntopical Relation of the Origin of the Ophthalmic Artery with the Intracranial Part of the Optic Nerve |
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8 | (1) |
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Caliber of the Ophthalmic Artery |
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9 | (1) |
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Abnormal Origins of the Ophthalmic Artery |
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9 | (4) |
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13 | (5) |
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13 | (1) |
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13 | (1) |
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14 | (4) |
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Termination of the Ophthalmic Artery |
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18 | (1) |
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Genesis of Variations of Origin and Course of the Ophthalmic Artery and Pattern of Its Branches |
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18 | (3) |
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21 | (2) |
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Branches of the Ophthalmic Artery |
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23 | (3) |
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Pattern of Branching When the Ophthalmic Artery Crosses Over the Optic Nerve |
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25 | (1) |
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Pattern of Branching When Ophthalmic Artery Crosses Under the Optic Nerve |
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25 | (1) |
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26 | (1) |
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Anastomoses of the Ophthalmic Artery |
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26 | (1) |
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27 | (4) |
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2 The Central Retinal Artery |
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31 | (24) |
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31 | (2) |
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31 | (1) |
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31 | (1) |
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Site of Origin from the Ophthalmic Artery |
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32 | (1) |
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Order of Origin from the Ophthalmic Artery |
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32 | (1) |
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Mode of Origin from the Ophthalmic Artery |
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33 | (1) |
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33 | (4) |
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33 | (2) |
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35 | (1) |
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36 | (1) |
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37 | (1) |
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38 | (1) |
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38 | (14) |
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39 | (1) |
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40 | (1) |
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41 | (5) |
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Anastomoses by the Branches |
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46 | (6) |
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52 | (3) |
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3 The Cilioretinal Arteries |
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55 | (10) |
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Anatomical Proof of the Presence of the Cilioretinal Artery |
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57 | (1) |
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Origin of Cilioretinal Arteries |
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58 | (1) |
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Number of Cilioretinal Arteries in an Eye |
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59 | (1) |
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Incidence of Cilioretinal Arteries |
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59 | (1) |
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Location of the Cilioretinal Artery |
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59 | (1) |
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Size and Area of the Retina Supplied by a Cilioretinal Artery |
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60 | (2) |
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Cilioretinal Arteries in Lower Mammals |
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62 | (1) |
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63 | (2) |
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4 The Posterior Ciliary Artery |
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65 | (34) |
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Anatomy of the Posterior Ciliary Arteries (PCAs) |
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66 | (3) |
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67 | (1) |
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67 | (1) |
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67 | (1) |
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68 | (1) |
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69 | (1) |
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In Vivo Circulation and Distribution Pattern of the PCAs and Their Branches |
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69 | (13) |
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Areas Supplied by the Main PCAs |
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69 | (1) |
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Areas Supplied by the SPCAs and Their Branches |
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70 | (3) |
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Areas Supplied by the Long PCAs |
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73 | (6) |
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79 | (3) |
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Circle of Haller and Zinn |
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82 | (2) |
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84 | (1) |
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In Vivo Vascular Pattern of the Choriocapillaris Bed |
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85 | (4) |
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Fluorescein Fundus Angiographic Pattern of Filling of the Choriocapillaris |
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86 | (3) |
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Watershed Zones in the PCA Vascular Bed |
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89 | (4) |
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Watershed Zones Between the Main PCAs |
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90 | (1) |
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Watershed Zones Between Short PCAs |
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90 | (1) |
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Watershed Zones Between the Short and Long PCAs |
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91 | (1) |
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Watershed Zones Between the PCAs and the Anterior Ciliary Arteries |
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91 | (1) |
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Watershed Zones Between the Choriocapillaris Lobules |
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92 | (1) |
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Watershed Zones Between the Vortex Veins |
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92 | (1) |
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93 | (6) |
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5 Blood Supply of the Optic Nerve Head |
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99 | (12) |
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Anatomy of the Optic Nerve Head |
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99 | (4) |
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The Surface Nerve Fiber Layer |
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99 | (1) |
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99 | (2) |
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The Lamina Cribrosa Region |
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101 | (1) |
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102 | (1) |
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Blood Supply of the Optic Nerve Head |
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103 | (4) |
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Arterial Supply of the ONH |
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103 | (3) |
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Venous Drainage of the Optic Nerve Head |
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106 | (1) |
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Angioarchitecture of the Optic Nerve Head |
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107 | (1) |
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Controversies on the Blood Supply of the ONH |
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108 | (1) |
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108 | (1) |
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108 | (3) |
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6 Blood Supply of the Anterior Segment |
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111 | (32) |
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Anterior Ciliary Arteries |
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111 | (3) |
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Direction of Blood Flow in the ACAS |
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113 | (1) |
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Long Posterior Ciliary Arteries |
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114 | (7) |
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Terminology of PCAs and Its Implications |
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114 | (3) |
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Temporal Long PCA Supply to the Choroid |
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117 | (4) |
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Arterial Blood Supply of the Anterior Segment of the Eye |
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121 | (1) |
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Arterial Circles in the Anterior Segment |
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121 | (1) |
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Blood Supply of the Sclera, Episclera, and Conjunctiva |
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122 | (2) |
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Blood Supply of the Limbus |
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123 | (1) |
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123 | (1) |
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Normal Iris Vascular Pattern on Fluorescein Angiography |
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124 | (11) |
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Normal Human Iris Vascular Pattern on Fluorescein Angiography |
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124 | (9) |
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Normal Subhuman Primate Iris Vascular Pattern on Fluorescein Angiography |
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133 | (2) |
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Blood Supply of the Ciliary Body |
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135 | (1) |
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Blood Supply of Ciliary Processes |
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136 | (1) |
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Venous Drainage from the Ciliary Processes |
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137 | (1) |
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Vasculature of the Pars Plana Region |
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137 | (1) |
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137 | (6) |
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143 | (10) |
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144 | (5) |
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149 | (2) |
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149 | (1) |
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150 | (1) |
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150 | (1) |
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Venous Drainage of the Anterior Segment of the Eye |
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151 | (1) |
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Venous Drainage of the Ciliary Body |
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151 | (1) |
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Anterior Ciliary Venous System |
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151 | (1) |
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Posterior Ciliary Venous System |
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151 | (1) |
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151 | (1) |
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151 | (2) |
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8 The Retinal Capillaries |
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153 | (12) |
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Radial Peripapillary Retinal Capillaries |
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157 | (4) |
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161 | (1) |
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162 | (3) |
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9 The Blood-Retinal Barrier |
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165 | (8) |
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Inner Blood-Retinal Barrier |
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165 | (1) |
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Role of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) in BRB |
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166 | (1) |
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Outer Blood-Retinal Barrier |
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166 | (1) |
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Polarity of the Outer and Inner BRBs |
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167 | (1) |
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167 | (2) |
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Corticosteroid Therapy and the BRB |
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169 | (1) |
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Mechanisms by Which Corticosteroids Block Blood-Ocular Barrier Breakdown |
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169 | (1) |
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Acetazolamide Therapy in BRB |
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169 | (1) |
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169 | (4) |
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10 Retinal and Choroidal Blood Flow |
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173 | (20) |
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Pathophysiology of Factors Influencing the Retinal and Choroidal Blood Flow |
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173 | (1) |
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173 | (6) |
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The State and Caliber of the Vessels Feeding the Retinal and Choroidal Circulation |
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173 | (3) |
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Breakdown of Blood Flow Autoregulation |
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176 | (3) |
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179 | (3) |
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179 | (2) |
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181 | (1) |
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182 | (2) |
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184 | (9) |
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11 Retinal Survival Time and Visual Outcome in Central Retinal Artery Occlusion |
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193 | (30) |
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193 | (7) |
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My First Experimental Study in Young, Healthy Rhesus Monkeys |
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195 | (1) |
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My Second Experimental Study in Old, Atherosclerotic, and Hypertensive Rhesus Monkeys |
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195 | (5) |
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Residual Retinal Circulation in CRAO |
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200 | (6) |
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Mechanisms of Filling of Retinal Circulation Soon After CRAO |
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203 | (2) |
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Mechanisms of Filling of Retinal Circulation Days and Weeks After CRAO |
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205 | (1) |
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Is It Possible to Obtain a Considerable Recovery of Vision in Eyes with Even a Minimal Residual Retinal Circulation After CRAW |
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205 | (1) |
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Comparison of the Tolerance Time to Ischemia Between the Retina and the Brain |
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206 | (4) |
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Metabolism of Ischemic Neurons in the Brain |
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207 | (1) |
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Metabolism of Ischemic Neurons in the Retina |
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207 | (1) |
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Factors Responsible for Much Longer Tolerance Time to Ischemia by the Retina Than the Brain |
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208 | (2) |
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210 | (1) |
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Brain Ischemic Preconditioning |
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210 | (1) |
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Retinal Ischemic Preconditioning |
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211 | (1) |
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Effect of Ischemia on Retinal Vasculature |
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211 | (1) |
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Factors Influencing the Visual Outcome in CRAO |
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212 | (4) |
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216 | (7) |
Part II Clinical Sciences |
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12 Clinical Evaluation of Patients with Ocular Vascular Occlusive Disorders |
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223 | (16) |
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Initial Evaluation of All Patients with Visual Loss |
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223 | (3) |
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223 | (2) |
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Detailed Ophthalmic Evaluation |
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225 | (1) |
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Testing Visual Function in Patients with Ocular Vascular Occlusive Disorders |
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226 | (4) |
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Snellen Visual Acuity Testing |
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226 | (1) |
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227 | (1) |
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227 | (1) |
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228 | (2) |
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Complete Ophthalmic Evaluation |
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230 | (5) |
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Anterior Segment and Slit Lamp Biomicroscopic Evaluation |
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230 | (3) |
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233 | (1) |
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Optical Coherent Tomography Testing (OCT) |
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234 | (1) |
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Electrophysiologic Testing |
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234 | (1) |
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235 | (1) |
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235 | (1) |
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Studies to Investigate Sources of Emboli |
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235 | (1) |
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Carotid Doppler/Angiographic Studies |
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235 | (1) |
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235 | (1) |
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235 | (1) |
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236 | (1) |
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Follow-Up Evaluation of Eyes with Ocular Vascular Occlusive Disorders |
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236 | (1) |
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236 | (3) |
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13 Central Retinal Artery Occlusion |
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239 | (68) |
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239 | (4) |
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Mechanism of Development of Transient NA-CRAO |
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240 | (3) |
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Conditions Associated with CRAO |
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243 | (12) |
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Hyperlipidemia and Atherosclerosis |
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243 | (4) |
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247 | (2) |
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Diabetes Mellitus and Arterial Hypertension |
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249 | (1) |
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249 | (1) |
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Following Invasive Cardiovascular Procedures |
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250 | (1) |
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Vasculitis and Chronic Systemic Autoimmune Diseases |
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250 | (1) |
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250 | (1) |
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251 | (1) |
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251 | (1) |
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251 | (1) |
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Following Orbital, Eye, or Head Injuries |
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252 | (1) |
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Following Facial or Retrobulbar Injections |
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253 | (1) |
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253 | (1) |
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Following Intravitreal Injection of Anti-vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) Therapy |
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253 | (1) |
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Following Peribulbar Anesthesia |
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254 | (1) |
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Following Intraocular Gas Expansion |
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254 | (1) |
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255 | (1) |
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255 | (1) |
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255 | (1) |
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255 | (1) |
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Studies Based on Large Series of Conditions Associated with CRAO |
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256 | (2) |
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Investigations in Patients with CRAO |
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258 | (1) |
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Racial Differences in the Causes of Retinal Arterial Occlusion |
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258 | (1) |
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Demographic Characteristics of Various Types of CRAO |
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259 | (1) |
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259 | (1) |
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260 | (4) |
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260 | (1) |
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260 | (1) |
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260 | (1) |
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Initial Visual Field Defects |
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261 | (1) |
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Final Visual Field Defects |
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262 | (1) |
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Natural History of Visual Outcome in CRAO |
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263 | (1) |
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Conclusions on Visual Outcome |
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264 | (1) |
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Misconceptions About Visual Outcome in CRAO |
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264 | (1) |
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Factors Which Influence the Visual Outcome in CRAO |
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265 | (6) |
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Anterior Segment of the Eye |
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271 | (1) |
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Ophthalmoscopic Findings in CRAO |
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271 | (7) |
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271 | (1) |
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272 | (1) |
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273 | (1) |
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Cilioretinal Optic Disc Collaterals in CRAO |
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274 | (1) |
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Optic Disc Neovascularization |
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275 | (1) |
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Emboli Seen in the Retinal Arteries |
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276 | (2) |
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Fluorescein Fundus Angiographic Findings in CRAO |
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278 | (2) |
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CRAO and Neovascular Glaucoma |
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280 | (1) |
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Combined Central Retinal Vein Occlusion and CRAO |
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281 | (1) |
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282 | (7) |
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Therapeutic Considerations for CRAO |
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282 | (1) |
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Treatment of CRAO Due to GCA |
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283 | (1) |
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Treatments of Non-arteritic CRAO |
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284 | (1) |
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284 | (1) |
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Conventional Advocated Treatments |
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284 | (1) |
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Other Advocated Treatments |
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284 | (5) |
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Prevalent Misconceptions on CRAO |
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289 | (1) |
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289 | (18) |
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14 Hemicentral Retinal Artery Occlusion |
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307 | (6) |
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Conditions Associated with Hemi-CRAO |
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308 | (1) |
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308 | (1) |
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309 | (1) |
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Visual Function in Hemi-CRAO |
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309 | (1) |
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309 | (1) |
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310 | (1) |
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Anterior Segment of the Eye |
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311 | (1) |
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311 | (1) |
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Fluorescein Fundus Angiographic Findings |
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311 | (1) |
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312 | (1) |
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Investigations in Patients with Hemi-CRAO |
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312 | (1) |
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312 | (1) |
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15 Branch Retinal Arteriolar Occlusion |
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313 | (28) |
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313 | (1) |
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313 | (6) |
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314 | (2) |
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316 | (3) |
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Conditions Associated with BRAO |
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319 | (2) |
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Hyperlipidemia and Atherosclerosis |
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319 | (1) |
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319 | (1) |
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319 | (1) |
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Diabetes Mellitus and Arterial Hypertension |
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319 | (1) |
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Following Invasive Cardiovascular Procedures |
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319 | (1) |
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Vasculitis and Chronic Systemic Autoimmune Diseases |
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320 | (1) |
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320 | (1) |
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320 | (1) |
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320 | (1) |
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Following Facial or Retrobulbar Injections |
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320 | (1) |
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Following Intravitreal Injection of Anti-vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) Therapy |
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320 | (1) |
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320 | (1) |
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321 | (1) |
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321 | (3) |
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Investigations in Patients with BRAO |
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324 | (1) |
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Racial Differences in the Causes of Retinal Arterial Occlusion |
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325 | (1) |
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Demographic Characteristics of BRAO |
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325 | (1) |
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326 | (1) |
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326 | (2) |
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326 | (1) |
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327 | (1) |
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Anterior Segment of the Eye |
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328 | (1) |
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329 | (4) |
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329 | (1) |
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329 | (2) |
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331 | (1) |
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332 | (1) |
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332 | (1) |
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Fluorescein Fundus Angiographic Findings in BRAO |
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333 | (1) |
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333 | (1) |
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334 | (1) |
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334 | (2) |
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336 | (1) |
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336 | (5) |
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16 Cilioretinal Artery Occlusion |
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341 | (24) |
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Cilioretinal Artery Occlusion |
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342 | (1) |
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Classification of Cilioretinal Artery Occlusion |
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342 | (13) |
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Non-arteritic Cilioretinal Artery Occlusion Alone |
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342 | (1) |
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Arteritic Cilioretinal Artery Occlusion Associated with Giant Cell Arteritis |
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342 | (2) |
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Cilioretinal Artery Occlusion Associated with Central Retinal Vein Occlusion or Hemi-central Retinal Vein Occlusion |
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344 | (11) |
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Conditions Associated with Cilioretinal Artery Occlusion |
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355 | (1) |
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Arteritic Cilioretinal Artery Occlusion Associated with Giant Cell Arteritis |
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355 | (1) |
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Cilioretinal Artery Occlusion Associated with Central Retinal Vein Occlusion or Hemi-central Retinal Vein Occlusion |
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355 | (1) |
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Non-arteritic Cilioretinal Artery Occlusion |
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355 | (1) |
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Investigations in Patients with Cilioretinal Artery Occlusion |
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356 | (1) |
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357 | (1) |
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Demographic Characteristics of Cilioretinal Artery Occlusion |
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357 | (1) |
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Arteritic Cilioretinal Artery Occlusion Associated with Giant Cell Arteritis |
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357 | (1) |
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Non-arteritic Cilioretinal Artery Occlusion Alone |
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357 | (1) |
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Cilioretinal Artery Occlusion Associated with Central Retinal Vein Occlusion or Hemi-central Retinal Vein Occlusion |
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357 | (1) |
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Symptoms of Cilioretinal Artery Occlusion |
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358 | (1) |
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Visual Function in Cilioretinal Artery Occlusion |
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358 | (1) |
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Visual Acuity and Visual Fields |
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358 | (1) |
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Anterior Segment of the Eye |
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359 | (1) |
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Ophthalmoscopic Findings in Cilioretinal Artery Occlusion |
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359 | (1) |
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Non-arteritic Cilioretinal Artery Occlusion Alone |
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359 | (1) |
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Arteritic Cilioretinal Artery Occlusion |
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359 | (1) |
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Non-arteritic Cilioretinal Artery Occlusion Associated with Central/Hemi-central Retinal Vein Occlusion |
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359 | (1) |
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Fluorescein Fundus Angiographic Findings in Cilioretinal Artery Occlusion |
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359 | (1) |
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Non-arteritic Cilioretinal Artery Occlusion Alone |
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359 | (1) |
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Arteritic Cilioretinal Artery Occlusion Associated with Giant Cell Arteritis |
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359 | (1) |
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Cilioretinal Artery Occlusion Associated with Central/Hemi-central Retinal Vein Occlusion |
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360 | (1) |
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Management of Cilioretinal Artery Occlusion |
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360 | (1) |
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Arteritic Cilioretinal Artery Occlusion Associated with Giant Cell Arteritis |
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360 | (1) |
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Non-arteritic Cilioretinal Artery Occlusion Alone |
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361 | (1) |
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Cilioretinal Artery Occlusion Associated with Central/Hemi-central Retinal Vein Occlusion |
|
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361 | (1) |
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|
361 | (4) |
|
17 Cotton-Wool Spots (Inner Retinal Ischemic Spots) |
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|
365 | (14) |
|
Pathogenesis and Pathophysiology of Cotton-Wool Spots |
|
|
365 | (5) |
|
|
367 | (3) |
|
|
370 | (1) |
|
Clinical Features of Cotton-Wool Spots |
|
|
370 | (5) |
|
|
370 | (2) |
|
Fluorescein Fundus Angiographic Findings |
|
|
372 | (2) |
|
Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) Studies |
|
|
374 | (1) |
|
Investigations in Patients with Cotton-Wool Spots |
|
|
375 | (1) |
|
Management of Patients with Cotton-Wool Spots |
|
|
375 | (1) |
|
|
375 | (1) |
|
|
376 | (3) |
|
18 Posterior Ciliary Artery Occlusion and Choroidal Ischemia |
|
|
379 | (50) |
|
Experimental a PCA Occlusion Studies |
|
|
379 | (1) |
|
In Vivo Circulation and Distribution Pattern of the PCAs and Their Branches |
|
|
379 | (1) |
|
Choroidal Ischemic Lesions Produced by Occlusion of the PCAs |
|
|
380 | (16) |
|
|
380 | (3) |
|
Fluorescein Fundus Angiographic Findings |
|
|
383 | (6) |
|
Histopathological Findings |
|
|
389 | (2) |
|
Light and Electron Microscopy and Horseradish Peroxidase (HRP) Tracer Study |
|
|
391 | (3) |
|
Horseradish Peroxidase (HRP) Tracer Technique Findings |
|
|
394 | (1) |
|
Conclusions on PCA Occlusion |
|
|
394 | (2) |
|
Correlation of Site of Lesion with Choroidal Ischemia |
|
|
396 | (1) |
|
Optic Nerve Head Ischemic Lesions Produced by the PCA Occlusion |
|
|
396 | (4) |
|
Ophthalmoscopic and Fluorescein Fundus Angiographic Findings |
|
|
397 | (2) |
|
Histopathological Studies |
|
|
399 | (1) |
|
|
400 | (1) |
|
Simultaneous Occlusion of PCAs and Vortex Veins |
|
|
400 | (2) |
|
Causes of Occlusion of the PCA and Choroidal Ischemia |
|
|
402 | (4) |
|
|
402 | (3) |
|
|
405 | (1) |
|
Investigations in Patients with PCA Occlusion or Choroidal Ischemia |
|
|
406 | (1) |
|
Clinical Features and Types of Acute Choroidal Ischemic Lesions |
|
|
406 | (8) |
|
|
407 | (1) |
|
|
408 | (1) |
|
Acute Choroidal Ischemic Lesions Seen Clinically |
|
|
409 | (5) |
|
Macular Lesions Secondary to Choroidal Vascular Disorders |
|
|
414 | (9) |
|
Acute Choroidal Ischemic Lesions |
|
|
414 | (1) |
|
Chronic Choroidal Ischemic Disorders |
|
|
415 | (3) |
|
Macular Lesions Associated with Subretinal Choroidal Neovascularization |
|
|
418 | (1) |
|
Macular Lesions Associated with Subretinal Detachment |
|
|
419 | (2) |
|
Miscellaneous Conditions Associated with Macular Lesions |
|
|
421 | (2) |
|
|
423 | (6) |
|
19 Ischemic Optic Neuropathies |
|
|
429 | (48) |
|
|
429 | (1) |
|
Classification of Ischemic Optic Neuropathy |
|
|
429 | (1) |
|
Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (AION) |
|
|
429 | (1) |
|
Posterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (PION) |
|
|
430 | (1) |
|
Blood Supply of the Optic Nerve |
|
|
430 | (1) |
|
Factors Influencing the Blood Flow |
|
|
430 | (1) |
|
Relative Frequency of Various Types of Ischemic Optic Neuropathy |
|
|
430 | (1) |
|
Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy |
|
|
430 | (1) |
|
Posterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy |
|
|
431 | (1) |
|
Investigations in Patients with Ischemic Optic Neuropathy |
|
|
431 | (2) |
|
Fluorescein Fundus Angiography |
|
|
431 | (1) |
|
|
432 | (1) |
|
|
432 | (1) |
|
|
432 | (1) |
|
Non-arteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (NA-AION) |
|
|
433 | (4) |
|
|
433 | (1) |
|
Predisposing Risk Factors |
|
|
433 | (1) |
|
|
434 | (1) |
|
Nocturnal Arterial Hypotension |
|
|
434 | (3) |
|
NA-AION and Ischemic Cerebral Stroke |
|
|
437 | (1) |
|
Clinical Features of Classical NA-AION |
|
|
437 | (9) |
|
|
437 | (1) |
|
Age, Gender, and Racial Features |
|
|
437 | (1) |
|
|
437 | (1) |
|
|
438 | (1) |
|
|
438 | (1) |
|
Natural History of Visual Outcome in NA-AION |
|
|
439 | (1) |
|
Anterior Segment of the Eye |
|
|
439 | (1) |
|
|
440 | (3) |
|
Fluorescein Fundus Angiographic Findings |
|
|
443 | (1) |
|
|
444 | (1) |
|
Recurrence of NA-AION in the Same Eye |
|
|
445 | (1) |
|
NA-AION in Diabetics Versus Nondiabetics |
|
|
446 | (1) |
|
|
446 | (1) |
|
NA-AION and Phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE5) Inhibitors |
|
|
446 | (2) |
|
|
447 | (1) |
|
|
447 | (1) |
|
Post-hemorrhagic Amaurosis |
|
|
448 | (1) |
|
|
448 | (7) |
|
Optic Nerve Sheath Decompression |
|
|
448 | (1) |
|
|
448 | (1) |
|
Systemic Corticosteroid Therapy |
|
|
448 | (4) |
|
Intravitreal Triamcinolone Acetonide for Treatment of NA-AION |
|
|
452 | (1) |
|
Intravitreal Bevacizumab for Treatment of NA-AION |
|
|
453 | (1) |
|
Miscellaneous Other Advocated Treatments |
|
|
454 | (1) |
|
Reduction of Risk Factors |
|
|
454 | (1) |
|
Misconceptions About NA-AION |
|
|
454 | (1) |
|
Arteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (A-AION) |
|
|
455 | (11) |
|
|
455 | (1) |
|
Clinical Features of A-AION |
|
|
455 | (4) |
|
Laboratory Investigations |
|
|
459 | (2) |
|
|
461 | (1) |
|
Differentiation of A-AION from NA-AION |
|
|
462 | (1) |
|
Steroid Therapy in GCA to Prevent Blindness |
|
|
462 | (3) |
|
Visual Prognosis with Adequate Corticosteroid Therapy |
|
|
465 | (1) |
|
Misconceptions About Preventing Visual Loss in A-AION and GCA |
|
|
465 | (1) |
|
Posterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy |
|
|
466 | (5) |
|
|
466 | (1) |
|
|
466 | (2) |
|
Clinical Features of PION |
|
|
468 | (2) |
|
|
470 | (1) |
|
|
471 | (6) |
|
20 Anterior Segment Ischemia |
|
|
477 | (32) |
|
Clinical Study of Anterior Segment Ischemia After Strabismus Surgery |
|
|
477 | (1) |
|
Experimental and Clinical Studies |
|
|
478 | (12) |
|
Anterior Segment Ischemia After Recession of Various Recti |
|
|
478 | (6) |
|
Long Posterior Ciliary Artery Occlusion |
|
|
484 | (1) |
|
|
485 | (1) |
|
Clinical Study of Anterior Segment Ischemia After Strabismus Surgery |
|
|
485 | (5) |
|
Physiological Anatomy of the Blood Supply of the Iris |
|
|
490 | (2) |
|
Role of the Major Arterial Circle of the Iris in Establishing Collateral Circulation |
|
|
491 | (1) |
|
Signs of Anterior Segment Ischemia |
|
|
492 | (1) |
|
Investigations in Anterior Segment Ischemia |
|
|
493 | (1) |
|
Management of Anterior Segment Ischemia |
|
|
494 | (10) |
|
|
504 | (5) |
|
21 Ocular Ischemic Syndrome |
|
|
509 | (30) |
|
Causes of Ocular Ischemic Syndrome |
|
|
509 | (1) |
|
Pathophysiology of Ocular Ischemic Syndrome |
|
|
510 | (4) |
|
Ischemia of the Anterior Segment |
|
|
510 | (1) |
|
Ischemia of the Posterior Segment |
|
|
511 | (3) |
|
My Studies on Ocular Ischemic Syndrome |
|
|
514 | (6) |
|
|
515 | (1) |
|
|
516 | (3) |
|
|
519 | (1) |
|
Signs and Symptoms of OIS |
|
|
520 | (2) |
|
Ocular Ischemic Syndrome and "Venous Stasis Retinopathy" |
|
|
522 | (9) |
|
Retinal Hypoxia or Ischemia as a Cause of Retinal Vascular Changes |
|
|
530 | (1) |
|
|
531 | (2) |
|
Conclusions About Ocular Ischemic Syndrome |
|
|
533 | (1) |
|
|
533 | (1) |
|
|
534 | (5) |
|
22 Ophthalmic Manifestations of Carotid Artery Disease |
|
|
539 | (10) |
|
Pathophysiological Mechanisms |
|
|
539 | (1) |
|
|
539 | (3) |
|
|
539 | (1) |
|
Visual Loss Caused by Retinal Emboli in CRAO |
|
|
540 | (1) |
|
Visual Loss Caused by Retinal Emboli in BRAO |
|
|
540 | (1) |
|
Visual Loss Caused by Emboli in the Optic Nerve Head |
|
|
541 | (1) |
|
Choroidal Ischemia Following Embolism into the Choroidal Vascular Bed |
|
|
541 | (1) |
|
|
542 | (5) |
|
Role of Serotonin (5-Hydroxytryptamine) Released in Carotid Artery Disease |
|
|
543 | (3) |
|
Central Retinal Artery Occlusion (CRAG) |
|
|
546 | (1) |
|
|
547 | (2) |
|
23 Arterial Hypertension and the Eye |
|
|
549 | (72) |
|
Anatomic and Physiologic Properties of the Retinal, Choroidal, and Optic Nerve Head Vascular Beds |
|
|
550 | (2) |
|
|
550 | (1) |
|
|
551 | (1) |
|
Pathophysiology of Malignant Arterial Hypertension |
|
|
552 | (1) |
|
Terminology Used for Hypertensive Fundus Changes |
|
|
552 | (1) |
|
Experimental Studies on Fundus Changes in Malignant Arterial Hypertension |
|
|
553 | (1) |
|
Hypertensive Choroidopathy |
|
|
554 | (17) |
|
Fluorescein Fundus Angiographic Abnormalities of the Choroidal Vascular Bed |
|
|
555 | (1) |
|
Hypertensive Choroidopathy Lesions |
|
|
555 | (13) |
|
|
568 | (1) |
|
Pathogenesis of Hypertensive Choroidopathy |
|
|
569 | (2) |
|
Hypertensive Choroidopathy and Retinopathy |
|
|
571 | (1) |
|
|
571 | (1) |
|
Hypertensive Optic Neuropathy |
|
|
571 | (7) |
|
|
572 | (3) |
|
Fluorescein Fundus Angiographic Findings |
|
|
575 | (1) |
|
Histopathological Studies |
|
|
575 | (1) |
|
Pathogenesis of Optic Disc Edema in Malignant Hypertension |
|
|
576 | (1) |
|
Dangers of Precipitous Reduction of BP on Hypertensive Optic Neuropathy |
|
|
577 | (1) |
|
|
578 | (1) |
|
|
578 | (1) |
|
|
578 | (5) |
|
Retinal Arteriolar Hypertensive Changes |
|
|
578 | (1) |
|
Changes in Main Retinal Arterioles |
|
|
579 | (4) |
|
|
583 | (1) |
|
Focal Intraretinal Periarteriolar Transudates in Hypertensive Retinopathy |
|
|
583 | (6) |
|
Focal Intraretinal Periarteriolar Transudates (FIPTs) |
|
|
584 | (1) |
|
Ophthalmoscopic and Fluorescein Angiographic Features of FIPTs |
|
|
584 | (3) |
|
|
587 | (2) |
|
Differential Diagnosis Between FIPTs and Cotton-Wool Spots |
|
|
589 | (1) |
|
|
589 | (1) |
|
Cotton-Wool Spots (Inner Retinal Ischemic Spots) in Hypertensive Retinopathy |
|
|
589 | (8) |
|
|
590 | (1) |
|
Shape and Size of the CWSs |
|
|
590 | (1) |
|
|
590 | (1) |
|
|
591 | (1) |
|
Fluorescein Fundus Angiographic Findings |
|
|
591 | (2) |
|
|
593 | (1) |
|
|
594 | (1) |
|
|
595 | (1) |
|
Differential Diagnosis Between FIPTs and CWSs |
|
|
595 | (2) |
|
|
597 | (1) |
|
Retinal Hemorrhages in Hypertensive Retinopathy |
|
|
597 | (3) |
|
|
599 | (1) |
|
Retinal Lipid Deposits in Hypertensive Retinopathy |
|
|
600 | (2) |
|
Lipid Deposits (or So-Called Hard Exudates) in the Retina |
|
|
600 | (2) |
|
Pathogenesis of Retinal Lipid Deposits in Hypertensive Retinopathy |
|
|
602 | (2) |
|
Lipid Deposits Exudative in Nature |
|
|
603 | (1) |
|
Lipid Deposits a By-Product of Degenerated Retinal Cells |
|
|
603 | (1) |
|
|
604 | (1) |
|
Macular Lesions in Hypertensive Retinopathy |
|
|
604 | (2) |
|
|
604 | (1) |
|
Macular Serous Retinal Detachment |
|
|
605 | (1) |
|
|
605 | (1) |
|
Macular Retinal Lipid Deposits |
|
|
605 | (1) |
|
Other Macular Retinal Lesions |
|
|
605 | (1) |
|
Pathogenesis of Macular Edema and Cystoid Macular Edema (CME) |
|
|
605 | (1) |
|
Retinal Edema in Hypertensive Retinopathy |
|
|
606 | (1) |
|
Hypertensive Fundus Changes in Human Malignant Arterial Hypertension |
|
|
606 | (8) |
|
|
606 | (1) |
|
Classification of Hypertensive Fundus Changes and Their Order of Appearance |
|
|
607 | (6) |
|
Order of Appearance of the Various Early, Major Fundus Lesions of Malignant Arterial Hypertension |
|
|
613 | (1) |
|
|
614 | (7) |
|
24 Central Retinal Vein Occlusion |
|
|
621 | (124) |
|
|
621 | (2) |
|
Conditions Associated with CRVO |
|
|
623 | (7) |
|
|
623 | (5) |
|
Hematologic Abnormalities |
|
|
628 | (2) |
|
Association of Ocular Hypertension and Glaucoma with CRVO and Hemi-CRVO (HCRVO) |
|
|
630 | (4) |
|
The Association of Ocular Hypotension with CRVO |
|
|
631 | (2) |
|
Pathogenesis of the Development of Ocular Hypotension in CRVO |
|
|
633 | (1) |
|
Clinical Importance of the Findings of My Study |
|
|
633 | (1) |
|
|
634 | (7) |
|
|
634 | (1) |
|
|
635 | (4) |
|
Site of Occlusion in Nonischemic CRVO |
|
|
639 | (1) |
|
Site of Occlusion in Ischemic CRVO |
|
|
639 | (1) |
|
Conversion of Nonischemic CRVO to Ischemic CRVO |
|
|
640 | (1) |
|
|
641 | (1) |
|
Differentiation of Ischemic from Nonischemic CRVO |
|
|
641 | (8) |
|
Overall Order of Reliability of Various Tests |
|
|
645 | (1) |
|
Should Ocular Neovascularization Be Used as an Endpoint? |
|
|
646 | (1) |
|
Misconception that Fluorescein Fundus Angiography Is the Best Test to Differentiate Ischemic from Nonischemic CRVO and No Other Test Is Required |
|
|
646 | (1) |
|
Demographic Characteristics |
|
|
647 | (1) |
|
Seasonal Variations in the Onset of CRVO |
|
|
647 | (2) |
|
|
649 | (1) |
|
|
649 | (36) |
|
|
649 | (1) |
|
|
650 | (5) |
|
|
655 | (1) |
|
|
655 | (1) |
|
|
655 | (1) |
|
|
656 | (3) |
|
|
659 | (3) |
|
|
662 | (8) |
|
|
670 | (4) |
|
Retinal Arterial Attenuation and Sheathing |
|
|
674 | (1) |
|
|
674 | (1) |
|
|
675 | (1) |
|
Optic Disc Retinociliary Collaterals |
|
|
675 | (2) |
|
Fluorescein Fundus Angiographic Findings |
|
|
677 | (4) |
|
Resolution of Retinopathy |
|
|
681 | (2) |
|
Morphologic Sequelae of a Resolved CRVO |
|
|
683 | (2) |
|
|
685 | (1) |
|
|
685 | (1) |
|
Central Retinal Vein Occlusion Associated with Cilioretinal Artery Occlusion |
|
|
685 | (13) |
|
|
687 | (1) |
|
|
687 | (1) |
|
|
688 | (1) |
|
|
688 | (1) |
|
|
688 | (2) |
|
Fluorescein Fundus Angiography Findings |
|
|
690 | (3) |
|
Resolution of Retinopathy |
|
|
693 | (1) |
|
Pathogenesis of Simultaneous Development of Cilioretinal Artery Occlusion in Eyes with CRVO and Hemi-CRVO |
|
|
693 | (5) |
|
Development of Ocular Neovascularization in CRVO |
|
|
698 | (2) |
|
Ocular Neovascularization in Eyes with Ischemic CRVO |
|
|
698 | (2) |
|
Ocular Neovascularization in Eyes with Nonischemic CRVO |
|
|
700 | (1) |
|
|
700 | (1) |
|
|
700 | (1) |
|
|
701 | (1) |
|
|
701 | (1) |
|
|
701 | (1) |
|
|
701 | (19) |
|
Intravitreal Anti-vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) Agents |
|
|
701 | (3) |
|
Intravitreal Corticosteroid Therapy |
|
|
704 | (1) |
|
Anticoagulants or Antiplatelet Aggregation Agents Therapy |
|
|
705 | (3) |
|
Ocular Hypotensive Therapy |
|
|
708 | (1) |
|
|
709 | (1) |
|
Verteporfin Photodynamic Therapy |
|
|
710 | (1) |
|
Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy |
|
|
710 | (1) |
|
|
711 | (1) |
|
Intravitreal Tissue Plasminogen Activator |
|
|
711 | (1) |
|
|
711 | (7) |
|
My Management Regimen for Neovascular Glaucoma in Ischemic CRVO |
|
|
718 | (2) |
|
Invasive or Surgical Treatments |
|
|
720 | (6) |
|
Laser-Induced Chorioretinal Venous Anastomosis for Treatment of Nonischemic CRVO |
|
|
720 | (2) |
|
Vitrectomy with Branch Retinal Vein Cannulation and Infusion of t-PA |
|
|
722 | (1) |
|
Surgical Decompression of the Central Retinal Vein |
|
|
723 | (1) |
|
Optic Nerve Sheath Decompression |
|
|
723 | (1) |
|
|
723 | (3) |
|
Vitrectomy and Internal Limiting Membrane Peeling |
|
|
726 | (1) |
|
Investigations of CRVO Patients |
|
|
726 | (1) |
|
Misconceptions About CRVO |
|
|
727 | (3) |
|
|
730 | (15) |
|
25 Hemicentral Retinal Vein Occlusion |
|
|
745 | (26) |
|
Pathogenesis of Hemicentral Retinal Vein Occlusion |
|
|
745 | (2) |
|
|
747 | (16) |
|
Demographic Characteristics |
|
|
747 | (1) |
|
|
747 | (1) |
|
Area of the Retina Involved |
|
|
747 | (1) |
|
Associated Systemic Disorders |
|
|
747 | (6) |
|
Association of Ocular Hypertension and Glaucoma with Hemi-CRVO |
|
|
753 | (1) |
|
Natural History of Visual Outcome |
|
|
753 | (2) |
|
|
755 | (8) |
|
Differentiation of Ischemic from Nonischemic Hemi-CRVO |
|
|
763 | (1) |
|
|
763 | (6) |
|
Antiplatelet Aggregation Agents and Anticoagulants |
|
|
763 | (3) |
|
|
766 | (1) |
|
|
766 | (2) |
|
Laser-Induced Chorioretinal Venous Anastomosis |
|
|
768 | (1) |
|
|
768 | (1) |
|
|
769 | (2) |
|
26 Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion |
|
|
771 | (52) |
|
|
771 | (1) |
|
Conditions Associated with BRVO |
|
|
771 | (11) |
|
|
772 | (7) |
|
Hematologic Abnormalities |
|
|
779 | (1) |
|
Association of Ocular Hypotension, Glaucoma, and Ocular Hypertension with BRVO |
|
|
780 | (1) |
|
Retinal Arteriovenous Crossings |
|
|
780 | (2) |
|
|
782 | (1) |
|
|
782 | (1) |
|
|
782 | (1) |
|
|
783 | (1) |
|
|
783 | (1) |
|
|
783 | (1) |
|
|
783 | (1) |
|
Demographic Characteristics |
|
|
784 | (3) |
|
Frequently Asked Questions Regarding Demographic Characteristics of All Types of Retinal Vein Occlusion |
|
|
784 | (3) |
|
Seasonal Variations in the Onset of BRVO |
|
|
787 | (1) |
|
|
787 | (7) |
|
|
787 | (1) |
|
|
788 | (6) |
|
|
794 | (1) |
|
|
794 | (1) |
|
|
794 | (14) |
|
|
795 | (1) |
|
|
796 | (2) |
|
|
798 | (3) |
|
|
801 | (1) |
|
|
802 | (1) |
|
|
802 | (1) |
|
|
803 | (1) |
|
|
803 | (1) |
|
|
804 | (1) |
|
|
805 | (1) |
|
Fluorescein Fundus Angiographic Findings |
|
|
805 | (1) |
|
Resolution of Retinopathy |
|
|
806 | (1) |
|
|
807 | (1) |
|
|
808 | (1) |
|
|
809 | (2) |
|
Intravitreal Anti-VEGF Therapy |
|
|
809 | (1) |
|
Intravitreal Corticosteroid Therapy |
|
|
809 | (1) |
|
Anticoagulants or Antiplatelet Aggregation Agent Therapy |
|
|
810 | (1) |
|
Isovolemic Hemodilution Therapy |
|
|
810 | (1) |
|
Intravitreal Tissue Plasminogen Activator |
|
|
810 | (1) |
|
|
811 | (2) |
|
Grid Pattern Laser Treatment for Macular Edema |
|
|
811 | (1) |
|
Photocoagulation for Ocular Neovascularization in BRVO |
|
|
811 | (2) |
|
Photocoagulation by Laser Types Other than Argon Laser in BRVO |
|
|
813 | (1) |
|
|
813 | (1) |
|
Arteriovenous Sheathotomy |
|
|
813 | (1) |
|
|
814 | (1) |
|
|
814 | (9) |
|
|
823 | (16) |
|
Ciliary Processes and Ciliary Body Findings |
|
|
823 | (3) |
|
Depth of Anterior Chamber Findings |
|
|
826 | (1) |
|
Intraocular Pressure Findings |
|
|
826 | (1) |
|
|
827 | (1) |
|
|
828 | (1) |
|
|
828 | (1) |
|
Choroidal Circulation Findings |
|
|
828 | (3) |
|
Watershed Zones Between the Four Vortex Veins |
|
|
831 | (1) |
|
|
832 | (3) |
|
|
835 | (1) |
|
|
836 | (1) |
|
|
837 | (2) |
|
28 Amaurosis Fugax in Ocular Vascular Occlusive Disorders |
|
|
839 | |
|
Prevalence of Amaurosis Fugax |
|
|
839 | (1) |
|
|
840 | (1) |
|
Pathogeneses of Amaurosis Fugax in Various Ocular Vascular Occlusive Disorders |
|
|
841 | (8) |
|
Amaurosis Fugax in Giant Cell Arteritis with Visual Loss |
|
|
841 | (2) |
|
Amaurosis Fugax in Non-arteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy |
|
|
843 | (1) |
|
Amaurosis Fugax in Central Retinal Vein Occlusion with Cilioretinal Artery Occlusion |
|
|
844 | (1) |
|
Amaurosis Fugax in Central and Hemicentral Retinal Vein Occlusion |
|
|
845 | (1) |
|
Amaurosis Fugax in Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion |
|
|
846 | (1) |
|
Amaurosis Fugax in Non-arteritic Central Retinal Artery Occlusion |
|
|
846 | (1) |
|
Amaurosis Fugax in Branch Retinal Arteriole Occlusion |
|
|
847 | (1) |
|
Amaurosis Fugax in Ocular Ischemic Syndrome |
|
|
848 | (1) |
|
|
849 | (1) |
|
|
849 | |