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El. knyga: Ontology of Modern Conflict: Including Conventional Combat and Unconventional Conflict

  • Formatas: EPUB+DRM
  • Serija: Understanding Complex Systems
  • Išleidimo metai: 10-Nov-2020
  • Leidėjas: Springer Nature Switzerland AG
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9783030532147
  • Formatas: EPUB+DRM
  • Serija: Understanding Complex Systems
  • Išleidimo metai: 10-Nov-2020
  • Leidėjas: Springer Nature Switzerland AG
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9783030532147

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This volume develops and describes an ontology of modern conflict. Modern conflict is a complex adaptive system. As such, it exhibits emergent properties, or properties that are not predictable from simple descriptions of the system.  The Modern Conflict Ontology (MCO) creates a structure for collecting and analyzing information regarding both conventional and unconventional conflict in the face of uncertainty.  

The first three chapters of the book begin the discussion of the MCO.  The first chapter introduces the foundational concepts. The second chapter discusses modern conflict in detail. The third chapter provides an overview of ontologies in sufficient detail to make the rest of the book understandable, but without covering the minutia of the subject. The next ten chapters describe the parts of the MCO.  Each part is a sub-ontology and is discussed in detail, including connections to the other parts.  Instances are used very liberally to ensure that the concepts are made concrete.  The final chapter consolidates the descriptions of the ontology into a discussion of “what we can know.” It describes the implementation history and changes from the predecessor Unconventional Conflict Ontology (UCO) to the MCO, plus some uses of the ontology and potential future enhancements.  

Providing an ontology that describes the entire modern conflict domain, this volume is appropriate for military professionals and academics and professionals in political science, computer science, and operations research.

1 Introduction
1(20)
1.1 Introduction to Modern Conflict
2(8)
PMESII
3(1)
DIME and Conflict Domains
4(4)
DIME/PMESII
8(1)
Contemplations on Conflict
8(2)
1.2 Introduction to Ontologies
10(5)
Definition of Ontology
10(1)
Representing Knowledge in an Ontology
11(3)
Ontology Languages
14(1)
Foundational, Core, and Domain Ontologies
14(1)
1.3 Previous Work
15(1)
1.4 Organization of the Book
15(6)
2 Modern Conflict
21(50)
2.1 Conflict
21(4)
Unconventional Conflict
22(1)
Conventional Conflict
23(1)
New Rules
23(1)
Hybrid War
24(1)
Cyber War
24(1)
2.2 Definition of Modern Conflict
25(10)
Operations Conducted in Modern Conflict
27(6)
Relative Likelihood of Overall Conflict Types
33(1)
Conflict as a Complex Adaptive System
34(1)
2.3 Theories of Conflict
35(21)
Sun Tzu
35(1)
Machiavelli
36(1)
Clausewitz
36(1)
Liddell Hart
37(1)
Wylie
37(2)
DuBois, Hughes, and Low
39(5)
US Marine Corps
44(4)
Chinese Thinking
48(3)
Qualitative Analyses
51(2)
Quantitative Analyses
53(1)
Grand Strategy
54(2)
2.4 Illustrations of Conflict
56(12)
Attrition Warfare and the Cold War
56(3)
Maneuver Warfare and Desert Storm
59(1)
Castle Warfare
60(1)
Naval Warfare
61(2)
Unconventional Conflict
63(3)
Cyber and Information War
66(1)
Diplomatic Conflict
67(1)
Economic Conflict
67(1)
2.5 Characterization of Modern Conflict
68(3)
Combat Aspects of Modern Conflict
68(1)
Unconventional Conflict Aspects of Modern Conflict
68(1)
Organizing Principles for Modern Conflict
68(3)
3 General Ontology Overview
71(36)
3.1 Choosing a Foundational Ontology
71(14)
General Formal Ontology (GFO)
72(6)
DoDAF Meta-Model (DM2)
78(2)
Basic Formal Ontology (BFO)
80(4)
The Choice
84(1)
3.2 Modern Conflict Ontology Structure
85(9)
MCO Metric Ontologies
88(2)
MCO Element Ontologies
90(1)
MCO Concept Ontologies
91(1)
MCO Theories Ontology
91(1)
MCO Scenario Ontologies
92(1)
MCO Relationships
93(1)
MCO Structure Overview
93(1)
3.3 Related Ontologies
94(8)
3.4 Changes from the Unconventional Conflict Ontology
102(4)
Types of Changes from the UCO
103(2)
Why There Are No Process Elements
105(1)
3.5 Recapitulation
106(1)
4 MCO Actor Ontology
107(18)
4.1 Overview of Actors
107(2)
Changes to Actors from the UCO
108(1)
An Insight into Actors
108(1)
4.2 Individual Actors
109(3)
Key Leader Actors
109(2)
Other Individual Actors
111(1)
4.3 Significant Group Actors
112(5)
Social Organization Actors
113(1)
Economic Organization Actors
113(2)
Armed Force Actors
115(1)
Unarmed Political Organization Actors
116(1)
Armed Political Organization Actors
116(1)
4.4 Demographic Group Actors
117(2)
Static Population Actors
118(1)
Mobile Population Actors
119(1)
4.5 Nonhuman Actors
119(3)
Civilian Vehicle Actors
120(1)
Military System Actors
120(1)
Environmental Actors
121(1)
Animal Actors
121(1)
4.6 Composite Actors
122(2)
Simple Composite Actors
122(1)
Hierarchical Actors
123(1)
4.7 Actor Relationships
124(1)
4.8 Review of Actors
124(1)
5 MCO Action Ontology
125(50)
5.1 Overview of Actions
125(2)
Changes to Actions from the UCO
126(1)
An Insight into Actions
127(1)
5.2 Strike Actions
127(7)
Strike Target Actions
128(3)
Strike Method Actions
131(2)
Environmental Strike Actions
133(1)
5.3 C2 Actions
134(2)
Control Actions
134(1)
Command and Control Actions
135(1)
5.4 Information Actions
136(5)
Persuasion Actions
137(1)
Monitoring Actions
138(1)
Intelligence Actions
139(2)
5.5 Conflict Actions
141(8)
Sustainment Actions
142(1)
Security Actions
143(2)
General Conflict Actions
145(4)
5.6 Conflict Organization or Personnel Actions
149(4)
Conflict Organization Actions
150(1)
Conflict Personnel Actions
151(2)
5.7 Human Affairs Actions
153(7)
Social Aid Actions
154(1)
Civil Training Actions
155(1)
Civil Personnel Actions
156(3)
Change Civil Situation Actions
159(1)
5.8 Economic Actions
160(6)
Business Economic Actions
160(1)
Consume or Produce Actions
161(1)
Civil Building Actions
162(2)
Business Organization Actions
164(2)
5.9 Policing or Criminal Actions
166(2)
Criminal Actions
167(1)
Policing Actions
168(1)
5.10 Civil Government Acti ons
168(6)
Policy or Legal Actions
169(1)
Government Economic Actions
170(2)
Government Organization Actions
172(2)
5.11 Action Relationships
174(1)
5.12 Review of Actions
174(1)
6 MCO Object Ontology
175(28)
6.1 Overview of Objects
175(2)
Changes to Objects from the UCO
176(1)
An Insight into Objects
176(1)
6.2 Infrastructure Objects
177(4)
Water Infrastructure
177(1)
Transport Infrastructure
178(1)
Government Infrastructure
179(1)
Energy Infrastructure
179(1)
Business Infrastructure
180(1)
Social Infrastructure
181(1)
6.3 Needed Thing Objects
181(3)
Business Objects
182(1)
Immediate Needs
182(1)
Service Needs
183(1)
6.4 Natural Objects
184(2)
Conditions
184(1)
Geographical Objects
185(1)
6.5 Conflict Objects
186(3)
Conflict Environments: Hot
187(1)
Conflict Environments: Warm
187(2)
Conflict Environments: Cool
189(1)
6.6 Governing Objects
189(4)
Government Objects
190(2)
Economic Objects
192(1)
Criminal Objects
192(1)
Intervention Objects
193(1)
6.7 Conceptual Objects
193(4)
Rights Objects
194(1)
Cognitive Objects
195(1)
Documents
196(1)
6.8 Composite Objects
197(3)
Simple Composite Objects
198(1)
Hierarchical Objects
198(2)
Complex Composite Objects
200(1)
6.9 Object Relationships
200(1)
6.10 Review of Objects
200(3)
7 MCO Composite Actors and Objects
203(22)
7.1 Military Composite Classes and Instantiations
204(10)
Simple Implementation
204(1)
Composite Actor Implementation
205(1)
Systems, Weapons, and Munitions
206(1)
Adding Complexity
207(6)
Non-land Examples
213(1)
7.2 Non-military Actor Hierarchies
214(2)
7.3 Non-actor Hierarchies
216(7)
Simple Object Examples
217(1)
Hierarchical Object Examples
218(4)
Complex Composite Objects
222(1)
7.4 Composite Relationships
223(1)
7.5 Composite Classes Recapitulation
224(1)
8 MCO State Variable Ontology
225(30)
8.1 Overview of Metrics
225(3)
Changes to Metrics from the UCO
226(1)
An Insight into Metrics
227(1)
8.2 Metric Vector Key State Variables
228(2)
Situation Key
229(1)
Identity Key
229(1)
Time Key
230(1)
8.3 Physical State Variables
230(4)
Location
231(1)
Quantity
231(1)
Members
231(1)
Disaster Indicators
232(1)
Movable
232(1)
Weaponry
233(1)
Damage
234(1)
8.4 Flow State Variables
234(4)
Capacity Flowrate
235(1)
Munition Consumption
235(1)
Supply Consumption
236(1)
Power Consumption
236(1)
Money Consumption
237(1)
8.5 Relational State Variables
238(4)
Affiliation
238(1)
Hierarchy
239(1)
Owner
239(1)
Initiator
239(1)
Recipient
240(1)
Activity
240(1)
Availability
241(1)
8.6 HSCB State Variables
242(5)
Decision Making
242(1)
Influence
243(1)
Fairness/Corruption
243(1)
Effectiveness
244(1)
Efficiency
244(1)
Operating Health
245(1)
Level Rating
245(1)
Progress
246(1)
Professionalism
246(1)
Transparency
247(1)
8.7 Patterns of State Variables
247(6)
State Variables of Actors
248(2)
State Variables of Actions
250(1)
State Variables of Objects
250(3)
8.8 State Variable Relationships
253(1)
8.9 State Variables Review
254(1)
9 MCO DIME Ontology and PMESII Metric Ontology
255(32)
9.1 DIME+ Ontology
255(9)
The DIMEDiplomatic Category
256(2)
The DIMEInformational Category
258(1)
The DIMEMilitary Category
259(1)
The DIMEEconomic Category
260(2)
The DIMEOther Category
262(1)
Relating Action Classes to DIME+
262(2)
9.2 PMESII Ontology
264(18)
The political Category
266(1)
The military Category
267(2)
The economic Category
269(1)
The social Category
270(2)
The information Category
272(2)
The infrastructure Category
274(1)
The kinetic Category
275(2)
The environmental Category
277(1)
The null Category
278(1)
Relating Metrics to PMESII+
278(4)
9.3 DIME and PMESII Relationships
282(1)
9.4 DIME/PMESII Recapitulation
282(5)
DIME Action Recapitulation
282(1)
PMESII Metric Recapitulation
283(1)
DIME/PMESII Assignments
284(1)
Summary
285(2)
10 MCO Concept Ontologies
287(38)
10.1 The Semantic Concept Ontology
287(19)
Overview of Semantic Concepts
288(1)
Business Concepts
289(3)
Government Concepts
292(3)
Needs Concepts
295(1)
Social Concepts
296(1)
Military Concepts
297(4)
Other Concepts
301(4)
Small Concepts
305(1)
10.2 The Stocks-and-Flows Ontology
306(17)
Overview of Stocks-and-Flows Concepts
307(4)
Environment-Oriented Stocks-and-Flows
311(5)
Population-Oriented Stocks-and-Flows
316(1)
Organization-Oriented Stocks-and-Flows
317(6)
10.3 Concept Ontologies Relationships
323(1)
10.4 Recapitulation of the Concept Ontologies
324(1)
11 MCO Theories Ontology
325(14)
11.1 Overview of Theories
326(1)
Changes to Theories from the UCO
326(1)
An Insight into Theories
326(1)
11.2 Social Science Theories
327(1)
11.3 Hard Science Theories
328(1)
11.4 Applied Science Theories
329(1)
11.5 Formal Theories
330(1)
11.6 Other Theories
331(1)
11.7 Validity of Theories
332(2)
Contexts
333(1)
Validity Valuation Levels
333(1)
11.8 Theory Uses
334(4)
Direct Connection to Metrics
334(1)
Implicit Metric Models
334(1)
Theoretical Metric Models
335(3)
11.9 Theories Relationships
338(1)
11.10 Theories Recapitulation
338(1)
12 MCO Scenario Ontologies
339(46)
12.1 Overview of Scenario Ontologies
339(2)
Scenarios
340(1)
Owners
340(1)
Entity-Entity Relationships
341(1)
Changes to Scenario Ontologies from the UCO
341(1)
An Insight into Scenario Ontologies
341(1)
12.2 Scenario Identification Ontology
341(2)
12.3 GTO Sets Ontology
343(25)
The Simple War Scenario
347(1)
The Simple Disaster Relief Scenario
348(2)
The Complex Irregular War Scenario
350(15)
Interacting Agendas
365(2)
GTO Set Instances
367(1)
12.4 Scenario Rules Ontology
368(3)
Scenario Rules Class Structure
368(1)
Scenario Rules Instances
369(2)
12.5 Scenario AAR Ontology
371(4)
AAR Class Structure
371(1)
AAR Instance Structure
372(3)
Using AAR Sets
375(1)
Possible Future Enhancements of AAR Sets
375(1)
12.6 Scenario Relations Ontology
375(6)
Scenario Relations Class Structure
376(1)
Scenario Relations Instance Structure
377(1)
Single-Pair Relations
378(1)
Group Relations
378(1)
Network Relations
379(2)
12.7 Scenario Ontologies Relationships
381(2)
12.8 Recapitulation of the Scenario Ontologies
383(2)
13 MCO Relationships
385(24)
13.1 Overview of Relationships
385(1)
Changes to Relationships from the UCO
385(1)
Insights into Relationships
385(1)
13.2 Annotation Relationships
386(2)
Annotation Relationship Categories
386(1)
Annotation Relationship Definitions
386(2)
13.3 Data Relationships
388(1)
Data Relationship Categories
389(1)
Data Relationship Definitions
389(1)
Possible Future Enhancements to Data Relationships
389(1)
13.4 Object Relationships
389(19)
Object Relationship Categories
390(6)
Object Relationships for Classes and Instances
396(5)
Object Relationship Definitions
401(6)
Possible Future Enhancements to Object Relationships
407(1)
13.5 Relationships Recapitulation
408(1)
14 Conclusion
409(24)
14.1 The MCO: What We Can Know
410(4)
Situation-Independent Parts
410(2)
Scenario Parts
412(1)
Theory
413(1)
Relationships
414(1)
14.2 Implementing the Ontologies
414(10)
Implementation History
415(2)
The Current Version
417(6)
Future Enhancements
423(1)
14.3 Using the Ontology
424(8)
Tracking and Understanding the Situation
425(2)
Building or Improving Models
427(2)
Supporting VV&A of Models
429(1)
Inferring Agendas
430(2)
14.4 Concluding Thoughts
432(1)
Bibliography 433(4)
Index 437
DEAN S. HARTLEY III is the Principal of Hartley Consulting. He is also the Chief Operating Officer (COO) and Vice President of Sisyphus Energy, Inc. (SEI).  Hartley is a past Vice President of the Institute for Operations Research and Management Science (INFORMS), a Director of the Military Operations Research Society (MORS), past President of the Military Applications Society (MAS), and a member of the INFORMS Simulation Society (ISIM).