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El. knyga: Organization of Information

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This third edition of Taylor's modern classic continues to articulate the theory, principles, standards, and tools behind information organization.





As with previous editions, it begins with strong justification for the continued importance of organizing principles and practice. Following a broad overview of the concept and its role in human endeavors, Taylor and Joudrey provide a detailed and insightful discussion of such basic retrieval tools as inventories, bibliographies, catalogs, indexes, finding aids, registers, databases, major bibliographic utilities, and other organizing entities; and subsequently trace the development of the organization of recorded information in Western civilization from 2000 B.C.E. to the present. Standards of codification (MARC, SGML, and various DTDs), controlled vocabularies and ontologies, and Web 2.0 technologies are but a sample of its extensive topical coverage.





The Organization of Information remains the title of choice for students and professionals eager to embrace the heritage, immediacy, and future of this fascinating field of study.



Restructured and expanded sections on metadata (description, access, and access control) and subject analysis and aboutness

Significant revisions to sections dealing with indexing and abstracting, systems and system design, and authority control (especially FRAR)

Expanded coverage of archives and archival finding aids, museums and galleries, and digital libraries

Recenzijos

"With chapters on the many complex methods one must deal with to maintain the integrity of original documents, items, and other important subjects, The Organization of Information is complete and comprehensive in its application. The Organization of Information is enhanced with bibliographies, indexes, glossaries, and more, making it an absolute must for any archive which wants to serve its purpose well." - The Midwest Book Review "While the text covers the theory, principles, standards, and tools behind information organization in all types of environments, the main focus is on libraries. The text has been reorganized and extensively updated throughout, including new and expanded material on indexing, abstracting, archival finding aids, museum databases, metadata models, XML and XML schemas, the future of MARC, discovery interfaces to information systems, next generation catalogs, new metadata standards (DACS, CCO, CDWA, and FRBR), bibliographic relationships and authority control, the aboutness of an information resource, issues related to tagging, the nature of categories and classification, and clustering." - Reference & Research Book News "This work is highly recommended for anyone seeking to know more about the organization of information." - ARBA

Daugiau informacijos

Provides a detailed and insightful discussion of such basic retrieval tools as bibliographies, catalogs, indexes, finding aids, registers, databases, major bibliographic utilities, and other organizing entities.
List of Figures
xv
Preface xix
Acknowledgments xxiii
Arlene G. Taylor
Acknowledgments xxv
Daniel N. Joudrey
Organization of Recorded Information
1(38)
The Need to Organize
1(2)
The Nature of Information
3(5)
The Nature of the Organization of Recorded Information
4(4)
Organization of Information in Different Contexts
8(21)
Libraries
8(3)
Archives
11(2)
Museums (Art and Object Collections)
13(2)
The Internet
15(2)
Digital Libraries and Archives
17(3)
Information Architecture
20(1)
Indexing and Abstracting
21(1)
Indexing
22(1)
Abstracting
23(1)
Records Management
24(3)
Knowledge Management
27(2)
Conclusion
29(1)
Notes
29(4)
Suggested Readings
33(6)
Retrieval Tools
39(28)
The Need for Retrieval Tools
39(1)
The Basic Retrieval Tools, Their Formats, and Their Functions
40(22)
Bibliographies
40(3)
Pathfinders
43(1)
Catalogs
43(1)
Purposes of Catalogs
44(3)
Forms of Catalogs
47(1)
Book Catalogs
47(1)
Card Catalogs
48(1)
Microform Catalogs
49(1)
OPACs
49(1)
Arrangements within Catalogs
49(1)
Classified
50(1)
Alphabetical
51(1)
Chronological and Other
52(1)
Indexes
52(5)
Finding Aids
57(2)
Registers and Other Museum Databases
59(1)
Search Engines and Directories
60(2)
Conclusion
62(1)
Notes
62(3)
Suggested Readings
65(2)
Development of the Organization of Recorded Information in Western Civilization
67(22)
Inventories, Bibliographies, Catalogs, and Codification
67(8)
Antiquity
67(2)
Middle Ages
69(1)
European Renaissance
70(1)
From Inventories to Finding Lists to Collocating Devices
71(2)
Period of Codification
73(2)
Twentieth Century
75(9)
Description
75(2)
Subject Access
77(1)
Verbal Subject Access
77(1)
Classification
78(2)
Special Materials
80(1)
Archives
80(1)
Museums (Art and Object Collections)
80(1)
Subject Access to Special Materials
81(1)
Mechanization of Bibliography
81(1)
The Documentation Movement
81(2)
Library Automation
83(1)
Conclusion
84(1)
Notes
84(1)
Suggested Readings
85(4)
Metadata
89(40)
The Basics of Metadata
91(3)
Metadata Schemas
94(1)
Metadata Characteristics
95(1)
Categories of Metadata
96(7)
Administrative Metadata
96(2)
Technical Metadata
98(1)
Preservation Metadata
98(1)
Rights and Access Metadata
99(1)
Meta-Metadata
99(1)
Structural Metadata
100(1)
Implementations of Structural Metadata
101(1)
METS (Metadata Encoding & Transmission Standard)
101(1)
Descriptive Metadata
102(1)
Metadata Models
103(11)
Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR)
103(1)
User Tasks
104(2)
FRBR Entities and Attributes
106(1)
FRBR Relationships
107(2)
Resource Description Framework (RDF)
109(4)
DCMI Abstract Model (DCAM)
113(1)
Metadata Management Tools
114(3)
Application Profiles
114(2)
Metadata Registries
116(1)
Crosswalks
116(1)
Harvesting Tools and Templates
117(1)
Metadata and Cataloging
117(3)
Conclusion
120(1)
Notes
121(4)
Suggested Readings
125(4)
Encoding Standards
129(30)
Encoding of Characters
130(1)
Encoding of Records
131(22)
MARC (MAchine-Readable Cataloging)
132(5)
MARC 21
137(3)
UNIMARC
140(1)
The Future of MARC
141(1)
SGML (Standard Generalized Markup Language)
142(1)
HTML (HyperText Markup Language)
143(1)
XML (Extensible Markup Language)
144(3)
TEI (Text Encoding Initiative) Schema
147(1)
EAD (Encoded Archival Description) DTD and Schema
147(2)
ONIX (Online Information eXchange) DTD and Schema
149(4)
MARCXML Schema and MODS
153(1)
Conclusion
153(2)
Notes
155(2)
Suggested Readings
157(2)
Systems and System Design
159(40)
Systems
159(10)
Databases
161(2)
Bibliographic Networks
163(1)
Integrated Library Systems (ILSs)
164(1)
History of the ILS
164(1)
ILS Developments
165(1)
Development of Online Public Access Catalogs (OPACs)
166(3)
System Design
169(12)
Organization of Information and System Design
169(1)
Searching Methods
170(1)
Retrieval Models
171(1)
Standardization and Systems
172(1)
Display
173(1)
Display of Retrieved Results
173(1)
Display of Records
174(2)
Display Guidelines
176(1)
Basic Search Queries
177(2)
Initial Articles
179(1)
Truncation, Boolean Operators, and Proximity
179(1)
Punctuation
180(1)
Federated Searching and Z39.50
181(3)
Z39.50
183(1)
User-Centered System Design
184(6)
Universal Design
185(1)
Multiple Languages/Scripts
185(1)
Other Aids for Users
186(1)
Authority Control Integration
187(3)
Conclusion
190(1)
Notes
191(5)
Suggested Readings
196(3)
Metadata: Description
199(46)
Units to be Described
200(3)
Finite versus Continuing Resources
201(1)
FRBR's Entities
202(1)
Creation of Surrogate Records
203(30)
Bibliographic and General Metadata Schemas
205(1)
International Standard Bibliographic Description (ISBD)
205(4)
Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules, Second Edition, 2002 Revision (AACR2R)
209(4)
The Dublin Core (DC)
213(6)
Metadata Object Description Schema (MODS)
219(1)
Domain-Specific Metadata Schemas
220(1)
General International Standard Archival Description (ISAD(G))
220(2)
Describing Archives: A Content Standard (DACS)
222(2)
Encoded Archival Description (EAD)
224(1)
TEI (Text Encoding Initiative) Headers
225(1)
FGDC (Federal Geographic Data Committee) Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata (CSDGM)
225(2)
VRA (Visual Resources Association) Core
227(2)
Categories for the Description of Works of Art (CDWA)
229(1)
Cataloging Cultural Objects (CCO)
230(1)
ONIX (ONline Information eXchange)
231(1)
Other Surrogate Record Types
232(1)
Index and Bibliography Records
232(1)
On-the-Fly Records
232(1)
Conclusion
233(2)
Notes
235(5)
Suggested Readings
240(5)
Metadata: Access and Authority Control
245(58)
Access
245(1)
Bibliographic Relationships
246(3)
Authority Control
249(7)
Authority Work
252(2)
Authority Files
254(2)
International Authority Control
256(37)
Models and Standards for Authority Control
258(1)
General Bibliographic Models and Standards
258(1)
Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR)
259(1)
Functional Requirements for Authority Data (FRAD)
259(3)
Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules, Second Edition, 2002 Revision (AACR2R)
262(1)
Primary Access Point
262(11)
Additional Access Points
273(1)
Headings for Access Points
274(7)
Statement of International Cataloguing Principles and RDA: Resource Description and Access
281(4)
Dublin Core Agents
285(1)
Metadata Authority Description Schema (MADS)
285(1)
Standards for Archives
285(1)
International Standard Archival Authority Record for Corporate Bodies, Persons, and Families (ISAAR (CPF))
286(1)
Encoded Archival Context (EAC)
287(1)
Describing Archives: A Content Standard (DACS)
287(1)
Standards for Art and Museums
288(1)
Cataloging Cultural Objects (CCO)
288(3)
Categories for the Description of Works of Art (CDWA)
291(1)
VRA (Visual Resources Association) Core
292(1)
Semantic Web
293(1)
Conclusion
293(1)
Notes
294(5)
Suggested Readings
299(4)
Subject Analysis
303(30)
What Is Subject Analysis?
305(1)
Challenges in Subject Analysis
306(11)
Cultural Differences
307(1)
Consistency
307(1)
Nontextual Information
308(2)
Exhaustivity
310(3)
Objectivity
313(1)
Differences in Methods Used
314(1)
Langridge's Approach
314(1)
Wilson's Approaches
315(1)
Use-based Approaches
316(1)
Conceptual Analysis Process
317(10)
Item Examination
317(3)
Content Examination
320(1)
Identification of Concepts
320(1)
Topics Used as Subject Concepts
321(1)
Names Used as Subject Concepts
321(1)
Chronological Elements
322(1)
Content Characteristics
322(1)
Research Methods
323(1)
Point of View
323(1)
Language, Tone, Audience, and Intellectual Level
323(1)
Form and Genre
324(2)
Content Examination Strategies
326(1)
Stages in Aboutness Determination
326(1)
Next Steps in Subject Analysis
327(1)
Conclusion
328(1)
Notes
328(3)
Suggested Readings
331(2)
Systems for Vocabulary Control
333(42)
Controlled Vocabularies
334(2)
Controlled Vocabulary Challenges
336(4)
Specific vs. General Terms
336(1)
Synonymous Concepts
337(1)
Word Form for One-Word Terms
337(1)
Sequence and Form for Multiword Terms and Phrases
338(1)
Homographs and Homophones
338(1)
Qualification of Terms
339(1)
Abbreviations and Acronyms
339(1)
Popular vs. Technical Terms
340(1)
Subdivision of Terms
340(1)
Precoordination vs. Postcoordination
340(1)
General Principles for Creating Controlled Vocabularies
341(1)
Specificity
341(1)
Literary Warrant
342(1)
Direct Entry
342(1)
General Principles for Applying Controlled Vocabulary Terms
342(3)
Specific Entry and Coextensive Entry
343(1)
Number of Terms Assigned
344(1)
Concepts Not in Controlled Vocabulary
345(1)
Index Terms for Names
345(1)
Mechanics of Controlled Vocabularies
345(4)
Types of Controlled Vocabularies
349(10)
Subject Heading Lists
349(1)
Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH)
349(1)
Sears List of Subject Headings (Sears)
349(3)
Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
352(2)
Thesauri
354(1)
Art & Architecture Thesaurus (AAT)
354(2)
Thesaurus of ERIC Descriptors
356(1)
Ontologies
357(2)
Natural Language Approaches to Subjects
359(8)
Natural Language Processing (NLP)
360(3)
Keywords
363(1)
Tagging and Folksonomies
364(3)
Conclusion
367(1)
Notes
368(3)
Suggested Readings
371(4)
Systems for Categorization
375(42)
What Are Categories, Classifications, and Taxonomies?
376(3)
Theory of Categorization
379(4)
The Rise and Fall of the Classical Theory of Categories
380(1)
Cracks in the Classical Theory
380(2)
Prototype Theory
382(1)
Bibliographic Classification
383(7)
Hierarchical, Enumerative, and Faceted Classifications
384(4)
Major Bibliographic Classification Schemes
388(2)
Classification Concepts
390(8)
Broad vs. Close Classification
390(1)
Classification of Knowledge vs. Classification of a Particular Collection
391(1)
Integrity of Numbers vs. Keeping Pace with Knowledge
392(2)
Fixed vs. Relative Location
394(1)
Closed vs. Open Stacks
394(1)
Location Device vs. Collocation Device
395(1)
Classification of Serials vs. Alphabetical Order of Serials
396(1)
Classification of Monographic Series (Classified Separately vs. Classified as a Set)
397(1)
Systems for Categorization and the Internet
398(7)
Categories and Taxonomies on the Web
399(3)
Classification on the Internet
402(2)
Clustering Search Results
404(1)
Conclusion
405(2)
Notes
407(3)
Suggested Readings
410(7)
Conclusion
417(2)
Note
418(1)
Appendix A: An Approach to Subject Analysis
419(10)
Example
420(9)
Appendix B: Arrangement of Physical Information Resources in Libraries
429(4)
Notes
432(1)
Appendix C: Arrangement of Metadata Displays
433(8)
Filing History
434(1)
General Rules for Arrangement
435(1)
Filing/Display Dilemmas
436(3)
Notes
439(2)
Glossary 441(38)
Selected Bibliography 479(20)
Index 499
Arlene G. Taylor is professor emerita, School of Information Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, and author of several works on cataloging and classification and authority control. She has received ALA's Margaret Mann Citation in Cataloging and Classification and the ALA Highsmith Library Literature Award.





Daniel N. Joudrey is assistant professor in the Graduate School of Library and Information Science, Simmons College, Boston, Massachusetts, where he teaches information organization and cataloging. His research interests include aboutness determination, subject access to information, and cataloging education.