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1 Outer Regions of the Milky Way |
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1 | (30) |
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1 | (1) |
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1.2 The Outer Disk of the Milky Way: Stellar Content |
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2 | (4) |
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1.2.1 Resolved Stellar Populations |
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3 | (1) |
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4 | (2) |
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1.3 The Milky Way Outer Disk: Structure and Dynamics |
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6 | (5) |
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1.3.1 Spiral Arm Impact on Disk Dynamics and Structure |
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6 | (1) |
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1.3.2 The Galactic Warp and Flare |
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7 | (2) |
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1.3.3 Gravitational Interaction with Satellites |
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9 | (1) |
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1.3.4 Dynamics of the Vertical Blending and Breathing Modes |
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10 | (1) |
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1.4 Towards a Chemodynamical Model of the Galactic Disk |
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11 | (6) |
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1.4.1 Age-Metallicity-Kinematics Relations |
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11 | (1) |
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1.4.2 The Galactic Thick Disk |
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12 | (1) |
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1.4.3 The Radial Abundance Gradients |
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13 | (4) |
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1.4.4 The "Outside-In" Versus "Inside-Out" Disk Formation Scenarios v |
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17 | (1) |
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1.5 Large Surveys in the Next Decade |
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17 | (6) |
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18 | (5) |
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23 | (8) |
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23 | (8) |
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2 Resolved Stellar Populations as Tracers of Outskirts |
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31 | (46) |
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2.1 The Importance of Haloes |
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31 | (4) |
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2.1.1 Resolved Stellar Populations |
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33 | (1) |
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2.1.2 The Low-Mass End of the Galaxy Luminosity Function |
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34 | (1) |
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35 | (13) |
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35 | (5) |
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40 | (7) |
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2.2.3 Low-Mass Galaxies In and Around the Local Group |
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47 | (1) |
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2.3 Beyond the Local Group |
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48 | (13) |
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50 | (3) |
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2.3.2 Panoramic Views of Individual Galaxies |
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53 | (8) |
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2.4 Summary and Future Prospects |
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61 | (16) |
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63 | (14) |
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3 The Impact of Stellar Migration on Disk Outskirts |
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77 | (38) |
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77 | (2) |
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3.1.1 Our Definition of Breaks |
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79 | (1) |
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3.2 Demographics of Profile Type |
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79 | (2) |
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3.2.1 The Role of Environment |
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80 | (1) |
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81 | (1) |
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81 | (8) |
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3.3.1 Migration via Transient Spirals |
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82 | (2) |
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84 | (5) |
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3.3.3 Evidence for Migration in the Milky Way |
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89 | (1) |
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89 | (11) |
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90 | (6) |
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3.4.2 Observational Tests |
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96 | (3) |
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3.4.3 Synthesis and Outlook |
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99 | (1) |
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100 | (4) |
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3.5.1 Origin of Type I Profiles in Isolated Galaxies |
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101 | (1) |
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3.5.2 Type I Profiles in Cluster Lenticulars |
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102 | (2) |
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104 | (1) |
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3.6.1 Formation of Type III Disk Profiles |
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104 | (1) |
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105 | (10) |
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107 | (8) |
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4 Outskirts of Nearby Disk Galaxies: Star Formation and Stellar Populations |
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115 | (30) |
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115 | (1) |
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4.2 Outer Disk Structure from Collapse Models of Galaxy Formation |
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116 | (1) |
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4.3 Outer Disk Structure: Three Exponential Types |
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117 | (1) |
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4.4 Outer Disk Stellar Populations: Colour and Age Gradients |
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118 | (2) |
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4.5 Mono-Age Structure of Stellar Populations |
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120 | (1) |
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4.6 Outer Disk Structure: Environmental Effects and the Role of Bulges and Bars |
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120 | (1) |
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4.7 Outer Disk Structure: Star Formation Models |
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121 | (4) |
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4.8 The Disks of Dwarf Irregular Galaxies |
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125 | (9) |
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125 | (3) |
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4.8.2 Star Formation in Dwarfs |
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128 | (2) |
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130 | (2) |
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4.8.4 Breaks in Radial Profiles in dIrr Galaxies |
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132 | (2) |
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134 | (11) |
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135 | (10) |
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5 Metallicities in the Outer Regions of Spiral Galaxies |
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145 | (30) |
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145 | (1) |
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5.2 Measuring Nebular Abundances |
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146 | (2) |
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5.3 Chemical Abundances of HII Regions in Outer Disks |
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148 | (11) |
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148 | (1) |
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149 | (3) |
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152 | (3) |
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5.3.4 Results from Galaxy Surveys |
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155 | (3) |
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5.3.5 Nitrogen Abundances |
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158 | (1) |
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5.4 Additional Considerations |
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159 | (1) |
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5.4.1 Relation Between Metallicity and Surface Brightness Breaks |
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159 | (1) |
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5.4.2 An Analogy with Low Surface Brightness Galaxies? |
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159 | (1) |
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5.5 The Evolutionary Status of Outer Disks |
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160 | (4) |
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5.5.1 Flattening the Gradients |
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160 | (1) |
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5.5.2 Bringing Metals to the Outer Disks |
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161 | (3) |
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164 | (11) |
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165 | (10) |
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6 Molecular Gas in the Outskirts |
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175 | (34) |
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175 | (2) |
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6.2 Molecular Gas from the Inner to the Outer Regions of Galaxies |
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177 | (1) |
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6.3 Molecular ISM Masses: Basic Equations |
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178 | (9) |
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6.3.1 Brightness Temperature, Flux Density and Luminosity |
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178 | (2) |
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6.3.2 Observations of the Molecular ISM Using CO Line Emission |
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180 | (2) |
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6.3.3 Observations of the Molecular ISM Using Dust Continuum Emission |
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182 | (1) |
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6.3.4 The ISM in Extreme Environments Such as the Outskirts |
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183 | (4) |
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6.4 Molecular Gas Observations in the Outskirts of Disk Galaxies |
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187 | (8) |
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187 | (3) |
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6.4.2 Extragalactic Disk Galaxies |
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190 | (5) |
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6.5 Molecular Gas Observations in the Outskirts of Early-Type Galaxies |
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195 | (2) |
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6.6 Molecular Gas Observations in Galaxy Groups and Clusters |
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197 | (1) |
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6.7 Conclusions and Future Directions |
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198 | (11) |
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199 | (10) |
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7 Hi in the Outskirts of Nearby Galaxies |
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209 | (46) |
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209 | (1) |
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7.2 Hi in Galaxies and the Dark Matter Problem: Early Work |
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210 | (2) |
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212 | (2) |
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7.4 Further Data on Hi in Galaxies and the Dark Matter Problem |
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214 | (1) |
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7.5 The Disk-Halo Degeneracy in the Dark Matter Problem |
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215 | (4) |
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7.6 Flaring of the Outer Hi Layer: Probing the Shape of the Dark Matter Halo |
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219 | (8) |
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7.6.1 Early Work on Case Studies |
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219 | (1) |
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7.6.2 Recent Results for Small, Flat Galaxies |
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220 | (1) |
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7.6.3 Large Galaxies with a High Star Formation Rate: Accretion |
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221 | (3) |
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7.6.4 Velocity Dispersions in the Outer Hi Layers of Spiral Galaxies |
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224 | (3) |
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7.6.5 Star Formation in Warped Hi Layers |
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227 | (1) |
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7.7 The Core-Cusp Problem |
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227 | (3) |
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7.8 Alternative Gravity Theories |
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230 | (2) |
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232 | (3) |
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7.9.1 Very Large Hi Envelopes |
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232 | (3) |
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7.9.2 Velocity Dispersions in Dwarf Irregular Galaxies |
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235 | (1) |
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7.10 The Relation Between Hi Extent and the Optical Radius |
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235 | (3) |
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238 | (17) |
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239 | (16) |
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8 Ultra-Deep Imaging: Structure of Disks and Haloes |
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255 | (36) |
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255 | (2) |
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8.2 The Challenges of Ultra-Deep Imaging |
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257 | (6) |
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257 | (1) |
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8.2.2 Internal Reflections |
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257 | (1) |
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258 | (1) |
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8.2.4 Masking and Background Subtraction |
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259 | (2) |
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261 | (2) |
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263 | (1) |
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8.3 Approaches in Ultra-Deep Imaging |
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263 | (4) |
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263 | (1) |
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264 | (2) |
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266 | (1) |
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8.4 Disk and Stellar Halo Properties from Ultra-Deep Imaging |
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267 | (12) |
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267 | (3) |
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270 | (2) |
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272 | (1) |
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273 | (4) |
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277 | (2) |
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8.5 Conclusions and Future Developments |
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279 | (12) |
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281 | (10) |
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9 Outskirts of Distant Galaxies in Absorption |
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291 | (42) |
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291 | (4) |
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9.2 Tracking the Neutral Gas Reservoir over Cosmic Time |
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295 | (7) |
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9.3 Probing the Neutral Gas Phase in Galaxy Outskirts |
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302 | (3) |
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9.4 The Star Formation Relation in the Early Universe |
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305 | (4) |
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9.5 From Neutral ISM to the Ionized Circumgalactic Medium |
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309 | (8) |
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317 | (16) |
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318 | (15) |
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10 Future Prospects: Deep Imaging of Galaxy Outskirts Using Telescopes Large and Small |
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333 | (26) |
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334 | (1) |
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10.2 Why Is Low Surface Brightness Imaging Hard? |
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335 | (2) |
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10.3 Small Telescope Arrays as Better Imaging Mousetraps |
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337 | (3) |
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10.4 The Dragonfly Telephoto Array |
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340 | (3) |
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10.5 The Universe Below 30 mag/arcsec2 |
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343 | (16) |
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10.5.1 Galactic Outskirts |
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343 | (6) |
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10.5.2 Ultra-Diffuse Galaxies |
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349 | (2) |
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10.5.3 Imaging the Cosmic Web: The Next Frontier? |
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351 | (2) |
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353 | (6) |
Index |
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359 | |