| Acknowledgements |
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xiii | |
| An Introduction to the Fourth Edition |
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xv | |
| Introduction |
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xvii | |
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Section A Family Questions |
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A1 What are the advantages of my child becoming bilingual? |
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1 | (6) |
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A2 Are some families better placed than others to produce bilingual children? |
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7 | (2) |
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A3 Is the mother more important than the father in the Child's language development? |
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9 | (2) |
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A4 What happens if parents Don't agree that their children should become bilingual? |
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11 | (1) |
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A5 If we raise our child to be bilingual, will it affect our partnership/marriage? |
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12 | (2) |
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A6 My partner does not understand the language that I will speak to my child. Is this a problem? |
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14 | (1) |
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A7 What happens if grandparents and the extended family disapprove of bilingualism? |
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15 | (2) |
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A8 What is the `one person--one language' (OPOL) approach? Is it effective? |
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17 | (1) |
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A9 I'm a one-parent family. How can I raise my child bilingually? |
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18 | (1) |
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A10 Neither of us speaks a second language. How can we help our child become bilingual? |
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19 | (1) |
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A11 My children get little practice in speaking one of their languages outside the family. What should I do? |
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20 | (1) |
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A12 When watching television, should my child be encouraged to listen to one language or both languages? |
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21 | (1) |
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A13 My children can speak two languages. How can I help them belong to two cultures? |
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22 | (2) |
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A14 How important is it that the Child's two languages are practiced and supported outside the home? |
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24 | (1) |
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A15 What kind of community support is valuable for bilingualism? |
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25 | (1) |
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A16 My neighbours think we should integrate more which means using a different language from the home. Should we keep separate or integrate? |
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26 | (1) |
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A17 Can I learn a second language alongside my child? |
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27 | (1) |
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A18 We have just moved to a different country. Should we speak the host Country's language in the home to help our children? |
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27 | (2) |
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A19 What should our language strategy be with an adopted child? |
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29 | (4) |
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A20 I speak two languages fairly fluently -- which should I choose to speak to my child? |
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33 | (1) |
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A21 I would like to speak my first language to my child but I have got out of the habit of using it. Can I do anything to get back in the habit? |
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34 | (3) |
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Section B Language Development Questions |
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B1 What are the most important factors in raising a bilingual child? |
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37 | (1) |
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B2 Do some children find it easier than others to become bilingual? |
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38 | (2) |
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B3 Does bilingual development start in the fetal stage? |
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40 | (1) |
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B4 Is it easier to become bilingual as a young child? |
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41 | (1) |
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B5 How early do bilingual children recognize that they have two languages? |
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42 | (1) |
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B6 Is it better for my child to learn a language early to secure better storage in the brain? |
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43 | (1) |
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B7 Will my child become equally fluent in two languages? |
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44 | (3) |
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B8 Is it better to develop two languages together or one language later than the other? |
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47 | (1) |
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B9 How do I know my Child's language development in each language is normal and acceptable? |
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48 | (2) |
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B10 Will learning a second language interfere with development in the first language? |
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50 | (2) |
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B11 Are there benefits even if my child has a less well-developed second language? |
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52 | (1) |
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B12 What effect will bilingualism have on my Child's intelligence? |
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53 | (5) |
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B13 I want my children to be successful. Should I concentrate on developing their first/majority language skills? |
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58 | (1) |
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B14 Should my child keep the two languages separate in different situations and with different people (e.g. visitors)? |
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59 | (3) |
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B15 Should my child use two languages with the same person? |
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62 | (1) |
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B16 Will my Child's attitudes affect the learning of a second language? |
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63 | (1) |
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B17 Is it sensible to raise my child multilingually? |
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64 | (5) |
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B18 Do bilinguals learn a third language easier than monolinguals learn a second language? |
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69 | (1) |
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B19 Do girls and boys differ in their progress towards bilingualism and biliteracy? |
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70 | (1) |
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B20 Are first-borns different to later-borns in developing bilingualism? |
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70 | (3) |
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B21 My child mixes their two languages. Is this normal? |
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73 | (1) |
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B22 Does switching between languages have any value or purpose? |
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74 | (4) |
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B23 When will my bilingual child be able to interpret and translate from one language to another? |
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78 | (2) |
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B24 How much will experience of majority language mass media affect the development of bilingualism in my child? |
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80 | (1) |
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B25 Can music and drama help my Child's bilingual development? |
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81 | (1) |
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B26 Will computers and information technology affect my Child's bilingualism? |
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81 | (1) |
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B27 How important are employment prospects to preserve my Child's languages into adulthood? |
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82 | (1) |
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B28 I need to change the language(s) I've used with my children. How will it affect them? |
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83 | (2) |
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Section C Questions About Problems |
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C1 What are the disadvantages of my child becoming bilingual? |
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85 | (4) |
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C2 My child mixes the two languages. What should I do? |
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89 | (2) |
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C3 My child refuses to use one of his/her languages. What should I do? |
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91 | (1) |
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C4 My teenage child is speaking the majority language more and more. What can I do? |
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92 | (1) |
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C5 The balance of my Child's two languages seems to be shifting. How can I ensure one language Doesn't disappear? |
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93 | (2) |
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C6 Will my child learn two languages only half as well as a monolingual child? |
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95 | (1) |
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C7 Will my Child's thinking be affected by being bilingual? |
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96 | (1) |
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C8 Does bilingualism have an effect on the functioning of the brain? |
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97 | (1) |
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C9 Will my bilingual children have a problem of identity with two different cultures? |
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98 | (2) |
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C10 Will my identity change if I raise children to be bilingual and bi(multi)cultural? |
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100 | (1) |
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C11 What will happen to our identity if we move to live in another country? |
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101 | (2) |
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C12 Will bilingualism have any adverse effect on my Child's personality? |
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103 | (3) |
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C13 Will bilingualism have any adverse effect on my Child's friendships and social development? |
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106 | (1) |
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C14 My child seems to have learning difficulties. Is this due to bilingualism? |
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107 | (1) |
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C15 My child seems to have an emotional/ behavioural problem. Is this caused by bilingualism? |
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108 | (1) |
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C16 My child has a specific diagnosed problem (e.g. severe learning difficulty, language disorder, emotional problem). Should we change to speaking one language to the child rather than two languages? What language should I speak to my child? |
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109 | (3) |
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C17 My child stutters. Is this caused or made worse by bilingualism? |
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112 | (3) |
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C18 My child is autistic or has Asperger's syndrome. Should we use one language only with the child? |
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115 | (1) |
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C19 People make fun of our speaking a minority language. How should I react? |
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115 | (2) |
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C20 People around me are prejudiced and racist. Should we as a family switch to speaking only the majority language? |
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117 | (1) |
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C21 I'm a recent immigrant to a country. Should I stop speaking my native language and switch to the first language of that country? |
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118 | (1) |
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C22 My second language is not perfect. Should I speak it to my child? |
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118 | (1) |
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C23 A local professional (e.g. a doctor, psychologist, speech therapist, teacher) advised me against bilingualism. Is this correct? |
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119 | (1) |
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C24 Do teenagers suffer or gain if their parents come from different language and cultural backgrounds (mixed language marriages)? |
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120 | (1) |
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C25 What are the most common reasons that children raised in a multilingual setting do not achieve functional multilingualism? |
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121 | (2) |
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Section D Reading and Writing Questions |
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D1 Should my child learn to read in one language first? |
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123 | (3) |
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D2 Will learning to read in a second language interfere with reading in the first language? |
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126 | (1) |
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D3 If the two languages have different scripts, will learning to read and write be a problem? |
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126 | (1) |
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D4 Can a child learn to be literate in three languages? |
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127 | (1) |
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D5 When should a child begin to read in a second language? |
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127 | (1) |
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D6 How should I help my child to read and write in both languages? |
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128 | (4) |
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D7 Which approach to teaching reading in English works best? The `look and say', `phonemic awareness', `phonies', `whole language' or what approach? |
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132 | (4) |
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D8 Should I buy books for my child to read that contain two languages or just one language? |
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136 | (1) |
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D9 How can I locate books for my child to read in each language? |
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137 | (1) |
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D10 Will my child find it hard to write in two different languages? |
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137 | (1) |
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D11 My child seems slow in learning to read. Is this due to bilingualism? |
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138 | (1) |
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D12 My child has problems with spelling. Is this due to bilingualism? |
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138 | (1) |
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D13 My child has been diagnosed as dyslexic. Should we develop reading and writing in one language and not two? |
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139 | (2) |
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Section E Education Questions |
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Basic Education Questions |
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E1 How can a pre-school playgroup or nursery school support Children's bilingualism? |
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141 | (2) |
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E2 What are the language features of an effective pre-school or nursery school to support my Child's bilingualism? |
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143 | (1) |
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E3 Should my child go to a bilingual school? |
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143 | (3) |
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E4 What should I look out for in choosing a school for my bilingual child? |
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146 | (1) |
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E5 Should my child be taught bilingually in the primary school but not in the secondary school? |
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147 | (1) |
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E6 I do not speak the language used at my Child's school. How can I help my children with their homework? |
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148 | (1) |
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E7 The language of the university is different from that of the secondary school. Will my child suffer because they have not been educated in the language used at the university? |
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149 | (1) |
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E8 Should older children not be placed in bilingual education? |
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150 | (2) |
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E9 Is there a `critical age' when children Shouldn't be moved to a school with a different language pattern in the curriculum? |
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152 | (1) |
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E10 My children can hold a conversation in a second language. Is that sufficient for them to be taught in that language at school? |
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153 | (1) |
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E11 My child is learning through a second language at school. Should we change our language pattern at home? |
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154 | (1) |
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E12 How easy or difficult will it be for my children to find a job if they are bilingual? |
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155 | (2) |
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E13 My child is being offered lessons as a beginner at school in a language they already speak fluently at home -- what should I do? |
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157 | (1) |
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E14 Is Home Education a good option for a multilingual family? |
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158 | (1) |
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Types of Bilingual Education |
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E15 What types of bilingual education exist? |
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159 | (1) |
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E16 What are Dual Language schools? |
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160 | (4) |
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E17 What are Dual Language Bilingual Peace schools? |
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164 | (1) |
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E18 What are International schools? |
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165 | (1) |
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E19 What is the European Schools Movement? |
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166 | (3) |
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E20 What is Heritage Language Bilingual Education? |
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169 | (2) |
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E21 What is Transitional Bilingual Education? |
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171 | (1) |
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E22 What is Immersion Bilingual Education? |
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172 | (5) |
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E23 What arc the main classroom features of successful immersion programs? |
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177 | (2) |
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E24 What language strategies are used in immersion classrooms? |
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179 | (3) |
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E25 What is Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL)? |
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182 | (1) |
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E26 What is the new form for Intensive Second Language Immersion at the end of elementary schooling? |
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183 | (1) |
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E27 What is a Withdrawal class for extra language support? |
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184 | (1) |
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E28 What does Scaffolding mean, and why is it important in supporting language learners in school? |
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185 | (1) |
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E29 What kind of education should I give my child if we regularly move to different countries? |
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186 | (2) |
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E30 What are Saturday Schools and Voluntary Schools outside regular school hours, and how valuable are they in the development of a minority or second language? |
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188 | (1) |
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Achievement and Underachievement Questions |
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E31 Will my Child's performance in school be affected by being bilingual? |
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189 | (2) |
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E32 Are there positive effects of learning through the medium of two languages? |
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191 | (1) |
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E33 My child is learning through a new language. Will this affect attainment at school? |
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192 | (1) |
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E34 My Child's school teaches through the minority language. Will this affect my Child's development in the majority language? |
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193 | (1) |
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E35 Speakers of our home language are often poor and unemployed. Should we ensure our child is educated in the majority language to aid employment prospects? |
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193 | (1) |
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E36 My child seems to be underachieving at school. Is this because of bilingualism? |
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194 | (3) |
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E37 Should my child be placed in a Bilingual Special Education Programme? |
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197 | (4) |
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E38 My child is suffering in school because other children tease him/ her about speaking another language. What can I do? |
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201 | (1) |
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Language in the Classroom |
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E39 Will my child be able to learn a new language thoroughly in the school system? |
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202 | (1) |
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E40 How should two languages be distributed in a bilingual classroom? |
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203 | (2) |
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E41 What is Translanguaging'? |
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205 | (2) |
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E42 Should Science and Mathematics be taught in an international language such as English? |
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207 | (1) |
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E43 My Child's school Doesn't support bilingualism and there is no bilingual school nearby. What should I do? |
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208 | (2) |
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E44 Which language should be used to test/ assess/counsel a bilingual child? What should be the nature of such assessment? |
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210 | (3) |
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E45 Are teachers trained to help bilingual children? |
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213 | (1) |
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Section F Concluding Questions |
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F1 The economy and politics of the world is changing. Is there a future for bilingualism? |
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214 | (2) |
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F2 Are monolinguals more common than bilinguals in the world? |
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216 | (1) |
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F3 Why are many politicians against bilingualism and bilingual education? |
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216 | (1) |
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F4 Is bilingualism a natural right of any individual? |
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217 | (2) |
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F5 Does my child have a right to bilingual education (e.g. in law, a natural right)? |
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219 | (1) |
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F6 Language is an important part of our religion. Should my child learn a second language for this purpose? |
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220 | (1) |
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F7 I use a particular dialect/a Creole/a Pidgin language in the home. Is your advice about raising a bilingual child different or similar? |
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221 | (1) |
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F8 I have a Deaf child. Is your advice about raising a bilingual child different or similar? |
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222 | (3) |
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F9 Books on child care and child development warn me against bilingualism. How should I react? |
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225 | (1) |
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F10 How do I contact other parents in a similar situation? |
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226 | (1) |
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F11 Is the internet going to affect my Child's bilingualism? |
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226 | (3) |
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F12 How do I find out more information about bilingualism? |
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229 | (3) |
| Glossary |
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232 | (23) |
| Index |
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255 | |
