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Particles and Astrophysics: A Multi-Messenger Approach 2015 ed. [Kietas viršelis]

  • Formatas: Hardback, 491 pages, aukštis x plotis: 235x155 mm, weight: 9729 g, 16 Tables, black and white; 49 Illustrations, color; 141 Illustrations, black and white; XVI, 491 p. 190 illus., 49 illus. in color., 1 Hardback
  • Serija: Astronomy and Astrophysics Library
  • Išleidimo metai: 21-Oct-2014
  • Leidėjas: Springer International Publishing AG
  • ISBN-10: 3319080504
  • ISBN-13: 9783319080505
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Particles and Astrophysics: A Multi-Messenger Approach 2015 ed.Didesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: Hardback, 491 pages, aukštis x plotis: 235x155 mm, weight: 9729 g, 16 Tables, black and white; 49 Illustrations, color; 141 Illustrations, black and white; XVI, 491 p. 190 illus., 49 illus. in color., 1 Hardback
  • Serija: Astronomy and Astrophysics Library
  • Išleidimo metai: 21-Oct-2014
  • Leidėjas: Springer International Publishing AG
  • ISBN-10: 3319080504
  • ISBN-13: 9783319080505
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Pastovi nuoroda: https://www.kriso.lt/db/9783319080505.html
Raktažodžiai:

This book is an introduction to “multi-messenger” astrophysics. It covers the many different aspects connecting particle physics with astrophysics and cosmology and introduces astrophysics using numerous experimental findings recently obtained through the study of high-energy particles.

Taking a systematic approach, it comprehensively presents experimental aspects from the most advanced laboratories and detectors, as well as the theoretical background. The book is aimed at graduate students and post-graduate researchers with a basic understanding of particle and nuclear physics. It will also be of interest to particle physicists working in accelerator/collider physics who are keen to understand the mechanisms of the largest accelerators in the Universe.

The book draws on the extensive lecturing experience of Professor Maurizio Spurio from the University of Bologna.

Recenzijos

Author Spurio has based this book on a lecture course given at the University of Bologna on astroparticle physics and acknowledges significant input from colleagues and students. It is aimed at PhD students, postdocs, and particle physicists who have developed an interest in the Universe . Particles and Astrophysics is an enormously likeable book. (Virginia Trimble, The Observatory, Vol. 135 (1245), April, 2015)

The book on `Particles and Astrophysics by Maurizio Spurio is based on a successful series of lectures on Astroparticle Physics given for many years by the author at the University of Bologna. The presentation is exhaustive but at the same time easy to follow for non-experts. Particularly recommended not only for researchers in the field, but for university students as well. (V. Flaminio, Il Nuovo Saggiatore, en.sif.it, Vol. 31 (1-2), 2015)



The authors comprehensive and learned compilation offers numerous insights and connections into particle physics, astrophysics and cosmology. It is well suited for university teaching and can be recommended to graduate and postgraduate students. (Johannes Viktor Feitzinger, zbMATH 1315.85001, 2015)

1 An Overview of Astroparticle Physics
1(22)
1.1 Introduction
1(6)
1.1.1 Astrophysics and Astroparticle Physics
3(3)
1.1.2 Discoveries and Experiments Not Covered in This Book
6(1)
1.2 Cosmic Rays
7(3)
1.3 Gamma-Rays of GeV and TeV Energies
10(1)
1.4 Neutrino Astrophysics
11(4)
1.5 The Dark Universe
15(1)
1.6 Laboratories and Detectors for Astroparticle Physics
16(2)
1.6.1 Space Experiments
16(1)
1.6.2 Experiments in the Atmosphere
17(1)
1.6.3 Ground-Based Experiments
18(1)
1.7 Underground Laboratories for Rare Events
18(5)
References
21(2)
2 The Cosmic Rays and Our Galaxy
23(32)
2.1 The Discovery of Cosmic Rays
23(3)
2.2 Cosmic Rays and the Early Days of Particle Physics
26(1)
2.3 The Discovery of the Positron and Particle Detectors
27(5)
2.3.1 The Motion in a Magnetic Field and the Particle Rigidity
27(2)
2.3.2 The Identification of the Positron
29(3)
2.4 A Toy Telescope for Primary Cosmic Rays
32(2)
2.5 Differential and Integral Flux
34(3)
2.6 The Energy Spectrum of Primary Cosmic Rays
37(3)
2.7 The Physical Properties of the Galaxy
40(5)
2.7.1 The Galactic Magnetic Field
42(2)
2.7.2 The Interstellar Matter Distribution
44(1)
2.8 Low-Energy Cosmic Rays from the Sun
45(2)
2.9 The Effect of the Geomagnetic Field
47(3)
2.10 Number and Energy Density of the Cosmic Rays
50(2)
2.11 Energy Considerations on Cosmic Ray Sources
52(3)
References
53(2)
3 Direct Cosmic Rays Detection: Protons, Nuclei, Electrons and Antimatter
55(32)
3.1 Generalities on Direct Measurements
56(1)
3.2 The Calorimetric Technique
57(4)
3.2.1 Hadronic Interaction Length and Mean Free Path
58(1)
3.2.2 The Electromagnetic Radiation Length
59(1)
3.2.3 Hadronic Interaction Length and Mean Free Path in the Atmosphere
60(1)
3.3 Balloon Experiments
61(3)
3.4 Satellite Experiments
64(3)
3.4.1 The IMP Experiments
64(2)
3.4.2 The PAMELA Experiment
66(1)
3.5 The AMS-02 Experiment on the International Space Station
67(3)
3.6 Abundances of Elements in the Solar System and in CRs
70(6)
3.6.1 Cosmic Abundances of Elements
73(3)
3.7 Energy Spectrum of CR Protons and Nuclei
76(2)
3.8 Antimatter in Our Galaxy
78(2)
3.9 Electrons and Positrons
80(7)
3.9.1 The Positron Component
82(2)
3.9.2 Considerations on the e+, e- Components
84(1)
References
85(2)
4 Indirect Cosmic Rays Detection: Particle Showers in the Atmosphere
87(46)
4.1 Introduction and Historical Information
88(1)
4.2 The Structure of the Atmosphere
89(3)
4.3 The Electromagnetic (EM) Cascade
92(7)
4.3.1 Heitler's Model of EM Showers
93(2)
4.3.2 Analytic Solutions
95(4)
4.4 Showers Initiated by Protons and Nuclei
99(11)
4.4.1 The Muon Component in a Proton-Initiated Cascade
102(1)
4.4.2 The EM Component in a Proton-Initiated Cascade
103(3)
4.4.3 Depth of the Shower Maximum for a Proton Shower
106(1)
4.4.4 Showers Induced by Nuclei: The Superposition Model
107(3)
4.5 The Monte Carlo Simulations of Showers
110(2)
4.6 Detectors of Extensive Air Showers at the Energy of the Knee
112(8)
4.6.1 A Toy Example of an EAS Array
113(3)
4.6.2 Some EAS Experiments
116(2)
4.6.3 Cherenkov Light Produced by EAS Showers
118(2)
4.7 The Time Profile of Cascades
120(1)
4.8 The Arrival Direction of CRs as Measured with EAS Arrays
121(3)
4.9 The CR Flux Measured with EAS Arrays
124(2)
4.10 Mass Composition of CRs Around the Knee
126(7)
4.10.1 The Ne Versus Nμ Method
127(1)
4.10.2 Depth of the Shower Maximum
128(2)
References
130(3)
5 Diffusion of Cosmic Rays in the Galaxy
133(32)
5.1 The Overabundance of Li, Be, and B in CRs
134(5)
5.1.1 Production of Li, Be, and B During Propagation
135(4)
5.2 Dating of Cosmic Rays with Radioactive Nuclei
139(3)
5.2.1 Unstable Secondary-to-Primary Ratios
141(1)
5.3 The Diffusion-Loss Equation
142(5)
5.3.1 The Diffusion Equation with Nuclear Spallation
145(1)
5.3.2 Numerical Estimate of the Diffusion Coefficient D
146(1)
5.4 The Leaky box Model and its Evolutions
147(2)
5.5 Energy-Dependence of the Escape Time τesc
149(2)
5.6 Energy Spectrum of Cosmic Rays at the Sources
151(1)
5.7 Anisotropies due to the Diffusion
152(3)
5.7.1 The Compton--Getting Effect
155(1)
5.8 The Electron Energy Spectrum at the Sources
155(10)
5.8.1 Synchrotron Radiation
156(4)
5.8.2 Measured Energy Spectrum of Electrons
160(1)
5.8.3 Average Distance of Accelerators of Electrons
161(1)
References
162(3)
6 Acceleration Mechanisms and Galactic Cosmic Ray Sources
165(38)
6.1 Second- and First-Order Fermi Acceleration Mechanisms
166(8)
6.1.1 Magnetic Mirrors
167(2)
6.1.2 The Second-Order Fermi Acceleration Mechanism
169(2)
6.1.3 The First-Order Fermi Acceleration Mechanism
171(3)
6.1.4 The Power-Law Energy Spectrum from the Fermi Model
174(1)
6.2 Diffusive Shock Acceleration in Strong Shock Waves
174(6)
6.2.1 Supernova Explosions and Cosmic Rays Acceleration
176(1)
6.2.2 Relevant Quantities in a Supernova Explosion
177(3)
6.3 Maximum Energy Attainable in the Supernova Model
180(2)
6.4 The Spectral Index of the Energy Spectrum
182(6)
6.4.1 The Escape Probability
184(1)
6.4.2 A Shock Front in a Mono-Atomic Gas
185(3)
6.5 Success and Limits of the Standard Model of Cosmic Ray Acceleration
188(2)
6.6 White Dwarfs and Neutron Stars
190(7)
6.6.1 White Dwarfs
191(2)
6.6.2 Neutron Stars and Pulsars
193(4)
6.7 Possible Galactic Sources of Cosmic Rays Above the Knee
197(6)
6.7.1 A Simple Model Involving Pulsars
198(1)
6.7.2 A Simple Model Involving Binary Systems
199(1)
References
200(3)
7 Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays
203(40)
7.1 The Observational Cosmology and the Universe
204(2)
7.2 The Large-Scale Structure of the Universe
206(2)
7.3 Anisotropy of UHECRs: The Extragalactic Magnetic Fields
208(2)
7.4 The Quest for Extragalactic Sources of UHECRs
210(5)
7.5 Propagation of UHECRs
215(5)
7.5.1 The Adiabatic Energy Loss
215(1)
7.5.2 The Propagation in the CMB: The GZK Cut-Off
215(3)
7.5.3 e± Pair Production by Protons on the CMB
218(1)
7.5.4 Propagation in the Extragalactic Magnetic Field
219(1)
7.6 The Fluorescence Light and Fluorescence Detectors
220(5)
7.7 UHECR Measurements with a Single Technique
225(3)
7.7.1 Results from HiRes and AGASA
226(2)
7.8 Large Hybrid Observatories of UHECRs
228(5)
7.9 The Flux of UHECRs
233(1)
7.10 The Chemical Composition of UHECRs
234(2)
7.11 Correlation of UHECRs with Astrophysical Objects
236(2)
7.12 Constraints on Top-Down Models
238(1)
7.13 Summary and Discussion of the Results
239(4)
References
241(2)
8 The Sky Seen in γ-rays
243(38)
8.1 The Spectral Energy Distribution (SED) and Multiwavelength Observations
244(2)
8.2 Astrophysical γ-rays: The Hadronic Model
246(3)
8.2.1 Energy Spectrum of γ-rays from π° Decay
247(2)
8.3 Galactic Sources and γ-rays
249(2)
8.3.1 A Simple Estimate of the γ-ray Flux from a Galactic Source
250(1)
8.4 Astrophysical γ-rays: The Leptonic Model
251(8)
8.4.1 The Synchrotron Radiation from a Power-Law Spectrum
252(2)
8.4.2 Synchrotron Self-Absorption
254(1)
8.4.3 Inverse Compton Scattering and SSC
255(4)
8.5 The Compton Gamma Ray Observatory Legacy
259(3)
8.5.1 The EGRET γ-ray Sky
259(3)
8.6 Fermi-LAT and Other Experiments for γ-ray Astronomy
262(2)
8.6.1 The Fermi-LAT
262(2)
8.6.2 AGILE and Swift
264(1)
8.7 Diffuse γ-rays in the Galactic Plane
264(4)
8.7.1 An Estimate of the Diffuse γ-ray Flux
267(1)
8.8 The Fermi-LAT Catalogs
268(5)
8.9 Gamma Ray Bursts
273(6)
8.9.1 Classification of GRBs
276(3)
8.10 Limits of γ-ray Observations from Space
279(2)
References
280(1)
9 The TeV Sky and Multiwavelength Astrophysics
281(40)
9.1 The Imaging Cherenkov Technique
282(6)
9.1.1 Gamma-Ray Versus Charged CR Discrimination
284(1)
9.1.2 HESS, VERITAS and MAGIC
285(3)
9.2 EAS Arrays for γ-astronomy
288(2)
9.2.1 Sensitivity of γ-ray Experiments
289(1)
9.3 TeV Astronomy: The Catalog
290(3)
9.4 Gamma-Rays from Pulsars
293(1)
9.5 The CRAB Pulsar and Nebula
294(2)
9.6 The Problem of the Identification of Galactic CR Sources
296(1)
9.7 Extended Supernova Remnants
297(6)
9.7.1 The SED of Some Peculiar SNRs
299(4)
9.8 Summary of the Study of Galactic Accelerators
303(1)
9.9 Active Galaxies
304(3)
9.10 The Extragalactic γ-ray Sky
307(1)
9.11 The Spectral Energy Distributions of Blazars
308(5)
9.11.1 Quasi-Simultaneous SEDs of Fermi-LAT Blazars
309(2)
9.11.2 Simultaneous SED Campaigns and Mrk 421
311(2)
9.12 Jets in Astrophysics
313(2)
9.12.1 Time Variability in Jets
314(1)
9.13 The Extragalactic Background Light
315(6)
References
319(2)
10 High-Energy Neutrino Astrophysics
321(38)
10.1 The CRs, γ-rays and Neutrino Connection
322(3)
10.1.1 Neutrino Detection Principle
323(2)
10.2 Background in Large Volume Neutrino Detectors
325(2)
10.3 Neutrino Detectors and Neutrino Telescopes
327(4)
10.3.1 Muon Neutrino Detection
328(2)
10.3.2 Showering Events
330(1)
10.4 Cosmic Neutrino Flux Estimates
331(7)
10.4.1 A Reference Neutrino Flux from a Galactic Source
331(2)
10.4.2 Extragalactic Diffuse Neutrino Flux
333(2)
10.4.3 Neutrinos from GRBs
335(3)
10.4.4 Cosmogenic Neutrinos
338(1)
10.5 Why km3-Scale Telescopes
338(5)
10.5.1 The Neutrino Effective Area of Real Detectors
341(1)
10.5.2 Number of Optical Sensors in a Neutrino Telescope
342(1)
10.6 Water and Ice Properties
343(2)
10.7 Operating Neutrino Telescopes
345(4)
10.7.1 A Telescope in the Antarctic Ice
345(2)
10.7.2 A Telescope in the Mediterranean Sea
347(2)
10.8 Results from Neutrino Telescopes
349(4)
10.8.1 Point-Like Sources
349(3)
10.8.2 Limits from GRBs and Unresolved Sources
352(1)
10.9 The First Measurement of Cosmic Neutrinos
353(6)
References
357(2)
11 Atmospheric Muons and Neutrinos
359(38)
11.1 Nucleons in the Atmosphere
360(3)
11.2 Secondary Mesons in the Atmosphere
363(4)
11.3 Muons and Neutrinos from Charged Meson Decays
367(3)
11.3.1 The Conventional Atmospheric Neutrino Flux
369(1)
11.3.2 The Prompt Component in the Muon and Neutrino Flux
369(1)
11.4 The Particle Flux at Sea Level
370(3)
11.5 Measurements of Muons at Sea Level
373(1)
11.6 Underground Muons
374(3)
11.6.1 The Depth-Intensity Relation
375(1)
11.6.2 Characteristics of Underground/Underwater Muons
375(2)
11.7 Atmospheric Neutrinos
377(4)
11.7.1 Early Experiments
379(2)
11.8 Oscillations of Atmospheric Neutrinos
381(1)
11.9 Measurement of Atmospheric νμ Oscillations in Underground Experiments
382(9)
11.9.1 Event Topologies in Super-Kamiokande
382(5)
11.9.2 The Iron Calorimeter Soudan 2 Experiment
387(1)
11.9.3 Upward-Going Muons and MACRO
388(3)
11.10 Atmospheric νμ Oscillations and Accelerator Confirmations
391(2)
11.11 Atmospheric Neutrino Flux at Higher Energies
393(4)
References
394(3)
12 Connections Between Physics and Astrophysics of Neutrinos
397(44)
12.1 Stellar Evolution of Solar Mass Stars
398(2)
12.2 The Standard Solar Model and Neutrinos
400(5)
12.3 Solar Neutrino Detection
405(4)
12.4 The SNO Measurement of the Total Neutrino Flux
409(3)
12.5 Oscillations and Solar Neutrinos
412(2)
12.6 Oscillations Among Three Neutrino Families
414(4)
12.6.1 Three Flavor Oscillation and KamLAND
416(1)
12.6.2 Measurements of θ13
417(1)
12.7 Matter Effect and Experimental Results
418(3)
12.8 Summary of Experimental Results and Consequences for Neutrino Astrophysics
421(3)
12.8.1 Effects of Neutrino Mixing on Cosmic Neutrinos
422(2)
12.9 Formation of Heavy Elements in Massive Stars
424(1)
12.10 Stellae Novae
425(1)
12.11 Core-Collapse Supernovae (Type II)
426(5)
12.11.1 GRB Supernovae
431(1)
12.12 Neutrino Signal from a Core-Collapse SN
431(5)
12.12.1 Supernova Rate and Location
431(1)
12.12.2 The Neutrino Signal
432(1)
12.12.3 Detection of Supernova Neutrinos
433(3)
12.13 The SN1987A
436(1)
12.14 Stellar Nucleosynthesis of Trans-Fe Elements
437(4)
References
438(3)
13 Microcosm and Macrocosm
441(36)
13.1 The Standard Model of the Microcosm: The Big Bang
442(3)
13.2 The Standard Model of Particle Physics and Beyond
445(1)
13.3 Gravitational Evidence of Dark Matter
446(2)
13.4 Dark Matter
448(2)
13.5 Supersymmetry
450(4)
13.5.1 Minimal Standard Supersymmetric Model
451(1)
13.5.2 Cosmological Constraints and WIMP
452(2)
13.6 Interactions of WIMPs with Ordinary Matter
454(4)
13.6.1 WIMPs Annihilation
455(1)
13.6.2 WIMPs Elastic Scattering
456(2)
13.7 Direct Detection of Dark Matter: Event Rates
458(3)
13.8 WIMPs Direct Detection
461(6)
13.8.1 Solid-State Cryogenic Detectors
462(1)
13.8.2 Scintillating Crystals
463(1)
13.8.3 Noble Liquid Detectors
464(1)
13.8.4 Present Experimental Results and the Future
465(2)
13.9 Indirect WIMPs Detection
467(6)
13.9.1 Neutrinos from WIMP Annihilation in Massive Objects
467(3)
13.9.2 Gamma-Rays from WIMPs
470(1)
13.9.3 The Positron Excess: A WIMP Signature?
471(2)
13.10 What's Next?
473(4)
References
475(2)
Index 477
Maurizio Spurio is a Professor of Physics at the University of Bologna where he teaches Particle and Astroparticle physics. With his research he is involved in experimental physics, with particular interest in high-energy physics without particle accelerators and astroparticle physics. He was member of the MACRO experiment at Gran Sasso underground laboratory, which provided a deep study of the penetrating component of the cosmic radiation including the observation of atmospheric neutrino oscillations. Since 2001 he is member of the ANTARES experiment (the first neutrino telescope in the sea), currently in charge as deputy spokesperson. Professor Spurio has already co-authored/edited 4 Springer books.