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Section 1 Evolution of Transplantation Medicine |
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1 Brief History of Pediatric Liver Transplantation |
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2 | (6) |
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Principal Historical Milestones and Breakthroughs |
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2 | (3) |
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2 | (1) |
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2 | (1) |
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Portal Vein Reconstruction |
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2 | (1) |
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2 | (1) |
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Initiation of Clinical Experience |
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2 | (1) |
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The National Institutes of Health Statement |
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3 | (1) |
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Holistic Pediatric Approach |
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3 | (1) |
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Technical Variants Addressing Shortage of Full-Size Grafts From Pediatric Donors |
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3 | (1) |
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4 | (1) |
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4 | (1) |
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4 | (1) |
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Post-transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder |
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5 | (1) |
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5 | (1) |
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Shortage of Post Mortem Organ Donors |
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5 | (1) |
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5 | (1) |
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Withdrawal of Immunosuppression and Tolerance Induction |
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5 | (1) |
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Long-Term Histologic Deterioration/De Novo Post-Liver Transplantation Autoimmune Hepatitis |
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5 | (1) |
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6 | (1) |
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6 | (2) |
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2 What Is Different Between Pediatric and Adult Liver Transplantation? |
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8 | (7) |
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8 | (1) |
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8 | (2) |
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10 | (1) |
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Liver Transplantation Procedure |
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11 | (1) |
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Post-transplantation Care and Complications |
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11 | (1) |
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Immunological Complications |
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11 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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Outcomes and Quality of Life |
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12 | (1) |
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12 | (3) |
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Section 2 Setting for PLT |
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3 Health System Requirements for Pediatric Liver Transplantation |
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15 | (8) |
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15 | (1) |
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16 | (1) |
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Referral and Candidate Selection |
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16 | (1) |
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17 | (1) |
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Immediate Pre- and Post-transplant Period |
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18 | (1) |
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18 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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Barriers to Achieving Ideal Long-Term Outcomes |
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20 | (1) |
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20 | (1) |
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21 | (2) |
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4 Managing a Scarce Resource in Pediatric Liver Transplantation |
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23 | (7) |
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23 | (5) |
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23 | (2) |
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25 | (1) |
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26 | (1) |
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26 | (1) |
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27 | (1) |
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Transplantation and Long-Term Care |
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28 | (1) |
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28 | (2) |
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5 Indications and Contraindications for Pediatric Liver Transplant |
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30 | (11) |
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30 | (1) |
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30 | (1) |
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Controversial Indications |
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31 | (5) |
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Relative and Absolute Contraindications |
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36 | (1) |
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37 | (1) |
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37 | (4) |
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Section 3 Preparation for PLT |
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6 Preparation for Pediatric Liver Transplant: Medical Aspects |
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41 | (14) |
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41 | (1) |
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42 | (2) |
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44 | (3) |
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44 | (3) |
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47 | (1) |
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47 | (1) |
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47 | (1) |
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48 | (1) |
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Pre-transplant Management |
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48 | (1) |
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48 | (1) |
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48 | (1) |
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48 | (1) |
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48 | (1) |
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48 | (1) |
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49 | (1) |
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49 | (1) |
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Kidney Function Assessment |
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49 | (1) |
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50 | (1) |
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50 | (1) |
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50 | (1) |
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51 | (1) |
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51 | (1) |
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51 | (1) |
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51 | (1) |
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51 | (1) |
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51 | (1) |
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51 | (1) |
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51 | (1) |
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51 | (1) |
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51 | (1) |
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51 | (1) |
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52 | (1) |
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52 | (1) |
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52 | (3) |
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7 Psychological/Social Aspects |
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55 | (8) |
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55 | (1) |
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Living With Chronic Disease |
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55 | (1) |
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Preparing the Child for Transplant |
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55 | (1) |
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56 | (2) |
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56 | (1) |
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56 | (1) |
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57 | (1) |
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57 | (1) |
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Living Donor Liver Transplantation |
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58 | (1) |
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Transplantation Education |
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59 | (2) |
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59 | (1) |
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59 | (1) |
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60 | (1) |
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Decision Making and Information |
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60 | (1) |
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60 | (1) |
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60 | (1) |
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61 | (1) |
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62 | (1) |
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8 Living Donor Liver Transplantation in Children |
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63 | (7) |
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63 | (1) |
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Living Donor Selection and Workup |
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63 | (1) |
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Presurgical Evaluation of Recipients |
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64 | (1) |
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64 | (4) |
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64 | (1) |
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65 | (1) |
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Portal Vein Reconstruction in the Case of Hypoplasia |
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66 | (1) |
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Inferior Vena Cava Replacement |
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66 | (1) |
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67 | (1) |
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67 | (1) |
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Hepatic Artery Anastomosis |
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67 | (1) |
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Arterial Reconstruction in the Case of Inadequate Quality of Hepatic Artery |
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68 | (1) |
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68 | (1) |
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68 | (1) |
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68 | (1) |
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68 | (1) |
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69 | (1) |
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69 | (1) |
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9 ABO Incompatibility: Indications and Management |
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70 | (10) |
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70 | (1) |
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Basic Pathophysiology and Pathological Findings |
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71 | (1) |
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Strategies to Overcome ABO Incompatibility in Liver Transplantation |
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72 | (1) |
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Procedures Aimed at B-Cell Depletion |
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73 | (1) |
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73 | (1) |
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73 | (1) |
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73 | (1) |
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Procedures Resulting in the Inhibition of Antibody Production: Intravenous Immunoglobulins |
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73 | (1) |
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Procedures Eliminating Anti-A/B Antibodies |
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74 | (1) |
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74 | (1) |
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Graft Local Infusion Therapy |
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74 | (1) |
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Portal Vein Infusion Therapy or Hepatic Artery Infusion Therapy, Local Graft Infusion Therapy |
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74 | (1) |
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Perioperative Strategies in ABOi Liver Transplantation |
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74 | (2) |
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74 | (1) |
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Elective Living Donor Liver Transplantation |
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74 | (1) |
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ABOi Deceased Donor Liver Transplantation or Emergency Living Donor Liver Transplantation in Adults |
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75 | (1) |
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Protocols Used in Pediatric Patients |
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75 | (1) |
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Children Younger Than 2 Years of Age |
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75 | (1) |
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Children Older Than 2 Years of Age |
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75 | (1) |
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76 | (1) |
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77 | (3) |
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Section 4 Combined Transplant Options |
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10 Liver and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation |
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80 | (7) |
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Liver and Hemopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for Achieving Immunological Tolerance |
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81 | (1) |
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Liver and Hemopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for Primary Immune Deficiencies |
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81 | (1) |
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Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for Aplastic Anemia After Liver Transplantation |
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82 | (1) |
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Controversial Indications for Liver and Hemopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation |
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83 | (1) |
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83 | (1) |
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84 | (1) |
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84 | (1) |
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Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for Autoimmune Liver Disease |
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84 | (1) |
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84 | (3) |
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11 Combined Liver and Kidney Transplantation |
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87 | (7) |
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87 | (1) |
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Timing of Transplantation |
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88 | (2) |
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Surgical Considerations and Graft Selection |
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90 | (1) |
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Operative and Post-operative Medical Management |
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90 | (1) |
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91 | (1) |
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Transplantation Surveillance: Monitoring and Management |
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91 | (1) |
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91 | (1) |
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92 | (1) |
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92 | (2) |
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12 Combined Transplantation Liver-Heart, Lung, and/or Pancreas |
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94 | (7) |
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94 | (2) |
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94 | (1) |
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Timing of Transplantation |
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95 | (1) |
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Surgical Considerations and Graft Selection |
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95 | (1) |
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Post-operative Management |
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96 | (1) |
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96 | (1) |
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Transplant Surveillance: Monitoring and Management |
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96 | (1) |
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96 | (1) |
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96 | (1) |
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96 | (1) |
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Timing of Transplantation |
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96 | (1) |
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Surgical Considerations and Graft Selection |
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96 | (1) |
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Post-operative Management |
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97 | (1) |
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97 | (1) |
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Transplant Surveillance: Monitoring and Management |
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97 | (1) |
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97 | (1) |
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97 | (2) |
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97 | (1) |
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Timing of Transplantation |
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97 | (1) |
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Surgical Considerations and Graft Selection |
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97 | (1) |
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Post-operative Management |
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98 | (1) |
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98 | (1) |
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Transplant Surveillance: Monitoring and Management |
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98 | (1) |
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98 | (1) |
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99 | (2) |
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13 Combined Liver and Small Bowel Transplantation |
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101 | (9) |
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101 | (1) |
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101 | (1) |
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101 | (1) |
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Causes of Intestinal Failure |
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102 | (1) |
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Complications of Home Parenteral Nutrition Limiting Its Long-Term Performance |
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102 | (1) |
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Timing of Transplantation |
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102 | (1) |
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102 | (1) |
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103 | (1) |
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103 | (1) |
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Anti-Human Leukocyte Antigen Immunization and Immunological Risk |
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103 | (1) |
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Surgical Considerations and Graft Selection |
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103 | (2) |
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103 | (1) |
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103 | (1) |
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103 | (1) |
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Multivisceral Transplantation |
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103 | (2) |
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Transplantation of the Right Colon |
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105 | (1) |
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Post-operative Management |
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105 | (1) |
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105 | (1) |
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105 | (1) |
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105 | (1) |
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Intestinal Transplantation Surveillance: Monitoring and Management |
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105 | (1) |
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105 | (1) |
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105 | (1) |
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Graft-Versus-Host Disease |
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106 | (1) |
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106 | (1) |
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106 | (1) |
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Results, Follow-Up, and Quality of Life |
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106 | (1) |
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106 | (1) |
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Graft Function and Growth |
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106 | (1) |
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106 | (1) |
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106 | (2) |
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108 | (2) |
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14 The Transplant Procedure: Surgical Aspects and Techniques |
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110 | (11) |
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110 | (1) |
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110 | (1) |
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Pediatric Liver Transplantation: Graft Types |
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111 | (2) |
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Whole Liver Transplantation |
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111 | (1) |
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Reduced Size Liver Transplantation |
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111 | (1) |
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Split Liver Transplantation |
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111 | (1) |
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Living Donor Liver Transplantation |
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111 | (1) |
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Auxiliary Liver Transplantation |
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111 | (1) |
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Domino Liver Transplantation and the Emerging Concepts of Domino Auxiliary Partial Orthotopic Liver Transplantation and Cross-Domino Auxiliary Partial Orthotopic Liver Transplantation |
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112 | (1) |
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ABO-Incompatible Liver Transplantation |
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113 | (1) |
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113 | (5) |
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113 | (1) |
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114 | (1) |
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114 | (1) |
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114 | (1) |
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Hepatic Artery Anastomosis |
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114 | (1) |
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115 | (1) |
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115 | (1) |
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Technical Refinements in Auxiliary Partial Orthotopic Liver Transplantation |
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116 | (1) |
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116 | (1) |
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116 | (1) |
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Overcoming Portal Steal and Graft Atrophy |
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116 | (2) |
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Managing Size Mismatch in Arterial Anastomosis |
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118 | (1) |
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Managing Surgical Complications |
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118 | (1) |
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Early Post-operative Period |
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118 | (1) |
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118 | (1) |
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119 | (1) |
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Enteric Complications and Reoperation |
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119 | (1) |
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119 | (1) |
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119 | (2) |
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121 | (10) |
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121 | (1) |
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Anesthesia Assessment for Potential Transplant Candidates |
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121 | (3) |
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122 | (1) |
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122 | (1) |
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123 | (1) |
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123 | (1) |
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123 | (1) |
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123 | (1) |
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Standard Anesthesia Technique |
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124 | (4) |
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124 | (1) |
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Surgical Stages and Predictable Consequences for the Anesthetist |
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125 | (1) |
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125 | (1) |
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125 | (1) |
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125 | (1) |
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Biliary Anastomosis and Closure |
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125 | (1) |
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Factors Influencing Anesthesia |
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125 | (1) |
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Cirrhosis and Absent Inferior Vena Cava in Biliary Atresia With Splenic Malformation Compared With Metabolic Disorders |
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125 | (1) |
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Coagulation in Liver Disease and Fluid Replacement During Transplantation |
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126 | (1) |
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126 | (2) |
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128 | (1) |
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Targets for Post-operative Intensive Care Unit Transfer |
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128 | (1) |
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128 | (2) |
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Intercurrent Illness on the day of Transplant |
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128 | (1) |
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128 | (1) |
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128 | (1) |
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Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation |
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128 | (1) |
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Combined Liver-Kidney Transplantation |
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129 | (1) |
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Small Bowel, Small Bowel-Liver, and Multivisceral Transplantation |
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129 | (1) |
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Combined Liver-Lung and Liver-Heart-Lung Transplantation |
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129 | (1) |
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130 | (1) |
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130 | (1) |
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16 Post-Operative Care After Liver Transplantation |
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131 | (8) |
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131 | (1) |
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Post-Operative Monitoring and General Management |
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131 | (2) |
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131 | (1) |
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132 | (1) |
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133 | (1) |
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Liven-Specific Management |
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133 | (1) |
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Renal/Metabolic Management |
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133 | (1) |
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133 | (1) |
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133 | (1) |
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Primary Non-Function of the Graft |
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134 | (1) |
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Abdominal Compartment Syndrome |
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135 | (1) |
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Post-Operative Vasoplegia |
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135 | (1) |
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Post-Operative Bacterial Sepsis and Septic Shock |
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135 | (1) |
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136 | (3) |
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Section 6 Medical Management |
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139 | (18) |
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Immunological Mechanisms of Rejection |
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139 | (2) |
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The Liver as a "Privileged" Organ |
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141 | (1) |
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Immunoresponsiveness of Children |
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141 | (1) |
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Principles of the Diagnosis of Rejection |
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142 | (1) |
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Acute Cell-Mediated Rejection |
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142 | (2) |
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Pathology of Acute Cell-Mediated Rejection |
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143 | (1) |
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Treatment of Acute Cell-Mediated Rejection |
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144 | (1) |
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144 | (2) |
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Pathology of Chronic Rejection |
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144 | (2) |
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Treatment of Chronic Rejection |
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146 | (1) |
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Antibody-Mediated Rejection |
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146 | (5) |
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Acute Antibody-Mediated Rejection |
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147 | (1) |
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Pathology of Acute and Chronic Antibody-Mediated Rejection |
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148 | (2) |
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Treatment of Acute Antibody-Mediated Rejection |
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150 | (1) |
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Donor-Specific Antibodies Affecting Long-Term Outcome |
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151 | (1) |
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Monitoring for Donor-Specific Antibodies: Pre-Transplantation and Post-Transplantation |
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152 | (1) |
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153 | (1) |
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153 | (4) |
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18 Anti-rejection Strategies |
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157 | (7) |
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157 | (1) |
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Induction of Anti-rejection |
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157 | (1) |
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157 | (3) |
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160 | (1) |
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Other Drugs and Renal Sparing |
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160 | (1) |
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161 | (1) |
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Retransplantation and Tailor-Made Approaches |
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161 | (1) |
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Steroid-Resistant Rejection |
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161 | (1) |
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New Strategies and the Future |
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161 | (1) |
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162 | (2) |
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19 Anti-infection Strategies |
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164 | (17) |
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Anti-infection Strategies |
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164 | (1) |
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164 | (8) |
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164 | (1) |
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1A Anti-influenza Medications |
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164 | (1) |
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1B Influenza Prevention and Treatment |
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165 | (1) |
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Respiratory Viruses Other Than Influenza |
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166 | (1) |
|
|
|
166 | (1) |
|
2B Prevention and Treatment |
|
|
166 | (1) |
|
|
|
166 | (1) |
|
|
|
166 | (3) |
|
3B Prevention and Treatment |
|
|
169 | (3) |
|
|
|
172 | (1) |
|
|
|
172 | (1) |
|
|
|
172 | (2) |
|
|
|
172 | (1) |
|
Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria |
|
|
173 | (1) |
|
Methicillin-Resistant S. Aureus |
|
|
173 | (1) |
|
Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci |
|
|
173 | (1) |
|
Extended-Spectrum B-Lactamase |
|
|
173 | (1) |
|
Carbapenem-resistant bacteria |
|
|
174 | (1) |
|
|
|
174 | (1) |
|
|
|
174 | (1) |
|
|
|
174 | (1) |
|
|
|
175 | (1) |
|
Other Molds, Dimorphics, and Fungi |
|
|
175 | (1) |
|
|
|
175 | (1) |
|
|
|
176 | (5) |
|
Section 7 Early Postoperative Complications |
|
|
|
20 Early Vascular Complications |
|
|
181 | (11) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
181 | (1) |
|
Early Hepatic Artery Complications |
|
|
182 | (4) |
|
Early Hepatic Artery Thrombosis |
|
|
182 | (1) |
|
Risk Factors for Early Hepatic Artery Thrombosis |
|
|
182 | (2) |
|
Consequences and Management of Early Hepatic Artery Thrombosis |
|
|
184 | (1) |
|
Early Hepatic Artery Stenosis |
|
|
185 | (1) |
|
Risk Factors for Early Hepatic Artery Stenosis |
|
|
185 | (1) |
|
Consequences and Management of Early Hepatic Artery Stenosis |
|
|
185 | (1) |
|
Hepatic Artery Pseudo-aneurysm |
|
|
186 | (1) |
|
Hepatic Artery Steal Syndrome |
|
|
186 | (1) |
|
Early Portal Vein Complications |
|
|
186 | (2) |
|
Early Portal Vein Thrombosis |
|
|
186 | (1) |
|
Risk Factors for Early Portal Vein Thrombosis |
|
|
186 | (1) |
|
Consequences and Management of Early Portal Vein Thrombosis |
|
|
186 | (2) |
|
|
|
188 | (1) |
|
Early Hepatic Vein Complications |
|
|
188 | (1) |
|
Early Hepatic Vein Thrombosis |
|
|
188 | (1) |
|
Early Hepatic Vein Stenosis |
|
|
188 | (1) |
|
Anti-coagulation in Pediatric Liver Transplantation |
|
|
188 | (1) |
|
|
|
188 | (1) |
|
|
|
189 | (1) |
|
|
|
189 | (3) |
|
21 Biliary Complications in Pediatric Liver Transplantation |
|
|
192 | (8) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
192 | (1) |
|
|
|
192 | (1) |
|
Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis |
|
|
193 | (3) |
|
|
|
193 | (1) |
|
|
|
194 | (2) |
|
Non-anastomotic Strictures |
|
|
196 | (1) |
|
|
|
196 | (1) |
|
|
|
196 | (2) |
|
|
|
198 | (2) |
|
22 General Aspects of Early Management |
|
|
200 | (14) |
|
|
|
|
|
200 | (1) |
|
The Clavien-Dindo Classification |
|
|
200 | (1) |
|
Drain Losses After Liver Transplantation |
|
|
200 | (4) |
|
|
|
204 | (1) |
|
|
|
205 | (1) |
|
Liver Transplantation in Neonates and Small Infants |
|
|
205 | (1) |
|
Delayed Abdominal Closure and Reduced-Size Grafts |
|
|
205 | (1) |
|
Calcineurin Inhibitor Metabolism |
|
|
206 | (1) |
|
Transplant-Acquired Disease |
|
|
207 | (4) |
|
|
|
209 | (1) |
|
|
|
209 | (2) |
|
|
|
211 | (1) |
|
|
|
211 | (3) |
|
23 Hematologic Complications After Liver Transplant |
|
|
214 | (9) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
214 | (1) |
|
|
|
214 | (4) |
|
Passenger Lymphocyte Syndrome |
|
|
218 | (1) |
|
|
|
218 | (1) |
|
|
|
219 | (1) |
|
Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis |
|
|
220 | (1) |
|
|
|
220 | (1) |
|
|
|
221 | (2) |
|
24 Role of Histology Following Pediatric Liver Transplantation |
|
|
223 | (11) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
223 | (1) |
|
|
|
223 | (1) |
|
Histopathology of the Recipient Liver |
|
|
223 | (1) |
|
Post-Reperfusion Biopsies |
|
|
224 | (1) |
|
|
|
224 | (2) |
|
|
|
224 | (1) |
|
Preservation/Re-Perfusion Injury |
|
|
224 | (1) |
|
|
|
225 | (1) |
|
|
|
225 | (1) |
|
|
|
226 | (1) |
|
Immunological Complications |
|
|
226 | (3) |
|
|
|
226 | (1) |
|
T-Cell-Mediated Rejection |
|
|
226 | (2) |
|
Antibody-Mediated Rejection |
|
|
228 | (1) |
|
Plasma Cell-Rich Rejection |
|
|
229 | (1) |
|
Complications of Immunosuppression |
|
|
229 | (1) |
|
|
|
229 | (1) |
|
Post-Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder |
|
|
229 | (1) |
|
|
|
230 | (1) |
|
|
|
231 | (3) |
|
Section 8 Late Postoperative Complications |
|
|
|
25 Surgical Complications |
|
|
234 | (13) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
234 | (1) |
|
|
|
234 | (6) |
|
|
|
234 | (1) |
|
|
|
235 | (1) |
|
|
|
236 | (1) |
|
|
|
236 | (1) |
|
Hepatic Artery Late Thrombosis |
|
|
236 | (1) |
|
|
|
237 | (1) |
|
|
|
237 | (1) |
|
|
|
238 | (2) |
|
Unusual Causes of Surgical Abdominal Problems After a Transplantation |
|
|
240 | (1) |
|
Internal Hernia and a Volvulus of the Bowel |
|
|
240 | (1) |
|
|
|
240 | (1) |
|
Right-Sided Diaphragmatic Hernia |
|
|
240 | (1) |
|
|
|
240 | (1) |
|
|
|
241 | (2) |
|
|
|
243 | (2) |
|
|
|
245 | (2) |
|
26 Recurrence of Disease After Liver Transplantation |
|
|
247 | (8) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
247 | (2) |
|
|
|
247 | (1) |
|
|
|
248 | (1) |
|
Risk Factors for Recurrence |
|
|
248 | (1) |
|
|
|
248 | (1) |
|
|
|
249 | (1) |
|
Progressive Familial Intrahepatic Cholestasis Type 2 |
|
|
249 | (3) |
|
|
|
249 | (1) |
|
|
|
249 | (1) |
|
Risk Factors for Recurrence |
|
|
250 | (1) |
|
|
|
251 | (1) |
|
|
|
251 | (1) |
|
Post-transplantation Complications of Specific Rare Conditions |
|
|
252 | (1) |
|
Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis |
|
|
252 | (1) |
|
Giant Cell Coombs-Positive Hepatitis of Infancy |
|
|
252 | (1) |
|
Progressive Familial Intrahepatic Cholestasis Type 1 |
|
|
252 | (1) |
|
|
|
252 | (3) |
|
27 Immunological and Other Late Complications |
|
|
255 | (10) |
|
|
|
Immune-Mediated Disorders |
|
|
255 | (3) |
|
Autoimmunity or Alloimmunity |
|
|
255 | (1) |
|
Clinical Relevance of Serum Non-organ-specific Autoantibodies and de novo Autoimmune Hepatitis |
|
|
255 | (1) |
|
Clinical Significance of Serum Anti-Human Leukocyte Antigen Donor-Specific Antibodies and Antibody-Mediated Rejection |
|
|
256 | (1) |
|
|
|
257 | (1) |
|
|
|
257 | (1) |
|
Post-transplant Immune Cytopenias |
|
|
258 | (1) |
|
Nonimmune-Mediated Complications of Chronic Immunosuppression |
|
|
258 | (3) |
|
|
|
258 | (1) |
|
|
|
259 | (1) |
|
|
|
259 | (1) |
|
|
|
260 | (1) |
|
|
|
260 | (1) |
|
Late Infectious Complications |
|
|
260 | (1) |
|
Preventable Viral Infections and Vaccination |
|
|
261 | (1) |
|
Chronic Hepatitis E Virus Infection |
|
|
261 | (1) |
|
|
|
261 | (4) |
|
28 Post-transplant Lymphoproliferative Disease |
|
|
265 | (12) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
265 | (1) |
|
|
|
265 | (2) |
|
Epstein-Barr Virus Infection |
|
|
265 | (1) |
|
Epstein-Barr Virus-Driven B-Cell Proliferation |
|
|
266 | (1) |
|
Impaired Control of Epstein-Barr Virus-Induced B-Cell Proliferation by Epstein-Barr Virus-Specific T Cells |
|
|
266 | (1) |
|
Genetic Hits and Additional Factors |
|
|
266 | (1) |
|
Origin of Post-transplant Lymphoproliferative Disease |
|
|
267 | (1) |
|
Early and Late Post-transplant Lymphoproliferative Disease Development |
|
|
267 | (1) |
|
Histopathological Classification |
|
|
267 | (2) |
|
Incidence and Risk Factors in Pediatric Liver Transplantation |
|
|
269 | (1) |
|
Incidence of Post-transplant Lymphoproliferative Disease |
|
|
269 | (1) |
|
|
|
269 | (1) |
|
|
|
269 | (1) |
|
Human Leukocyte Antigen Association |
|
|
269 | (1) |
|
|
|
269 | (1) |
|
|
|
269 | (2) |
|
|
|
269 | (1) |
|
|
|
269 | (1) |
|
|
|
270 | (1) |
|
|
|
270 | (1) |
|
|
|
271 | (1) |
|
Reduction of Immunosuppression |
|
|
271 | (1) |
|
Immunotherapy and Chemotherapy of B-cell Post-transplant Lymphoproliferative Diseases |
|
|
271 | (1) |
|
Rare Post-transplant Lymphoproliferative Disease Subtypes |
|
|
272 | (1) |
|
Cellular Epstein-Barr Virus-Directed Therapy |
|
|
272 | (1) |
|
|
|
272 | (1) |
|
|
|
272 | (1) |
|
Potential Complications and Long-Term Care |
|
|
272 | (1) |
|
Prevention and Early Detection of Post-transplant Lymphoproliferative Disease |
|
|
272 | (1) |
|
|
|
272 | (1) |
|
|
|
272 | (1) |
|
|
|
273 | (1) |
|
|
|
273 | (4) |
|
29 Role of Radiology and Interventional Radiology After Pediatric Liver Transplantation |
|
|
277 | (16) |
|
|
|
Diagnosis of Complications: Role of Imaging Modalities |
|
|
277 | (6) |
|
|
|
277 | (1) |
|
|
|
277 | (3) |
|
|
|
280 | (1) |
|
|
|
280 | (2) |
|
|
|
282 | (1) |
|
Hepatic Vein and Inferior Vena Cava |
|
|
282 | (1) |
|
|
|
282 | (1) |
|
|
|
283 | (1) |
|
Interventional Radiology for Diagnosis, Treatment, and Outcome |
|
|
283 | (7) |
|
Image-Guided Biopsies (Percutaneous and Transjugular) |
|
|
283 | (2) |
|
Percutaneous Treatment of Biliary Complications |
|
|
285 | (1) |
|
|
|
285 | (1) |
|
|
|
285 | (1) |
|
Endovascular Treatment of Vascular Complications (Angiography) |
|
|
286 | (1) |
|
Hepatic Artery Complications |
|
|
287 | (1) |
|
Portal Vein Complications |
|
|
287 | (2) |
|
Hepatic Vein and Inferior Vena Cava Complications |
|
|
289 | (1) |
|
Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt |
|
|
290 | (1) |
|
|
|
290 | (1) |
|
|
|
291 | (2) |
|
30 Role of Biomarkers in Monitoring Liver Allograft Function |
|
|
293 | (8) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
293 | (1) |
|
|
|
293 | (1) |
|
|
|
294 | (2) |
|
|
|
294 | (1) |
|
Enhanced Liver Fibrosis Score |
|
|
294 | (1) |
|
|
|
295 | (1) |
|
|
|
295 | (1) |
|
Aspartate Aminotransferase Platelet Ratio Index |
|
|
295 | (1) |
|
|
|
296 | (2) |
|
Transient Elastography by FibroScan |
|
|
296 | (1) |
|
Acoustic Radiation Force Imaging |
|
|
296 | (1) |
|
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Elastography and Magnetic Resonance Diffusion-Weighted Imaging |
|
|
297 | (1) |
|
|
|
298 | (3) |
|
Section 9 Complementary Clinical Options to PLT |
|
|
|
31 Liver Assist Systems in Pediatric Liver Failure |
|
|
301 | (8) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
301 | (1) |
|
Indications for an Extracorporeal Liver Support System |
|
|
301 | (1) |
|
|
|
302 | (2) |
|
Types of Artificial Liver Support |
|
|
302 | (1) |
|
|
|
302 | (1) |
|
|
|
302 | (1) |
|
Efficacy of Albumin Dialysis on Laboratory and Clinical Outcomes |
|
|
302 | (1) |
|
|
|
302 | (2) |
|
|
|
304 | (1) |
|
|
|
304 | (1) |
|
Efficacy of Albumin Dialysis on Laboratory Parameters and Survival Outcomes |
|
|
304 | (1) |
|
Safety of Albumin Dialysis |
|
|
304 | (1) |
|
Efficacy of Albumin Dialysis in Pediatrics |
|
|
304 | (2) |
|
Efficacy of Plasmapheresis--Adult and Pediatric Data |
|
|
306 | (1) |
|
Bioartificial Liver Support |
|
|
306 | (1) |
|
|
|
307 | (2) |
|
|
|
309 | (11) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
309 | (1) |
|
Hepatocyte Transplantation |
|
|
309 | (4) |
|
|
|
309 | (1) |
|
|
|
309 | (3) |
|
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
Dose and Route of Administration |
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
Engraftment Evaluation and Enhancement |
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
|
|
313 | (1) |
|
How to Overcome Hepatocyte Transplantation Barriers |
|
|
313 | (1) |
|
Stem and Progenitor Cell-Based Cell Transplantation |
|
|
313 | (2) |
|
Stem and Progenitor Cells and Their Regenerative Potential |
|
|
313 | (2) |
|
Stem Cell-Based Therapy for Acquired Liver Diseases--Mesenchymal Stromal Cells as Medicinal Signaling Cells |
|
|
315 | (1) |
|
Remaining Challenges and Conclusion |
|
|
315 | (1) |
|
|
|
316 | (4) |
|
|
|
320 | (24) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
320 | (1) |
|
Why Gene Therapy? What Is the Advantage Compared With Liver Transplantation? Pros and Cons for Liver Transplantation and Gene Therapy |
|
|
320 | (1) |
|
The Clinical Experience With Liver Gene Transfer |
|
|
321 | (2) |
|
Delivery Tools (Vectors) With Advantages and Disadvantages for Each |
|
|
323 | (1) |
|
Advantages and Disadvantages of Different Gene Therapy Approaches (Gene Repair, Gene Addition, Gene Editing, Homologous Recombination, Nucleases, Promotorless) |
|
|
324 | (1) |
|
Disease-Specific Aspects and Milestones |
|
|
324 | (8) |
|
|
|
324 | (3) |
|
Glycogen Storage Disease Type 1 |
|
|
327 | (2) |
|
|
|
329 | (1) |
|
Progressive Familial Intrahepatic Cholestasis |
|
|
330 | (1) |
|
Alpha-1-Antitrypsin Deficiency |
|
|
330 | (1) |
|
Ornithine Transcarbamylase Deficiency |
|
|
330 | (1) |
|
|
|
331 | (1) |
|
|
|
331 | (1) |
|
Current Challenges of In Vivo Gene Transfer With Adeno-Associated Virus Vectors |
|
|
332 | (6) |
|
Immunogenicity of Adeno-Associated Virus Vectors |
|
|
332 | (1) |
|
T-Cell-Mediated Immunity to Adeno-Associated Virus Vectors |
|
|
332 | (3) |
|
Humoral Immunity to Adeno-Associated Virus Vectors |
|
|
335 | (1) |
|
|
|
335 | (1) |
|
|
|
335 | (1) |
|
Adeno-Associated Virus Persistence in the Developing Liver |
|
|
336 | (2) |
|
|
|
338 | (1) |
|
|
|
338 | (6) |
|
Section 10 Chronic Management in Specific Indications |
|
|
|
|
|
344 | (7) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
344 | (1) |
|
|
|
344 | (1) |
|
|
|
345 | (2) |
|
|
|
345 | (1) |
|
|
|
345 | (1) |
|
Unsuccessful Kasai Procedure |
|
|
345 | (1) |
|
Recurrent Life-Threatening Cholangitis |
|
|
346 | (1) |
|
|
|
346 | (1) |
|
|
|
346 | (1) |
|
|
|
346 | (1) |
|
|
|
346 | (1) |
|
|
|
346 | (1) |
|
|
|
346 | (1) |
|
|
|
346 | (1) |
|
|
|
347 | (1) |
|
Considerations While Awaiting Liver Transplantation |
|
|
347 | (1) |
|
|
|
347 | (1) |
|
|
|
347 | (1) |
|
|
|
347 | (1) |
|
Technical Considerations for Transplantation in Biliary Atresia |
|
|
347 | (1) |
|
Long-Term Biliary Atresia Care |
|
|
348 | (1) |
|
|
|
348 | (1) |
|
|
|
349 | (1) |
|
|
|
349 | (2) |
|
|
|
351 | (7) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
351 | (1) |
|
|
|
351 | (2) |
|
|
|
353 | (1) |
|
|
|
353 | (1) |
|
|
|
353 | (1) |
|
|
|
354 | (1) |
|
Living Related Transplantation |
|
|
355 | (1) |
|
Liver Transplantation Outcomes |
|
|
355 | (1) |
|
|
|
356 | (1) |
|
|
|
356 | (2) |
|
36 Liver Transplantation for Acute Liver Failure in Children |
|
|
358 | (7) |
|
|
|
Etiology of Pediatric Acute Liver Failure |
|
|
358 | (1) |
|
Diagnostic Procedures Necessary to Prepare for Liver Transplantation |
|
|
358 | (1) |
|
General Management Awaiting Liver Transplantation |
|
|
359 | (1) |
|
Disease-Specific Treatment |
|
|
360 | (1) |
|
|
|
360 | (1) |
|
Indication and Timing for Liver Transplantation |
|
|
360 | (1) |
|
|
|
361 | (1) |
|
Contraindication to Liver Transplantation |
|
|
362 | (1) |
|
|
|
362 | (3) |
|
37 Auxiliary Liver Transplantation for Acute Liver Failure in Children |
|
|
365 | (10) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
365 | (1) |
|
Current Guide to Listing Criteria for Liver Transplant in Acute Liver Failure in Children |
|
|
365 | (1) |
|
|
|
366 | (1) |
|
|
|
366 | (1) |
|
Relative Contraindications |
|
|
366 | (1) |
|
|
|
366 | (1) |
|
Auxiliary Partial Orthotopic Liver Transplant |
|
|
367 | (1) |
|
History of Auxiliary Liver Transplantation |
|
|
367 | (1) |
|
Heterotopic Auxiliary Transplantation for Acute Liver Failure |
|
|
367 | (1) |
|
Auxiliary Liver Transplantation for Acute Liver Failure: Early Results |
|
|
367 | (1) |
|
|
|
368 | (1) |
|
|
|
369 | (1) |
|
|
|
369 | (1) |
|
|
|
369 | (1) |
|
Portal Flow Changes After Auxiliary Partial Orthotopic Liver Transplantation for Acute Liver Failure |
|
|
370 | (1) |
|
Post-operative Management |
|
|
370 | (2) |
|
|
|
372 | (1) |
|
Auxiliary Liver Transplantation for Acute Liver Failure: Later Results |
|
|
372 | (1) |
|
King's College Hospital Auxiliary Liver Transplantation for Acute Liver Failure Outcomes |
|
|
372 | (1) |
|
|
|
373 | (1) |
|
|
|
373 | (2) |
|
38 Liver Transplantation for Liver Tumors in Children |
|
|
375 | (11) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
375 | (1) |
|
|
|
375 | (4) |
|
Epidemiology and Genetics |
|
|
375 | (1) |
|
|
|
376 | (2) |
|
Other Treatment Considerations |
|
|
378 | (1) |
|
|
|
379 | (2) |
|
Epidemiology and Genetics |
|
|
379 | (1) |
|
|
|
380 | (1) |
|
Role of Liver Transplantation in The Management of Hepatocellular Carcinoma |
|
|
381 | (1) |
|
|
|
381 | (1) |
|
Undifferentiated Embryonal Sarcoma |
|
|
381 | (1) |
|
Role of Liver Transplantation |
|
|
382 | (1) |
|
|
|
382 | (1) |
|
|
|
382 | (1) |
|
|
|
382 | (1) |
|
Multisystem Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis |
|
|
382 | (1) |
|
|
|
383 | (3) |
|
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|
386 | (11) |
|
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|
Category 1 Intrinsic Liver Disease With Defect Confined to the Liver |
|
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386 | (2) |
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Progressive Familial Intrahepatic Cholestasis Type 2 |
|
|
387 | (1) |
|
|
|
387 | (1) |
|
Category 2 Intrinsic Liver Disease With an Extrahepatic Defect |
|
|
388 | (2) |
|
Cystic Fibrosis-Related Liver Disease |
|
|
388 | (1) |
|
Mitochondrial Liver Diseases |
|
|
389 | (1) |
|
Progressive Familial Intrahepatic Cholestasis Type 1 |
|
|
389 | (1) |
|
Glycogen Storage Disease Type I |
|
|
390 | (1) |
|
Category 3 No Intrinsic Liver Disease With Defect Confined to Liver |
|
|
390 | (1) |
|
|
|
390 | (1) |
|
Primary Hyperoxaluria Type 1 |
|
|
391 | (1) |
|
Category 4 No Liver Disease and Extrahepatic Defect |
|
|
391 | (1) |
|
|
|
391 | (1) |
|
S-Adenosylhomocysteine Hydrolase Deficiency |
|
|
391 | (1) |
|
Mitochondrial Disease With a Specific Enzyme Defect |
|
|
392 | (1) |
|
Ethylmalonic Encephalopathy |
|
|
392 | (1) |
|
Mitochondrial Neurogastrointestinal Encephalomyopathy |
|
|
393 | (1) |
|
|
|
393 | (1) |
|
Living Donor Liver Transplantation |
|
|
393 | (1) |
|
Auxiliary Liver Transplantation |
|
|
394 | (1) |
|
|
|
394 | (3) |
|
40 Liver Retransplantation |
|
|
397 | (8) |
|
Sebastian Schulz-Jurgensen |
|
|
|
|
Incidence and Indications--Early and Late Liver Retransplantation |
|
|
397 | (1) |
|
Contraindications for Pediatric Liver Retransplantation |
|
|
398 | (1) |
|
Case 1 Decision Against Further Transplantations Because of Antibody Formation |
|
|
398 | (1) |
|
Case 2 Several Retransplantations After Repeated Early Hepatic Artery Thrombosis |
|
|
398 | (1) |
|
|
|
399 | (4) |
|
Timing for Relisting Patients With Graft Failure |
|
|
399 | (1) |
|
Deceased Donor Versus Living Related Retransplantation |
|
|
399 | (2) |
|
Immunization, Immunosuppression, and Infection |
|
|
401 | (1) |
|
Outcome of Liver Retransplantation |
|
|
401 | (1) |
|
|
|
402 | (1) |
|
|
|
403 | (2) |
|
41 Pediatric Liver Transplantation in Asia |
|
|
405 | (9) |
|
|
|
|
|
405 | (2) |
|
Liver Transplantation in Japan |
|
|
407 | (1) |
|
Organ Allocation System in Japan |
|
|
407 | (1) |
|
Pediatric Liver Transplantation in Japan |
|
|
407 | (1) |
|
Pediatric Liver Transplantation in Other Asian Countries |
|
|
408 | (2) |
|
|
|
408 | (1) |
|
|
|
408 | (1) |
|
|
|
409 | (1) |
|
|
|
409 | (1) |
|
|
|
409 | (1) |
|
|
|
409 | (1) |
|
|
|
409 | (1) |
|
|
|
410 | (1) |
|
|
|
410 | (1) |
|
|
|
410 | (1) |
|
|
|
410 | (1) |
|
|
|
411 | (1) |
|
|
|
412 | (2) |
|
42 Pediatric Liver Transplantation in South America: Incidence and Indications |
|
|
414 | (6) |
|
|
|
|
|
414 | (1) |
|
Liver Transplantation and Liver Transplantation Centers in South America |
|
|
414 | (1) |
|
Liver Transplantation in Various South American Countries |
|
|
415 | (1) |
|
|
|
415 | (1) |
|
|
|
415 | (1) |
|
|
|
415 | (1) |
|
|
|
415 | (1) |
|
|
|
415 | (1) |
|
Indications for Liver Transplantation |
|
|
415 | (2) |
|
|
|
416 | (1) |
|
|
|
416 | (1) |
|
|
|
416 | (1) |
|
|
|
416 | (1) |
|
Inherited Metabolic Disorders and Autoimmune Hepatitis |
|
|
416 | (1) |
|
Results After Liver Transplantation |
|
|
417 | (1) |
|
|
|
417 | (1) |
|
|
|
417 | (3) |
|
Section 11 Long-Term Issues |
|
|
|
43 Psychosocial Outcomes After Pediatric Liver Transplantation |
|
|
420 | (11) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
420 | (1) |
|
Assessment of Psychosocial Aspects After Pediatric Liver Transplantation |
|
|
420 | (2) |
|
Health-Related Quality of Life |
|
|
422 | (3) |
|
Non-Modifiable Risk Factors |
|
|
422 | (1) |
|
Patient Age at Liver Transplantation |
|
|
422 | (1) |
|
|
|
422 | (2) |
|
|
|
424 | (1) |
|
|
|
424 | (1) |
|
|
|
424 | (1) |
|
|
|
424 | (1) |
|
|
|
424 | (1) |
|
Health-Related Quality of Life of the Pediatric Liver Transplantation Recipient Compared With Other Groups |
|
|
424 | (1) |
|
Interventions Targeting Health-Related Quality of Life |
|
|
425 | (1) |
|
|
|
425 | (1) |
|
Neurodevelopmental Outcomes |
|
|
425 | (1) |
|
|
|
425 | (2) |
|
|
|
427 | (1) |
|
|
|
427 | (1) |
|
|
|
428 | (1) |
|
|
|
428 | (1) |
|
Future Research Recommendations |
|
|
428 | (1) |
|
|
|
428 | (1) |
|
|
|
428 | (3) |
|
|
|
431 | (11) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
431 | (1) |
|
Natural History of Chronic Graft Injury |
|
|
431 | (2) |
|
Histological Patterns of Chronic Graft Injury |
|
|
433 | (1) |
|
Hepatitis in Long-Term Liver Graft Recipients |
|
|
433 | (1) |
|
Fibrosis in Long-Term Liver Graft Recipients |
|
|
433 | (1) |
|
Differential Diagnoses of Chronic Graft Injury |
|
|
434 | (1) |
|
|
|
434 | (1) |
|
Hepatitis E Virus Infection |
|
|
434 | (1) |
|
Chronic and Antibody-Mediated Rejection |
|
|
434 | (1) |
|
Diagnostic and Surveillance of Chronic Graft Injury |
|
|
435 | (2) |
|
|
|
435 | (1) |
|
Noninvasive Assessment of Liver Graft Integrity |
|
|
435 | (1) |
|
Donor-Specific HLA Antibodies |
|
|
436 | (1) |
|
|
|
436 | (1) |
|
Chronic Graft Injury: Etiology Still Unclear? |
|
|
437 | (1) |
|
|
|
437 | (1) |
|
Conclusion and Further Concepts |
|
|
437 | (1) |
|
|
|
438 | (4) |
|
45 Prospects for Immune Tolerance |
|
|
442 | (13) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
442 | (1) |
|
The Liver and the Immune System |
|
|
442 | (2) |
|
Liver Sinusoidal Endothelial Cells |
|
|
443 | (1) |
|
|
|
443 | (1) |
|
|
|
443 | (1) |
|
Liver-Resident Lymphocytes |
|
|
443 | (1) |
|
|
|
443 | (1) |
|
Consequences for Clinical Practice |
|
|
444 | (6) |
|
Induction of Transplantation Tolerance |
|
|
450 | (1) |
|
|
|
450 | (2) |
|
|
|
452 | (3) |
|
46 Challenges for Young People With Liver Disease Including Transition to Adult Services |
|
|
455 | (10) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
455 | (2) |
|
Neurodevelopmental Changes During Adolescence |
|
|
455 | (1) |
|
|
|
456 | (1) |
|
Cognitive Development and Challenges in the Liver Transplant Setting |
|
|
456 | (1) |
|
Challenges for Adolescents |
|
|
457 | (2) |
|
To Adhere or Not to Adhere |
|
|
457 | (1) |
|
|
|
458 | (1) |
|
|
|
458 | (1) |
|
Multidisciplinary Support and Healthcare Provision for Young People |
|
|
459 | (3) |
|
Models of Healthcare Provision |
|
|
459 | (1) |
|
Integrated Multidisciplinary Work |
|
|
460 | (2) |
|
Peer Support and Mentoring |
|
|
462 | (1) |
|
|
|
462 | (1) |
|
|
|
462 | (3) |
|
47 Future of Liver Transplantation in Children |
|
|
465 | (6) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
465 | (1) |
|
|
|
465 | (1) |
|
Organ Preservation and the Advent of Machine Perfusion |
|
|
465 | (1) |
|
|
|
466 | (1) |
|
Laparoscopic and Robotic Surgery |
|
|
466 | (1) |
|
Anatomical Models in Surgical Training |
|
|
467 | (1) |
|
Selection of Patients and Timing of Transplant |
|
|
467 | (1) |
|
Repopulating Livers After Transplantation |
|
|
467 | (1) |
|
|
|
468 | (1) |
|
|
|
468 | (1) |
|
Long-Term Survival and a Natural Life Span |
|
|
468 | (1) |
|
Equality of Access to Health Care |
|
|
469 | (1) |
|
|
|
469 | (1) |
|
|
|
469 | (2) |
| Index |
|
471 | |
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