El. knyga: Perception and Motor Control in Birds: An Ecological Approach

to Section I.- 1 Form and Function in the Optical Structure of Bird
Eyes.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 The Bases of Diversity in Avian Eye Structure.-
1.3 Quantitative Descriptions of Eye Structures and Their Properties.- 1.4
Interpretations of Diversity.- 1.4.1 Shape and Size of Eyes.- 1.4.2 The
Optical Design of Eyes.- 1.5 The Role of the Iris.- 1.5.1 Pupil Size and
Image Brightness.- 1.5.2 Pupil Size and Image Quality.- 1.5.3 Pupil Size and
Depth of Field.- 1.6 Visual Fields.- 1.6.1 Monocular Fields.- 1.6.2 Binocular
and Panoramic Fields.- 1.6.3 Visual Fields and Amphibious Habits.- 1.7
Concluding Remarks.- References.- 2 Functional Accommodation in Birds.- 2.1
The Power and Precision of Accommodation as a Distance Cue.- 2.2 A Technique
to Measure Accommodation in Unrestrained, Alert Birds.- 2.3 Mechanisms of
Accommodation in Terrestrial Birds.- 2.3.1 Speed of Accommodation.- 2.3.2
Coupled and Uncoupled Accommodation and the Convergence of Information.- 2.4
Visual Guidance of Pecking Behaviour.- 2.5 Lower Field Myopia: an Adaptation
That Keeps the Ground in Focus?.- 2.6 The Role of Accommodation in Judging
Distances.- References.- 3 Binocular Depth Perception.- 3.1 Introduction.-
3.2 What Exactly is Stereopsis?.- 3.2.1 Retinal Disparity and Stereopsis.-
3.2.2 Types of Stereopsis.- 3.3 Stereopsis in Birds.- 3.3.1 Neural Mechanisms
for Local Stereopsis in Birds.- 3.3.2 Behavioural Tests of Stereopsis in
Birds.- 3.4 Binocular Vision and the Oculomotor System in Birds.- 3.4.1 The
Position of the Binocular Field.- 3.4.2 The Visual Trident in Birds.- 3.4.3
Binocular Fixation and Fusion.- 3.4.4 Vergence Eye Movements.- 3.4.5
Stereoscopic Limits Imposed Through the Oculomotor System.- 3.5 Role of
Binocular Vision in the Guidance of Avian Behaviour.- 3.5.1 Guidance of
thePeck Movement.- 3.5.2 Dependence of Behaviour on the Frame of Reference.-
3.6 Conclusions.- References.- 4 Sound Cues to Distance: The Perception of
Range.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Why Range?.- 4.3 Ranging Cues.- 4.4 The
Experimental Evidence for Ranging Ability.- 4.5 Mechanisms of Degradation
Perception.- 4.6 Ranging and Honesty.- 4.7 Some Developments of Ranging
Studies.- 4.7.1 Ranging as a Component of Other Signalling Behaviour.- 4.7.2
Resolution of Ranging.- 4.8 Conclusions.- References.- 5 Avian Orientation:
Multiple Sensory Cues and the Advantage of Redundancy.- 5.1 Theoretical
Considerations.- 5.2 Compass Mechanisms and Their Interrelation.- 5.2.1 The
Magnetic Compass of Birds.- 5.2.2 The Interrelation Between Magnetic Compass
and Sun Compass.- 5.2.3 Directional Orientation at Night.- 5.2.4 Integrating
Directional Orientation.- 5.3 Mechanism for Determining the Home Direction.-
5.3.1 Navigation by Route-Specific Information.- 5.3.2 Site-Specific
Information the Navigational Map.- 5.3.3 Different Strategies Supplement
Each Other.- 5.4 Determining the Migratory Direction.- 5.4.1 Reference
Systems for the Migratory Direction.- 5.4.2 The Interrelation Between
Celestial Rotation and the Magnetic Field During Ontogeny.- 5.5 Conclusion.-
References.- to Section II.- 6 Neuroembryology of Motor Behaviour in Birds.-
6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 The Environment Within the Egg.- 6.3 Embryonic Motor
Behaviours.- 6.3.1 Type I Embryonic Motility.- 6.3.2 Type II and Type III
Embryonic Motility.- 6.4 Role of Sensory Information During Ongoing Embryonic
Behaviours.- 6.4.1 What Sensory Information Is Available?.- 6.4.2 How Is
Sensory Information Used?.- 6.5 Role of Sensory Input at Transitions in
Behaviour.- 6.6 Role of Prior Sensory Input in Development of Later
Behaviours.-6.7 Conclusions.- References.- 7 Pre- and Postnatal Development
of Wing-Flapping and Flight in Birds: Embryological, Comparative and
Evolutionary Perspectives.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Prenatal Development of
Spontaneous Wing-Flapping.- 7.3 Neural Basis of Embryonic Behaviour.- 7.4
Effect of Spontaneous Embryonic Behaviour on Muscle and Joint Development.-
7.5 Naturally Occurring Motor Neuron Death.- 7.6 Comparative Development of
Wing-Flapping and Flight: Effects of Domestication.- 7.7 Experimental Studies
of the Postnatal Development of Wing-Flapping and Flight.- 7.8 Bilateral Wing
Coordination: Studies of Induced Bilateral Asymmetry.- 7.9 Development of
Wing-Flapping and Flight in Dystrophic Chickens.- 7.10 Wing-Flapping in
Flightless Birds: Evolutionary Insights.- 7.11 Centripetal Hypothesis of
Neurobehavioural Evolution.- References.- 8 Development of Prehensile Feeding
in Ring Doves (Streptopelia risoria): Learning Under Organismic and Task
Constraints.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Thrusting and Grasping During Feeding in
the Adult.- 8.3 Evidence for Plasticity and Skill in Adult Columbidae.- 8.4
The Transition from Dependent to Independent Feeding in the Ring Dove.- 8.5
Development of Pecking.- 8.5.1 Behavioural Analysis of the Development of
Pecking.- 8.6 Behavioural Processes Underlying Development of Prehensile
Feeding.- 8.7 The Viewpoint That Prehensile Feeding Is a Preorganized
Response.- 8.8 Task Analysis.- 8.9 Summary.- References.- 9 Ingestive
Behaviour and the Sensorimotor Control of the Jaw.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2
Ingestive Behaviour: Descriptive Analysis.- 9.3 Functional Considerations.-
9.4 Kinematic Analysis of Ingestive Jaw Movement Patterns.- 9.4.1 Kinematics
of Drinking.- 9.4.2 Kinematics of Eating.- 9.5 Morphology and Myology of the
Pigeon Jaw.- 9.6Electromyographic Analysis of Ingestive Jaw Movements.- 9.6.1
Jaw Muscle Activity Patterns During Eating.- 9.6.2 Jaw Muscle Activity
Patterns During Drinking.- 9.7 Response Topography and the Modulation of Jaw
Movement Patterns.- 9.8 Conclusions.- References.- 10 Motor Organization of
the Avian Head-Neck System.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 Osteo-Muscular Design
of the Avian Cervical Column.- 10.2.1 Osteology.- 10.2.2 Arthrology.- 10.2.3
Myology.- 10.3 Design Modifications of the Avian Cervical Column.- 10.3.1
Ligamentum Elasticum Cervicale.- 10.4 Patterning Head-Neck Movement and Motor
Action.- 10.4.1 Postures: Minimal Flexion Model.- 10.4.2 Motion: Least Motion
Model.- 10.4.3 Major Motion Principles.- 10.4.4 Motor Patterns.- 10.5 Control
of Head-Neck Movements.- 10.5.1 Comparator Model of Head-Neck Control.-
10.5.2 Connections in the Central Nervous System.- 10.5.3 Network Control.-
10.6 Conclusions.- References.- to Section III.- 11 Course Control During
Flight.- 11.1 Introduction: The Avian Flight Control System.- 11.2
Fundamentals of Avian Aeromechanics of Course Control.- 11.3 Head
Stabilization and Head-Wing-Trunk Correlations During Slow Turning Flight.-
11.4 Head Deflection and Activity of Flight Control Muscles in the
Flow-Stimulated Pigeon.- 11.5 Effects of Control Muscle Activity During
Flight.- 11.6 Minimum Model of the Functional Organization of Course
Control.- 11.7 The Extended Model: The Influence of Visceral and Vestibular
Afferences on the Activity of Flight Control Muscles.- 11.8 Improvement of
Head Stabilization by Airflow Stimuli.- References.- 12 The Analysis of
Motion in the Visual Systems of Birds.- 12.1 Introduction.- 12.1.1 Local
Motion, Figure-Ground Segregation and Camouflage.- 12.1.2 Trajectory and
Spin.- 12.1.3 Self-Induced Motion.- 12.2 Object Motion in the Tectum and
Tectofugal Pathway.- 12.2.1 Relative Motion.- 12.2.2 Figure-Ground
Segregation Through Motion.- 12.2.3 Motion in Depth and Time to Collision.-
12.3 Visual Analysis of Self-Motion by the Accessory Optic System.- 12.3.1
Cardinal Directions of Optic Flow.- 12.3.2 Binocular Integration of
Self-Induced Flow.- 12.4 Future Directions.- References.- 13 An Eye or Ear
for Flying.- 13.1 Introduction.- 13.2 Flying by Eye.- 13.2.1 Stabilizing
Vision.- 13.2.2 The Tau Function.- 13.2.3 Other Optical Specifications of
?(Z).- 13.2.4 More General Tau.- 13.2.5 Timing Interceptive Acts Under
Acceleration.- 13.2.6 Action-Scaling Space.- 13.2.7 Theory of Control of
Velocity of Approach.- 13.2.8 Experiments on Control of Velocity of Approach
by Eye.- 13.3 Flying by Ear.- 13.3.1 Acoustic Taus.- 13.3.2 Experiments on
Control of Velocity of Approach by Ear.- 13.4 Concluding Remarks.-
References.- 14 Directional Hearing in Owls: Neurobiology, Behaviour and
Evolution.- 14.1 Introduction.- 14.2 Bilateral Ear Asymmetry and Sound
Localization in Owls.- 14.3 Neural Mechanisms for Sound Localization in Barn
Owls.- 14.4 Comparative Physiology of Sound Localization Among the Owls.-
14.5 Evolution of Bilateral Ear Asymmetry.- 14.6 Future Directions.-
References.- 15 Tuning of Visuomotor Coordination During Prey Capture in
Water Birds.- 15.1 Introduction.- 15.2 Surface Plungers and Strikers.- 15.2.1
Light Reflection.- 15.2.2 Light Refraction.- 15.2.3 Surface Movement.- 15.2.4
Coping with Light Reflection and Surface Movement.- 15.3 Coping with
Refraction: The Case of Herons and Egrets.- 15.3.1 Prey Capture by Little
Egrets in the Field.- 15.3.2 Prey Capture by Reef Herons in Captivity.-
15.3.3 A Model for Coping with Light Refraction and Its Verification.- 15.3.4
Prey Capturein Cattle Egrets and Squacco Herons in Captivity.- 15.4 Visually
Guided Prey Capture in Pied Kingfishers.- 15.4.1 Estimation of Prey Depth.-
15.4.2 Effect of Prey Movement on Capture Success.- 15.5 Concluding Remarks.-
References.- 16 Multiple Sources of Depth Information: An Ecological
Approach.- 16.1 Depth Perception and the Control of Behaviour.- 16.2 Models
of Visual Depth Perception.- 16.2.1 The Hierarchical Model.- 16.2.2 The
Heterarchical Model.- 16.2.3 The Integration of Multiple Depth Cues.- 16.3
Conclusions.- References.