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El. knyga: Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Environment: Origin and Role [Taylor & Francis e-book]

Edited by (Department of Environmental Science, Babasaheb Bhimrao (Central) University, India), Edited by (Department of Geology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar (Central) University, India)
  • Formatas: 378 pages, 31 Tables, black and white; 42 Line drawings, black and white; 7 Halftones, black and white; 49 Illustrations, black and white
  • Išleidimo metai: 30-Sep-2021
  • Leidėjas: CRC Press
  • ISBN-13: 9781003053170
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Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Environment: Origin and RoleDidesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: 378 pages, 31 Tables, black and white; 42 Line drawings, black and white; 7 Halftones, black and white; 49 Illustrations, black and white
  • Išleidimo metai: 30-Sep-2021
  • Leidėjas: CRC Press
  • ISBN-13: 9781003053170
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
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Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) are toxic, degradation resistant, bio accumulative, and display wide spatial distribution which has been linked to mutagenic, reproductive and immunological disorders. In Stockholm Convention, a global treaty was agreed and envisaged to minimize and ultimately eliminate the release of POPs into the environment. The present compilation regarding POPs focusses on the sources, atmospheric behavior, terrestrial and aquatic food chain transfer, human exposure and fate aspects of this important class of chemicals including topical issues like temporal trends in contamination. Furthermore, chemical characteristics of individual POPs is also addressed.

Features:

  • Provides better understanding of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) and how they affect humans and ecosystems.

  • Includes genesis, categories, environmental fate and behavior, and associated hazards.

  • Reviews analytical techniques involved in detection, human exposure and management.

  • Discusses environmental dynamics of POPs.

  • Focus is on the comprehensive account of PCDD/Fs, PCBs, and PAH; other organochlorine POPs such as DDT, lindane, and dieldrin.

This book is aimed at researchers, professionals and graduate students in Life Science, Occupational Health and Safety, Chemical Engineering and Environmental Engineering.



The present book regarding Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) focusses on the sources, atmospheric behaviour, terrestrial and aquatic food chain transfer, human exposure and fate aspects of this important class of chemicals including topical issues like temporal trends in contamination and chemical characteristics of individual POPs.

Preface xiii
Editors' Biographies xv
List of Contributors xvii
Chapter 1 Environmental Dynamics of Persistent Organic Pollutants 1(30)
Mahiya Kulsoom
Vertika Shukla
Narendra Kumar
1.1 Introduction
1(1)
1.2 Role of Primary and Secondary Sources in Controlling Environmental Dynamics
2(3)
1.3 Distribution of POPs in Different Environmental Matrices
5(8)
1.3.1 Air
5(1)
1.3.2 Water
6(1)
1.3.3 Soil
7(3)
1.3.4 Organisms
10(3)
1.4 Organic Contaminants in the Indian Environment
13(7)
1.5 Conclusion
20(1)
References
21(10)
Chapter 2 Causes, Consequences, and Control of Persistent Organic Pollutants 31(24)
Ritu Singh
Sanjeev Kumar
Sushmita Kamarkar
Arif J. Siddiqui
Ankita Mathur
Mohd. Adnan
Vishnu D. Rajput
Anita Rani
Narendra Kumar
2.1 Introduction
31(2)
2.2 Sources, Toxicity, and Fate of POPs in the Environment
33(3)
2.3 Detection Methods for POPs
36(5)
2.3.1 Extraction Methods
38(2)
2.3.2 Separation and Detection Techniques
40(1)
2.4 Remediation Methods
41(2)
2.5 Conclusion
43(3)
References
46(9)
Chapter 3 Persistent Organic Pollutants Used for Industrial Purposes: Origins in the Environment 55(28)
Brenda Natalia Lopez Nino
Michal Jeremias
3.1 Introduction
55(3)
3.2 Use Stage
58(3)
3.2.1 Occurrence in Environmental Matrices
60(1)
3.2.2 Exposure
60(1)
3.3 Dismantling Stage
61(1)
3.3.1 Occurrence in Environmental Matrices
61(1)
3.3.2 Exposure
61(1)
3.4 Recycling Stage
62(2)
3.4.1 Occurrence in Environmental Matrices
62(1)
3.4.2 Exposure
63(1)
3.4.3 Unintentional Occurrence in Recyclates
63(1)
3.5 Disposal Stage
64(2)
3.5.1 Occurrence in Environmental Matrices
64(1)
3.5.2 Exposure
65(1)
3.5.3 Destructive Treatments
65(1)
3.6 Exposure to POPs Used for Industrial Purposes
66(6)
3.6.1 Occurrence in the Food Chain
66(1)
3.6.2 Ingestion
67(2)
3.6.3 Inhalation
69(1)
3.6.4 Dermal Contact
69(1)
3.6.5 Toxicity
70(2)
3.7 Conclusion
72(2)
References
74(9)
Chapter 4 Role of Incineration in the Production of Persistent Organic Pollutants: Is It Safe? 83(24)
Gagandeep Kour
Kajol Goria
Ashish Pathak
Richa Kothari
Deepak Pathania
Sunil Dhar
V.V. Tyagi
4.1 Introduction
83(3)
4.1.1 General Properties of POPs
84(1)
4.1.2 Classification of POPs
85(1)
4.1.3 Accumulation and Distribution of POPs in the Environment
85(1)
4.1.4 Occurrence, Fate, and Behavior of POPs
85(1)
4.2 Incineration: Types of Waste, Optimized Parameters, and Applications
86(9)
4.2.1 Types of Incinerators
89(2)
4.2.2 Factors Affecting Incineration
91(1)
4.2.3 Applications of Incineration
92(1)
4.2.4 Products Released by Incineration
92(2)
4.2.5 Is Incineration Eco-Friendly?
94(1)
4.3 Impact of Products and By-Products on Biological Communities
95(4)
4.3.1 Exposure and Toxic Effects of Products
95(2)
4.3.2 Exposure and Toxic Effects of By-Products
97(1)
4.3.3 Risk Assessment of By-Products Released by Incineration
97(2)
4.4 Treatment and Remediation Options for By-Products: Visionary Approach
99(2)
4.4.1 Physical Approach
99(1)
4.4.2 Biological Approaches
100(1)
4.4.3 Chemical Approach
100(1)
4.5 Conclusion and Future Outlook
101(1)
References
102(5)
Chapter 5 Occurrence, Transport, and Effects of Persistent Organic Pollutants in Chile 107(56)
Felipe Tucca
Ricardo Barra
Gustavo Chiang
5.1 Introduction
107(1)
5.2 Complexity of Chilean Geography
108(1)
5.3 Cold Condensation and the Andes Mountains
109(1)
5.4 Sources of POP pollution
110(3)
5.4.1 Legacy POPs
110(1)
5.4.2 PCBs
111(1)
5.4.3 Dioxins and Furans
111(1)
5.4.4 New/Emerging POPs
112(1)
5.4.5 PBDEs
112(1)
5.4.6 PFASs
113(1)
5.5 Transport and Fate
113(5)
5.5.1 Altitudinal and Latitudinal Transport of POPs
113(1)
5.5.2 Occurrence of POPs in Remote Lakes
114(4)
5.6 POPs in Aquatic Biota
118(22)
5.6.1 Marine Mammals
132(1)
5.6.2 Fish
132(1)
5.6.3 Mussels
132(1)
5.6.4 Aquatic Birds
133(1)
5.6.5 Other Organic Compounds
133(7)
5.7 Biotransport in Remote Areas
140(1)
5.7.1 Biomagnification
140(1)
5.7.2 Antarctic Biota
140(1)
5.8 Outlook and Future Research Considerations
141(13)
5.9 Conclusions
154(1)
References
155(8)
Chapter 6 Source of Contamination and Effect of Food Processing on Pesticide Residue in Food 163(18)
Sunita Mishra
Dhananjay Kumar
Poorva Dubey
6.1 Introduction
163(2)
6.2 Food Contamination: Exposure and Potential Risk
165(2)
6.3 Naturally Occurring Contaminants in Food
167(1)
6.4 Contamination during Food Processing and Production
167(1)
6.5 Effect of Food Processing on Pesticide Residue
168(6)
6.6 Conclusion
174(1)
References
174(7)
Chapter 7 Emerging Pollutants: A Taciturn Killer 181(22)
Mala Trivedi
Manish Mathur
Rajesh K. Tiwari
7.1 Introduction
181(1)
7.2 Classification and Sources
182(7)
7.2.1 Chemicals Used in the Pharmaceutical Industry and Personal-Care Products
182(4)
7.2.1.1 Persistent Organic Pollutants
184(1)
7.2.1.2 Toxic Chemicals and Carcinogens
185(1)
7.2.2 Sources of Soil Pollution
186(1)
7.2.3 Causes of Soil Pollution
186(2)
7.2.4 Sources of Water Pollution
188(1)
7.3 Present and Future Challenges
189(1)
7.4 Potential Risks
190(1)
7.5 Effects on Human Health
191(1)
7.6 Bioremediation
192(3)
7.6.1 Microbial Degradation
193(1)
7.6.2 Chemical Degradation
193(1)
7.6.3 Photodegradation
194(1)
7.6.4 Pesticide Bioremediation
194(13)
7.6.4.1 In situ Biodegradation
195(1)
7.6.4.2 Ex situ Biodegradation
195(1)
7.7 Conclusion and Future Prospects
195(1)
References
196(7)
Chapter 8 Ongoing Use and Monitoring of DDT in South Africa 203(34)
Patricia Forbes
Yvette Naude
Johanna Strumpher
8.1 Introduction
203(1)
8.2 Structure and Synthesis of DDT
204(1)
8.3 Metabolites of DDT
205(2)
8.4 Environmental and Human-Health Impacts of DDT
207(4)
8.4.1 Environmental Impact: Persistence and Impact on Avian Populations
207(2)
8.4.2 Human-Health Impact
209(2)
8.5 Legislative Context of DDT Use Globally and in South Africa Specifically
211(1)
8.6 Geographical Areas Covered by Indoor Residual Spraying of DDT in South Africa
212(2)
8.7 DDT Monitoring in South Africa
214(12)
8.7.1 Analytical Methodologies Used for Analyses of DDT, DDD, and DDE
214(10)
8.7.2 Concentrations of DDT and Its Analogues Found in South Africa
224(2)
8.8 Global DDT Monitoring Campaigns Since 2000
226(4)
8.9 Concluding Comments
230(1)
References
230(7)
Chapter 9 Flame Retardants: Analytical Aspect of Brominated Flame Retardants 237(38)
Devendra Kumar Patel
Sandeep Kumar
Neha Gupta
9.1 Introduction
237(1)
9.2 Classification of Flame Retardants
238(11)
9.2.1 Inorganic
238(1)
9.2.2 Phosphorus
239(2)
9.2.3 Nitrogen-Based
241(1)
9.2.4 Silicon-Based
241(2)
9.2.5 Intumescent
243(1)
9.2.6 Nanocomposite
244(1)
9.2.7 Brominated
245(4)
9.3 Extraction Techniques
249(3)
9.3.1 Sample Pretreatment
250(2)
9.4 Extraction from Solid Matrices (Abiotic and Biotic)
252(3)
9.4.1 Soxhlet Extraction
252(1)
9.4.2 Accelerated Solvent (or Pressurized Liquid) Extraction
253(1)
9.4.3 Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction
254(1)
9.4.4 Microwave-Assisted Extraction
254(1)
9.4.5 Supercritical Fluid Extraction
254(1)
9.4.6 Pressurized Hot-Water Extraction
255(1)
9.5 Extraction of Liquid Samples
255(1)
9.5.1 Solid-Phase Extraction
256(1)
9.6 Analysis
256(4)
9.6.1 Cleanup and Fractionation
256(2)
9.6.2 Injection Methods
258(1)
9.6.3 Gas Chromatography
259(1)
9.7 Detection: Mass Spectrometry
260(2)
9.8 Conclusion
262(1)
References
262(13)
Chapter 10 Microbial Remediation of Persistent Organic Pollutants 275(14)
Sucharita Tandon
10.1 Introduction
275(1)
10.2 Bioremediation Processes
276(2)
10.3 Bacterial Metabolism of Pollutants
278(2)
10.4 Types of Bioremediation
280(2)
10.5 Effectiveness of Bioremediation
282(2)
10.5.1 Biodegradation of the Dirty Dozen
283(1)
10.6 Obstacles to Bacterial Cleanup
284(1)
10.7 Conclusion
285(1)
References
285(4)
Chapter 11 Remediation of Organic Pollutants Using Biobased Nanomaterials 289(30)
Shaibu E. Solomon
Edu J. Inam
Eno A. Moses
Nsikak A. Abraham
Nnanake-Abasi O. Offiong
11.1 Introduction
289(2)
11.2 Biobased Adsorbents and Nanomaterials for Remediation of Organic Pollutants
291(12)
11.2.1 Starch-Based Nanocomposites
291(3)
11.2.2 Cellulose-Based Nanocomposites
294(3)
11.2.3 Chitosan Nanomaterials
297(2)
11.2.4 Biochar Nanomaterials
299(3)
11.2.5 Polylactic Acid Nanomaterials
302(1)
11.3 Future Perspectives and Conclusion
303(4)
References
307(12)
Chapter 12 International Legislation for Containment of Persistent Organic Pollutants and Hazardous Chemicals 319(20)
Mahiya Kulsoom
Vertika Shukla
Narendra Kumar
12.1 Introduction
319(2)
12.2 International Agreements and Conventions on Persistent Organic Pollutants and Hazardous Chemicals
321(15)
12.2.1 London Convention and Protocol, 1972
322(1)
12.2.2 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution, 1979
322(3)
12.2.3 Vienna Convention, 1985
325(1)
12.2.4 Montreal Protocol, 1987
326(1)
12.2.5 Basel Convention, 1989
327(1)
12.2.6 Waigani Convention, 1995
327(1)
12.2.7 Aarhus Protocol, 1998
328(1)
12.2.8 Rotterdam Convention, 1998
329(1)
12.2.9 Stockholm Convention, 2001
330(2)
12.2.10 Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management, 2002
332(1)
12.2.11 Fourth Session of UN Environment Assembly, 2012
332(1)
12.2.12 Minamata Convention on Mercury, 2013
333(1)
12.2.13 Paris Agreement, 2015
334(1)
12.2.14 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, 2015
334(1)
12.2.15 New Urban Agenda, 2016
335(1)
12.3 Conclusion
336(1)
References
336(3)
Chapter 13 United Nations Sustainable Development Goals: A Future Free from Persistent Organic Pollutants and Other Toxic Chemicals for All 339(18)
Anupam Khajuria
Prabhat Verma
13.1 Introduction
339(2)
13.2 Toxic Chemicals in the United Nations SDGs
341(2)
13.3 Impact of POPs on Issues Related to Climate Change
343(4)
13.4 Relevance of 3R Practices and Connectivity of Toxic Chemicals
347(1)
13.5 Insights of Circular Economy on Toxic Chemicals and POPs
348(2)
13.6 Green Industry versus Circular Economy for POPs
350(1)
13.7 The Way Forward and Insights on the 2030 Agenda
351(1)
13.8 Concluding Remarks
352(1)
References
353(4)
Index 357
Narendra Kumar has obtained his M.Sc. and Ph.D. degree in Environmental Science from the Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar (Central) University, Lucknow, India. Dr Kumar is an active researcher with 18 years of post graduate teaching and research experience. He started his career as Lecturer in the Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, C.S.J.M. University, Kanpur, U.P., India. Thereafter, in 2005 he has joined as Assistant Professor in the Department of Environmental Science, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow. He has published more than 40 research papers and 20 book chapters with reputed National and International publishers. Five Ph.D. degree has been awarded under the supervision of Dr. Kumar and currently three research scholars are working under his guidance for doctoral degree. In addition Dr. Kumar has guided more than 40 students for their M.Sc. dissertation work. He has coedited 4 books; Environmental Concerns and Sustainable Development in two volumes, Plant Adaptation Strategies in Changing Environment and Phyto and Rhizoremediation which are published by Springer.

Vertika Shukla did M.Sc. in Organic Chemistry and Ph.D. in 2003 on the topic "Chemical Study of Macrolichens of Garhwal Himalayas" from H.N.B. Garhwal University. Presently, she is working as Resource Person in the Department of Geology, at Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar (Central) University, Lucknow, India.

During her more than 19 years research experience, she has been awarded 3 fellowships awarded by DST, New Delhi (two projects were pursued in CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute and one project in Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar (Central) University, Lucknow, India).

Till now she has published more than 70 scientific articles in reputed national and international journals, mostly in SCI journals and presented research findings in seminar and symposia. She has authored one book Lichens to Biomonitor the Environment and coedited five book volumes. Presently she is chief editor of the journal "Cryptogam Biodiversity Assessment" an official publication of Indian Lichenological Society, India. She has contributed significantly in the field of biomonitoring and bioprospection studies using lichens. She has effectively utilized lichens to predict the spatio-temporal behaviour and environmental fate of atmospheric fallouts including metals and organic contaminants (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Pesticides) in high altitude regions of Garhwal Himalaya in India.
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