| Preface: PET-based Novel Imaging Techniques with Recently Introduced Radiotracers |
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| Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen PET for Assessment of Primary and Recurrent Prostate Cancer with Histopathology as Reference Standard: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |
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147 | (20) |
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Prostate-specific membrane antigen PET is a promising diagnostic tool in prostate cancer. |
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The gold standard for the detection of prostate tumor and lymph node metastases is histopathology. |
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The aim of the present review was to investigate accuracy measures of 68Ga/18F-labeled prostate-specific membrane antigen PET tracers in primary and recurrent prostate cancer with systematic sector-based histopathology as the reference standard. |
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A systematic literature search was performed and 34 studies were included. |
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Overall, prostate-specific membrane antigen PET showed high specificity, but variable sensitivity to localize known prostate cancer and detect pelvic lymph node metastases. |
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| 18F-Fluciclovine PET for Assessment of Prostate Cancer with Histopathology as Reference Standard: A Systematic Review |
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167 | (10) |
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The PET tracer 18F-fluciclovine (Axumin) was recently approved in the United States and Europe for men with suspected prostate cancer recurrence following prior treatment. |
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This article summarizes studies where systematic sector-based histopathol-ogy was used as reference standard to assess the diagnostic accuracy of the tracer 18F-fluciclovine PET in patients with prostate cancer. |
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| Critical Role of 2-[ 18F]-fluoro-2-deoxy-glucose in Hormonally Active Malignancies |
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177 | (14) |
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2-[ 18F]-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose (FDG) is the most commonly used radiotracer and provides valuable information about glucose metabolism. |
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With the advent of newer receptor-based tracers in the management of hormonally active malignancies, the focus has been shifted from FDG. |
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These tracers might be more specific than FDG because they target specific hormone receptors. |
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But because FDG is widely available, this review discusses what information still can be harnessed from this workhorse of molecular imaging. |
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The personalized implementation of FDG imaging in undifferentiated malignancies will help in characterization of tumor and may aid in patient management. |
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| Somatostatin Receptor Imaging PET in Neuroendocrine Neoplasm |
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191 | (14) |
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PET/computed tomography (CT) imaging increasingly is used in neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) for diagnosis, staging, monitoring, prognostication, and choosing treatment. |
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Somatostatin PET analog tracers have added to the specificity by obtaining higher affinity to somatostatin receptors with 68Ga-labeled or 64Cu-labeled DOTA peptides compared with single-photon emission CT imaging isotopes. |
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PET uptake correlates to tumor grade and is an essential part of theranostics with peptide receptor radionuclide treatment. |
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This article focuses on the literature on head-to-head studies and meta-analyses of different combinations of peptide agonists and a few antagonists. |
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Overall, the published data support the diagnostic capability of PET/CT imaging in NENs. |
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| Imaging of Insulinoma by Targeting Glucagonlike Peptide-1 Receptor |
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205 | (14) |
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Glucagonlike peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor imaging, using radiolabeled exendin-4, was recently established for detecting insulinoma in patients with hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia. |
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It has proven to be a sensitive and specific method for preoperative localization of insulinoma. |
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This review introduces the development, clinical research, and perspective of GLP-1 receptor imaging mainly in insulinoma. |
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| A Critical Review of PET Tracers Used for Brain Tumor Imaging |
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219 | (14) |
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The brain is a common site for metastases as well as primary tumors. |
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Although evaluation of these malignancies with contrast-enhanced MR imaging defines current clinical practice, 'F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-PET has shown considerable utility in this area. |
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In addition, many other tracers targeting various aspects of tumor biology have been developed and tested. |
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This article discusses recent developments in PET imaging and the anticipated role of FDG and other tracers in the assessment of brain tumors. |
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| Preclinical Evaluation of TSPO and MAO-B PET Radiotracers in an LPS Model of Neuroinflammation |
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233 | (16) |
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Discovery of novel PET radiotracers targeting neuroinflammation (microglia and astrocytes) is actively pursued. |
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Employing a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) rat model, this longitudinal study evaluated the translocator protein 18-kDa radiotracer [ 18F] FEPPA (primarily microglia) and monoamine oxidase B radiotracers [ 11C]L-dep-renyl and [ 11C]SL25.1188 (astrocytes preferred). |
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Increased [ 18F]FEPPA binding peaked at 1 week in LPS-injected striatum whereas increased lazabemide-sensitive [ 11C]L-deprenyl binding developed later. |
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No increase in radiotracer uptake was observed for [ 11C]SL25.1188. |
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The unilateral intrastriatal LPS rat model may serve as a useful tool for benchmarking PET tracers targeted toward distinct phases of neuroinflammatory reactions involving both microglia and astrocytes. |
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| Tau Imaging in Head Injury |
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249 | (12) |
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Tau proteins play a significant role in a variety of degenerative neurologic conditions. |
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Postmortem neuropathology studies of victims of repeat and severe head trauma have defined a unique spatial expression of neurologic tauopathies in these individuals, known as chronic traumatic encephalopathy. |
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Established and newly developed radiotracers are now being applied to head injury populations with the intent of diagnosis and disease monitoring. |
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This review assesses the role of tau in head injury, the state of tau radiotracer development, and the potential clinical value of tau-PET as derived from head injury studies. |
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| Molecular Imaging of Neurodegenerative Parkinsonism |
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261 | (12) |
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Advances in molecular PET imaging of neurodegenerative parkinsonism are reviewed with focus on neuropharmacologic radiotracers depicting terminals of selectively vulnerable neurons in these conditions. |
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Degeneration and losses of dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, and acetylcholine imaging markers thus far do not differentiate among the parkinsonian conditions. |
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Recent studies performed with [ 18F]flu-orodeoxyglucose PET are limited by the need for automated image analysis tools and by lack of routine coverage for this imaging indication in the United States. |
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Ongoing research engages use of novel molecular modeling and in silico methods for design of imaging ligands targeting these specific proteinopathies. |
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| Non-18F-FDG/18F-NaF Radiotracers Proposed for the Diagnosis and Management of Diseases of the Heart and Vasculature |
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273 | (12) |
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18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) and 18F-sodium fluoride (18F-NaF) are frontrunners in PET. |
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However, these tracers have limitations in the imaging of diseases in the heart. |
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A multitude of other radiotracers have been identified as potentially useful PET agents in the identification of cardiovascular disease. |
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This critical review examines recent studies with the use of non-18F-FDG/18F-NaF radiotracers in the identification and surveillance of cardiovascular diseases. |
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We highlight the need for further investigation into alternative PET radiotracers to demonstrate their clinical value in the management of these pathologies. |
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| Radionuclide Imaging of Cardiac Amyloidosis |
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285 | (10) |
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This article provides a review of the latest radiotracers for planar/single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) imaging of cardiac amyloidosis, detailing their affinity, specificity, and sensitivity for cardiac amyloidosis. |
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There are several tracers available that have differing affinities for transthyretin (ATTR) and immunoglobulin light chain (AL), and new developments in technology have allowed for disease burden quantification. |
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Bone scintigraphy is an excellent option for visualizing ATTR cardiac amyloidosis. |
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Negative testing does not exclude the possibility of AL cardiac amyloidosis and absolute quantitation of amyloid burden is limited. |
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| Novel Musculoskeletal and Orthopedic Applications of 18F-Sodium Fluoride PET |
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295 | |
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PET imaging with 18F-sodium fluoride (NaF), combined with computed tomography or magnetic resonance, is a sensitive method of assessing bone turnover. |
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Although NaF-PET is gaining popularity in detecting prostate cancer metastases to bone marrow, osseous changes represent secondary effects of cancer cell growth. |
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PET tracers more appropriate for assessing prostate cancer metastases directly portray malignant activity and include 18F-fluciclovine and prostatic specific membrane antigen ligands. |
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Recent studies investigating NaF-PET suggest utility in the assessment of benign musculoskeletal disorders. |
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Emerging applications in assessing traumatic injuries, joint disease, back pain, orthopedic complications, and metabolic bone disease are discussed. |
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