| Preface: Evolving Role of PET in Pediatric Disorders |
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| Non-18F-Fluorodeoxyglucos PET Tracers in Pediatric Disease |
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241 | (12) |
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18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET/computed tomography (CT) is an efficient method of diagnosing, staging, treatment evaluation, and recurrence monitoring of pediatric diseases. |
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FDG has some limitations, but other PET/CT tracers have shown promising roles in evaluation of pathologies in pediatric patients. |
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FDG is the most commonly used PET tracer but can accumulate in different types of infection and inflammation. |
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In recent years, more non-FDG tracers have shown utility in evaluating pediatric disease. |
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This article reviews currently available literature on the clinical application of non-FDG PET tracers in the application in the pediatric population. |
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| Emerging Roles of PET/MR in the Pediatric Hospital |
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253 | (18) |
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Add "improving" before "detection"? PET/MR is beneficial particularly in pediatric patients who undergo recurrent imaging, such as those with cancer or chronic inflammatory disease. |
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PET/MR has advantages compared with PET/computed tomography, including decreased radiation exposure and superior characterization of soft tissue. |
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Ongoing challenges include reducing examination duration and costs and detection of pulmonary lesions. |
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Accepted clinical applications of PET/MR in pediatric patients are evaluation of epileptic foci and diagnosis, staging, and follow-up of solid tumors. |
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PET/MR also may have a role in diagnosis and management of infectious and inflammatory conditions relevant to the pediatric population, including osteomyelitis and Crohn disease. |
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| Potential Roles of Total-Body PET/Computed Tomography in Pediatric Imaging |
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271 | (10) |
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Total-body (TB) PET/computed tomography (CT) provides a substantial gain in the physical sensitivity of PET, leading to vastly improved image quality or can enable imaging applications that are either not possible with conventional PET or suffer from poor signal-to-noise. |
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The paradigm-shifting promise of TB-PET/CT lies in its capability to perform dynamic, delayed, and low-dose imaging, which have the potential to increase the range of diseases and disorders that can be investigated or managed using PET. |
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Here we discuss the use of TB-PET/CT and describe protocols that take advantage of this unique innovation applied to the needs of the pediatric population. |
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| Potential Applications of PET-Based Novel Quantitative Techniques in Pediatric Diseases and Disorders |
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281 | (4) |
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The progress made in hybrid PET imaging during the past decades has significantly expanded the role of this modality in both clinical and research applications. |
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Semi-quantitative PET/CT has been the workhorse of clinical PET/CT due to its simplicity and availability. |
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In addition to semi-quantitative PET/CT, volumetric PET and global metabolic activity have recently shown promise in a more accurate assessment of various diseases. |
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PET/CT has been widely used in pediatric oncologic and non-oncologic diseases. |
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Here we have highlighted few of the pitfalls in the quantitative PET/CT and their potential remedies which have potential in PET/CT evaluation of pediatric diseases. |
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| Preparation and Logistic Considerations in Performing PET and PET/Computed Tomography in Pediatric Patients |
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285 | (8) |
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It is good for the nuclear medicine technologist to be aware of the normal variants and the appearance of a good-quality scan. |
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The primary responsibility as a nuclear medicine technologist is to provide an optimal quality scan that maximizes the reading physician's ability to correctly interpret while using current radiation safety practices as the best possible experience is created for patients and families. |
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Combining the radiation safety aspects (nuclear) with how care is provided (medicine) and the use of the most recent equipment (technology) is what defines a nuclear medicine technologist. |
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| Radiation Safety Concerns Related to PET/Computed Tomography Imaging for Assessing Pediatric Diseases and Disorders |
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293 | (6) |
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PET/computed tomography (CT) is a common hybrid imaging modality utilized in a variety of diagnostic imaging applications in pediatrics. |
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This literature review focuses on the current state of pediatric patient radiation safety by exploring topics related to radiation risk and controversy, advances in imaging technology, and available clinical resources including those from Image Gently and the Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging. |
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| PET in Pediatric Lymphoma |
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299 | (10) |
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Although fluorodeoxyglucose PET/MR imaging is a promising new modality, there is not yet enough data to support its routine use for staging or surveillance of children with lymphoma. |
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PET/MR imaging protocols are still under development, and its availability globally is limited. |
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The cost-benefit of using PET/MR imaging has not yet been established, especially because annual post-treatment surveillance imaging with fluorodeoxyglucose PET is not necessary in most patients with lymphoma. |
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Further research into the use of PET/MR imaging in pediatric oncology patients is needed with continued collaborations among institutions. |
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| Roles of F-18-Fluoro-2-Deoxy-Glucose PET/Computed Tomography Scans in the Management of Post-Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disease in Pediatric Patient |
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309 | (12) |
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Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease is a well-known complication in transplant recipients. |
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Evaluating the extent and stage of disease is important for management and follow-up. |
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As a combination of anatomic and functional imaging, PET/CT is a sensitive and specific tool to stage and detect occult disease compared with conventional imaging. |
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PET/CT also has a role in monitoring treatment response. |
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Although PET/CT has been shown to be potentially useful in adults, evidence in children is insufficient. |
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This review provides an overview of the use of PET/CT in post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease, especially in pediatric patients. |
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| Roles of PET/Computed Tomography in the Evaluation of Neuroblastoma |
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321 | (12) |
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Neuroblastoma is one of the most common pediatric malignant tumors. |
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Functional imaging plays an important role in the diagnosis, staging, and therapy response monitoring of neuroblastoma. |
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Although metaiodobenzylguanidine scan with single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography remains the mainstay in functional imaging of the neuroblastomas, PET/CT has begun to show increased utility in this clinical setting. |
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| PET with 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose/Computed Tomography in the Management of Pediatric Sarcoma |
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333 | (16) |
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The role of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (18F-FDG PET/CT) continues to develop. |
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The literature supports a role for PET/CT in the staging and surveillance of certain specific pediatric sarcoma subtypes; however, the data are less clear regarding whether PET/CT can be used as a biomarker for prognostication. |
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Despite the interest in using this imaging modality in the management of pediatric sarcomas, most studies are limited by retrospective design and small sample size. |
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Additional data are necessary to fully understand how best to use 18F-FDG PET/CT in pediatric sarcoma management. |
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| 18-F-L 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine PET/Computed Tomography in the Management of Congenital Hyperinsulinism |
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349 | (12) |
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Congenital hyperinsulinism (HI) is the most common cause of persistent hypoglycemia in neonates and infants. |
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Several genetic mutations have been identified and are associated with 2 distinct histopathologic forms of disease: diffuse and focal. |
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Targeted clinical evaluation to distinguish medically treatable disease from disease requiring surgical management can prevent life-threatening complications. |
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Detection and localization of a surgically curable focal lesion using PET imaging with 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine ([ 18F]-FDOPA) has become standard of care. |
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This article provides guidelines for the selection of patients who can benefit from [ 189-FDOPA-PET/computed tomography and protocols and tips used to diagnose a focal lesion of HI. |
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| PET/Computed Tomography in the Evaluation of Fever of Unknown Origin and Infectious/Inflammatory Disease in Pediatric Patients |
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361 | (10) |
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Fever in children is common. |
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If it persists and its cause cannot be identified in a reasonable time, along with laboratory and conventional imaging investigations, it is defined as fever of unknown origin (FUO). |
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18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET/computed tomography (CT) is well established in the evaluation of malignancy, which is a possible cause of FUO. |
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FDG often locates inflammatory and infectious lesions considered nonspecific or false-positive for oncology; however, these findings are beneficial in FUO evaluation because infectious and inflammatory diseases are important FUO causes. |
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FDG-PET/CT is being increasingly used for investigation of FUO as well as infectious/inflammatory disease. |
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| Pediatric Cardiac PET/CT Imaging |
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371 | |
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Miguel Hernandez Pampaloni |
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With the routine availability of PET/CT imaging for oncologic purposes, there has been renewed interest in and acceptance of cardiac and neurologic applications of PET/CT. |
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As our understanding of the pathophysiology underlying various pediatric heart diseases has improved, there has been a parallel advance in imaging modalities. |
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Cardiac MR imaging and cardiac PET continue to improve in the pediatric domain. |
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Molecular imaging holds promise to provide a more robust assessment of the cardiac pathophysiology in a 1-stop setting with less radiation exposure to the patient, an important consideration for the pediatric patient population. |
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