El. knyga: Petroleum Reservoir Simulations

Preface		xi
Introduction		xv
Nomenclature		xvii
Introduction		1	(6)
Background		1	(1)
Milestones for the Engineering Approach		2	(2)
Importance of the Engineering and Mathematical Approaches		4	(1)
Summary		5	(1)
Exercises		5	(2)
Single-Phase Fluid Flow Equations in Multidimensional Domain		7	(36)
Introduction		7	(1)
Properties of Single-Phase Fluid		7	(1)
Properties of Porous Media		8	(1)
Reservoir Discretization		8	(1)
Basic Engineering Concepts		9	(2)
Multidimensional Flow in Cartesian Coordinates		11	(17)
Multidimensional Flow in Radial-Cylindrical Coordinates		28	(8)
Summary		36	(1)
Exercises		36	(7)
Flow Equations Using CVFD Terminology		43	(20)
Introduction		43	(1)
Flow Equations Using CVFD Terminology		43	(11)
Flow Equations in Radial-Cylindrical Coordinates Using CVFD Terminology		54	(3)
Flow Equations Using CVFD Terminology in any Block Ordering Scheme		57	(1)
Summary		58	(1)
Exercises		58	(5)
Simulation with a Block-Centered Grid		63	(60)
Introduction		63	(1)
Reservoir Discretization		63	(3)
Flow Equation for Boundary Gridblocks		66	(7)
Treatment of Boundary Conditions		73	(14)
Calculation of Transmissibilities		87	(23)
Symmetry and Its Use in Solving Practical Problems		110	(5)
Summary		115	(2)
Exercises		117	(6)
Simulation with a Point-Distributed Grid		123	(58)
Introduction		123	(1)
Reservoir Discretization		123	(3)
Flow Equation for Boundary Gridpoints		126	(9)
Treatment of Boundary Conditions		135	(17)
Calculation of Transmissibilities		152	(17)
Symmetry and Its Use in Solving Practical Problems		169	(4)
Summary		173	(2)
Exercises		175	(6)
Well Representation in Simulators		181	(26)
Introduction		181	(1)
Single-Block Wells		181	(11)
Multiblock Wells		192	(11)
Practical Considerations Dealing with Modeling Well Operating Conditions		203	(1)
Summary		204	(1)
Exercises		204	(3)
Single-Phase Flow Equation for Various Fluids		207	(76)
Introduction		207	(1)
Pressure Dependence of Fluid and Rock Properties		207	(2)
General Single-Phase Flow Equation in Multi Dimensions		209	(67)
Summary		276	(1)
Exercises		276	(7)
Linearization of Flow Equations		283	(42)
Introduction		283	(1)
Nonlinear Terms in Flow Equations		283	(1)
Nonlinearity of Flow Equations For Various Fluids		284	(4)
Linearization of Nonlinear Terms		288	(5)
Linearized Flow Equations in Time		293	(26)
Summary		319	(2)
Exercises		321	(4)
Methods of Solution of Linear Equations		325	(40)
Introduction		325	(1)
Direct Solution Methods		325	(12)
Iterative Solution Methods		337	(24)
Summary		361	(1)
Exercises		361	(4)
Introduction to Modeling Multiphase Flow in Petroleum Reservoirs		365	(56)
Introduction		365	(1)
Reservoir Engineering Concepts in Multiphase Flow		365	(10)
Multiphase Flow Models		375	(18)
Solution of Multiphase Flow Equations		393	(21)
Material Balance Checks		414	(1)
Advancing Solution in Time		414	(2)
Summary		416	(1)
Exercises		416	(5)
A. User's Manual for Single-Phase Simulator		421	(12)
Introduction		421	(1)
Data File Preparation		421	(2)
Description of Variables Used in Preparing a Data File		423	(7)
Instructions to Run Simulator		430	(1)
Limitations Imposed on the Compiled Version		430	(1)
Example of a Prepared Data File		431	(2)
References		433	(4)
Author Index		437	(2)
Subject Index		439

Jamal H. Abou-Kassem is professor of petroleum engineering at the UAE University in the United Arab Emirates, where he has taught since 1993. Before joining the UAE University,he was associate professor of petroleum and natural gas engineering at The Pennsylvania State University (1985-1992), where he was a tenured faculty member, supervised to completion two MS and two PhD students, and served on 10 thesis advisory committees. He held posts with the Research Institute of KFUPM (1981-1984) in Saudi Arabia and Pan Canadian Petroleum Ltd. (1978-1979) in Canada. He received a BE (Cairo U., Egypt, 1970) and MS (U. of Alberta, Canada, 1975) degree in petroleum engineering, and earned a PhD degree in reservoir simulation from the U. of Calgary (Canada) in 1981. He is a co-author of two textbooks, author/co-author of 32 technical articles in first class journals, and another 12 technical articles in symposium proceedings. His areas of expertise cover reservoir simulation, thermal and polymer EOR methods, fluid flow through porous media, and fundamental properties of natural gas. He has attended and presented numerous technical papers in international, regional, and local petroleum engineering symposiums. He has 36 years of experience in academia, research organizations, and petroleum industry. He is a member of SPE. Dr. S.M. Farouq Ali is Distinguished Professor of petroleum engineering at the University of Houston. He has over 40 years of experience in industry and academia, having served as a professor at Pennsylvania State University, the University of Alberta and the University of Regina. Considered one of the worlds leading experts in reservoir engineering, oil recovery and simulation, Farouq Ali advises oil companies and various governments on oil policy and production strategies. He has authored more than 500 papers, conducted more than 200 petroleum reservoir studies and designed over 30 major oil fields projects. Farouq Ali earned his masters and doctoral degrees in petroleum and natural gas engineering from Penn State University. As a graduate student he conducted pioneering research on micellar-polymer flooding, a process in which a micelle solution is pumped into a reservoir to recover oil. The technique has since become the industry standard for enhanced oil recovery. He is also credited with some of the earliest experimental work on steam flooding, a method of injecting steam to extract heavy crude oil from an oil reservoir. Today steam injection is one of the primary enhanced oil recovery techniques in use. Farouq Ali has been honored with awards from the Society of Petroleum Engineers, the Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, the Association of Professional Engineers and Geoscientists of Alberta and the Russian Academy of Sciences.