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Pharmaceutical Calculations 5th edition [Minkštas viršelis]

4.50/5 (4 ratings by Goodreads)
(University of Wyoming), (Rutgers University)
  • Formatas: Paperback / softback, 560 pages, aukštis x plotis x storis: 252x178x33 mm, weight: 794 g
  • Išleidimo metai: 07-Apr-2017
  • Leidėjas: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • ISBN-10: 111897851X
  • ISBN-13: 9781118978511
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Pharmaceutical Calculations 5th editionDidesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: Paperback / softback, 560 pages, aukštis x plotis x storis: 252x178x33 mm, weight: 794 g
  • Išleidimo metai: 07-Apr-2017
  • Leidėjas: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • ISBN-10: 111897851X
  • ISBN-13: 9781118978511
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Pastovi nuoroda: https://www.kriso.lt/db/9781118978511.html
Raktažodžiai:
Retaining the successful previous editions' programmed instructional format, this book improves and updates an authoritative textbook to keep pace with compounding trends and calculations addressing real-world calculations pharmacists perform and allowing students to learn at their own pace through examples.





Connects well with the current emphasis on self-paced and active learning in pharmacy schools Adds a new chapter dedicated to practical calculations used in contemporary compounding, new appendices, and solutions and answers for all problems Maintains value for teaching pharmacy students the principles while also serving as a reference for review by students in preparation for licensure exams Rearranges chapters and rewrites topics of the previous edition, making its content ideal to be used as the primary textbook in a typical dosage calculations course for any health care professional Reviews of the prior edition: "...a well-structured approach to the topic..." (Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy) and "...a perfectly organized manual that serves as a expert guide..." (Electric Review)
Preface xiii
Chapter 1 Review Of Basic Mathematical Principles 1(30)
1.1 Significant Figures
2(2)
1.2 Rounding Off
4(1)
1.3 Fractions
5(3)
1.4 Exponents and Powers
8(2)
1.5 Estimation
10(2)
1.6 Units
12(3)
1.7 Ratio
15(1)
1.8 Proportion
15(6)
1.9 Dimensional Analysis 18
Practice Problems
21(10)
Chapter 2 Systems Of Measurement 31(23)
2.1 Metrology
31(1)
2.2 The Metric System
32(1)
2.3 The English Systems
33(1)
2.3.1 The Avoirdupois System
33(1)
2.3.2 The Apothecary or Troy System
33(1)
2.4 Measurement of Weight
33(5)
2.4.1 Metric Weight
33(2)
2.4.2 English Weight
35(1)
2.4.2.1 Avoirdupois Weight
35(1)
2.4.2.2 Apothecary Weight
36(1)
2.4.3 Practical Weight Equivalents
36(2)
2.5 Measurement of Volume
38(3)
2.5.1 Metric Volume
38(1)
2.5.2 English Volume
39(1)
2.5.3 Practical Volume Equivalents
39(2)
2.6 Measurement of Length
41(2)
2.7 Intersystem Relationships
43(6)
2.8 Household Equivalents and Metric Estimation 44
Practice Problems
49(5)
Chapter 3 Prescriptions And Medication Orders 54(49)
3.1 Prescribing Authority
55(2)
3.2 Components
57(1)
3.3 Practices To Prevent Medication Errors
58(2)
3.4 Common Abbreviations
60(9)
3.5 Outpatient Prescription Drug Orders
69(3)
3.5.1 Prescriptions for Manufactured Drug Products
69(1)
3.5.2 Prescriptions for Compounded Drug Products
69(35)
3.5.2.1 Types of Compounded Orders
70(40)
3.5.2.2.1 Formulation Based on Total Quantity
70(1)
3.5.2.3.2 Formulation Based on Single Dosage Unit
71(1)
3.6 Inpatient Medication Orders
72(5)
3.7 Interpretation
77(1)
3.8 Calculations To Check "DEA" Numbers
77(3)
3.9 Reducing and Enlarging Formulas
80(10)
3.10 Parts Formulas 87
Practice Problems
90(13)
Chapter 4 Weighing And Measuring In Pharmacy Practice 103(57)
4.1 Measurement Errors
103(1)
4.2 Indication of Error
104(4)
4.2.1 Absolute Error: Indication of Error Based on Maximum Deviation and Significant Figures
104(3)
4.2.2 Relative Error: Indication of Error Based on Percentage of Estimated Value
107(1)
4.3 Tolerance In Prescription Compounding and Pharmaceutical Manufacturing
108(1)
4.4 Weighing and Measuring
109(10)
4.4.1 Electronic Balances
109(1)
4.4.2 Prescription Balances: Class A, Torsion
110(4)
4.4.2.1 Sensitivity Requirement (SR)
110(1)
4.4.2.2 Minimum Weighable Quantity (MWQ) or Least Weighable Quantity (LWQ)
110(1)
4.4.2.3 Percent Error
111(3)
4.4.3 Volumetric Devices for Pharmaceutical Measurements
114(5)
4.4.3.1 The Meniscus and Effect of Viscosity
114(1)
4.4.3.2 Graduates
114(1)
4.4.3.3 Pipets (Pipettes)
115(1)
4.4.3.4 Syringes
115(1)
4.4.3.5 Droppers
116(3)
4.5 Aliquot Method and Triturations
119(23)
4.5.1 Solid-Solid Aliquot Method
119(3)
4.5.2 Solid-Solid Triturations
122(9)
4.5.3 Liquid-Liquid Aliquots and Triturations
131(5)
4.5.4 Solid-Liquid Aliquots
136(4)
4.5.5 Serial Dilutions
140(2)
4.6 Density
142(2)
4.7 Specific Gravity
144(1)
Practice Problems
145(15)
Chapter 5 Dosage Calculations 160(43)
5.1 Calculations Involving Dose, Size, Number of Doses, Amount Dispensed, and Quantity of a Specific Ingredient in a Dose
161(8)
5.2 Dosage Measured By Drops
169(2)
5.3 Dosage Based on Body Weight
171(3)
5.4 Dosage Based on Body Surface Area (BSA)
174(7)
5.5 Pediatric and Geriatric Dose Calculations
181(3)
5.6 Chemotherapy Dose Calculations
184(3)
Practice Problems
187(16)
Chapter 6 Drug Concentration Expressions 203(54)
6.1 Concentration
204(1)
6.2 Percentage Strength Expressions
204(14)
6.2.1 Percent Volume-in-Volume
204(1)
6.2.2 Percent Weight-in-Weight
205(1)
6.2.3 Percent Weight-in-Volume
206(2)
6.2.4 Default Rules for Percentage Expressions
208(2)
6.2.5 Prescriptions and Formulations with Ingredients Listed as Percentage
210(5)
6.2.6 Using Specific Gravity to Calculate the Exact Amount of Solvent in a Solution
215(2)
6.2.7 Converting % w/w into %w/v Using Specific Gravity
217(1)
6.3 Stock Solutions, Concentrates, and Triturations
218(4)
6.4 Saturated Solutions
222(2)
6.5 Ratio Strength Expressions
224(6)
6.5.1 Ratio Volume-in-Volume
224(1)
6.5.2 Ratio Weight-in-Volume
225(1)
6.5.3 Ratio Weight-in-Weight
226(4)
6.6 Other Pharmaceutical Expressions of Drug Concentration
230(5)
6.6.1 Milligrams Per Milliliter (mg/mL)
230(1)
6.6.2 Milligrams Percent (mg%) and Miligrams Per Deciliter (mg/dL)
231(1)
6.6.3 Parts Per Million (ppm) and Parts Per Billion (ppb)
232(2)
6.6.4 Millimols, Milliequivalents, and Milliosmols Per Unit of Volume
234(1)
Practice Problems
235(22)
Chapter 7 Dilution And Concentration 257(53)
7.1 Problem-Solving Methodologies
258(33)
7.1.1 Concentration Principle
258(2)
7.1.2 Mass Balance Equation
260(8)
7.1.2.1 Dilution of Powders or Solid Mixtures
261(4)
7.1.2.2 Mixing Different Strengths
265(2)
7.1.2.3 Modifying the Drug Concentration of a Prepared Product: Increasing Drug Concentration
267(1)
7.1.3 The CQ Equation: Concentration X Quantity
268(7)
7.1.3.1 Expanded CQ Equation
272(3)
7.1.4 Algebraic Calculations Using the Concentration Equation and the CQ Equation
275(8)
7.1.5 Alligation Alternate
283(8)
7.1.5.1 Use of Alligation When Combining More Than Two Products
287(4)
7.2 So, Which Method Should I Use?
291(5)
7.2.1 Stock Solutions Diluted by the Patient
293(3)
Practice Problems
296(14)
Chapter 8 Isotonicity 310(30)
8.1 Principles
310(2)
8.2 Sodium Chloride Equivalent Values
312(3)
8.3 Isotonicity by the Sodium Chloride Equivalent Method
315(4)
8.3.1 Sodium Chloride Equivalent: Method 1
315(3)
8.3.2 Sodium Chloride Equivalent: Method 2
318(1)
8.4 Other Tonicity Agents
319(2)
8.5 Isotonicity When One Ingredient is Already Isotonic
321(2)
8.6 Isotonic Buffered Solutions
323(3)
8.6.1 Using the White-Vincent Method to Adjust Tonicity
323(3)
8.7 Other Methods
326(3)
8.8 Determination of the Tonicity of a Solution (Hypotonic, Isotonic, or Hypertonic)
329(1)
Practice Problems
330(10)
Chapter 9 Dosage Calculations Of Electrolytes 340(38)
9.1 Molarity and Molality
341(3)
9.1.1 Mols and Millimols
341(3)
9.1.2 mmol/mL, nunol/L
344(1)
9.2 Electrolyte Dissociation, Valence, Equivalent, and Equivalent Weight
344(3)
9.3 Milliequivalents, mEq/mL, mEq/L
347(7)
9.3.1 Problem-Solving Methods for Milliequivalents
348(6)
9.4 Osmolarity (Osmolar Strength)
354(12)
9.4.1 Milliosmoles and mOsm/L
355(11)
Practice Problems
366(12)
Chapter 10 Calculations For Injectable Medications And Sterile Fluids 378(35)
10.1 Reconstitution of Dry Powders
378(8)
10.1.1 Reconstituting with Volumes Other Than Those on Manufacturer's Label
380(3)
10.1.2 Considering Powder Volume
383(2)
10.1.3 Powders as Compounding Sources of Drugs
385(1)
10.2 Calculations Related to Units/ml (Insulin, Heparin) and Other Units of Potency
386(6)
10.2.1 Calculations of Insulin Single Dose and Combinations
387(4)
10.2.2 Calculations of Heparin Doses
391(1)
10.3 Intravenous Admixtures
392(3)
10.4 Extemporaneous IV Fluids
395(2)
10.5 Flow Rates in Intravenous Sets
397(2)
Practice Problems
399(14)
Chapter 11 Enteral And Parenteral Nutrition 413(45)
11.1 Screening and Assessment of Nutritional Needs
414(2)
11.1.1 Body Mass Index (BMI), Waist Circumference, and Associated Disease Risks
414(2)
11.1.2 Assessment of Malnutrition
416(1)
11.2 Enteral Nutrition
416(2)
11.3 Parenteral Nutrition (PN): 2-in-1 and 3-in-1 Formulations
418(2)
11.4 Calculation of Nutritional Requirements
420(9)
11.4.1 Caloric Requirement Equations
420(5)
11.4.2 Fluid Requirement
425(1)
11.4.3 Protein Requirement (Nitrogen)
425(3)
11.4.4 Carbohydrate and Fat Requirements
428(1)
11.4.5 Micronutrient Requirements (Electrolytes, Vitamins, and Trace Elements)
428(1)
11.5 Calculations for Compounding Parenteral Nutrition
429(15)
11.5.1 Calculation of Electrolytes
430(3)
11.5.2 Calculation of Carbohydrate and Fat
433(2)
11.5.3 Calculation of Protein
435(3)
11.5.4 Calculation of Other Additives
438(6)
11.6 Calculations Related to the Design of a PN
444(2)
Practice Problems
446(12)
Chapter 12 Miscellaneous Practical Calculations In Contemporary Compounding 458(41)
12.1 Compounding with Manufactured Dosage Forms
459(6)
12.1.1 Nonsterile Products
460(3)
12.1.2 Sterile Products
463(2)
12.2 Suppository Calculations
465(1)
12.2.1 Calibration of Molds
465(1)
12.3 Determination of Amount of Base/powder Occupied by the Drug(s): Solid Dosage Forms
466(13)
12.3.1 Density Factor Method
467(7)
12.3.2 Quantity/Volume of Base Occupied by Drug (or Density Ratio Method)
474(1)
12.3.3 Dosage Replacement Factor Method
475(4)
12.4 Lozenges and Lollipops
479(1)
12.4.1 Lozenge/Lollipop Mold Calibration
479(1)
12.5 Selecting a Capsule Size
480(5)
12.5.1 The Rule of Sixes
480(2)
12.5.2 The Rule of Seven
482(2)
12.5.3 Volume Occupied by Active Ingredient in a Capsule
484(1)
12.6 Primary Emulsion Calculations (4:2:1 Ratio)
485(2)
12.7 A Little Touch of Veterinary Compounding
487(2)
Practice Problems
489(10)
Appendices 499(30)
Appendix 1 Systems Of Measurement
500(2)
Appendix 2 Chemical Elements And Atomic Weights
502(1)
Appendix 3 Calibration Of Medicinal Dropper
503(1)
Appendix 4 Solutions Used To Compound PN
504(3)
Appendix 5 Conversions: Temperature, Time, Proof Strength
507(4)
Appendix 6 HLB System
511(3)
Appendix 7 Drug As A Base Versus Salt Or Ester
514(3)
Appendix 8 pH, Buffers, And Buffer Capacity
517(8)
Appendix 9 Normal Concentration
525(2)
Appendix 10 Biologics For Immunization
527(2)
Literature Consulted 529(2)
Index 531
Maria Glaucia Teixeira, PhD, is Associate Professor Emeritus in the School of Pharmacy at the University of Wyoming, where she retired after 23 years on the faculty, following 10 years as Professor at the Federal University of Cearį in Fortaleza, Brazil. She has received numerous recognitions for her teaching, including the Top Prof and Excellence in Teaching awards while at University of Wyoming. She received her PhD in Pharmacology at Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France.

Joel L. Zatz, PhD, is Professor Emeritus at Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey.