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El. knyga: Photovoltaic Thermal Passive House System: Basic Principle, Modeling, Energy and Exergy Analysis

, (Amity University, India)
  • Formatas: 450 pages
  • Išleidimo metai: 22-Jul-2022
  • Leidėjas: CRC Press
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780429820106
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Photovoltaic Thermal Passive House System: Basic Principle, Modeling, Energy and Exergy AnalysisDidesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: 450 pages
  • Išleidimo metai: 22-Jul-2022
  • Leidėjas: CRC Press
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780429820106
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"This book is aimed at graduate students and researchers in civil engineering, solar energy, renewable energy, architecture"--

Sustainable Advanced Solar Passive House provides a platform to disseminate knowledge regarding the basics of solar energy, heat transfer, and solar houses, including designing concepts. Apart from a brief introduction to solar physics and thermodynamics, the book primarily deals with the technical description of solar houses and associated concepts. Different types of photovoltaic modules and their integration with the buildings are discussed with case studies, including energy balance equations and fundamental energy matrices. It discusses concepts like energy matrices, solar passive heating/cooling, architecture design, low-cost building, energy/exergy analysis, building integrated photovoltaic, and energy conservation.



This book provides a platform to disseminate knowledge regarding basics of solar energy, heat transfer and solar houses including designing concepts. It discusses concepts like energy matrices, solar passive heating/cooling, architecture design, low cost building, energy/exergy analysis, building integrated photovoltaic and energy conservation.
Preface xvii
Authors xix
Chapter 1 General Introduction
1(40)
1.1 Zero Energy Buildings
1(1)
1.2 The Sun and the Earth
2(11)
1.2.1 The Sun
2(2)
1.2.2 The Earth
4(1)
1.2.3 Sun--Earth Angles
5(4)
1.2.4 Solar Radiation
9(4)
1.3 Climate
13(3)
1.3.1 Climatic Conditions
13(2)
1.3.2 Weather Conditions
15(1)
1.3.3 Macro-and Microclimate
15(1)
1.3.3.1 Macroclimate
15(1)
1.3.3.2 Microclimate
15(1)
1.4 Passive Houses
16(1)
1.4.1 Strategies for Passive Design
16(1)
1.4.1.1 Solar Access
16(1)
1.4.1.2 Wind Control
16(1)
1.5 Architectural Design of Passive Buildings
17(6)
1.5.1 Site Planning
17(1)
1.5.1.1 Building Location and Orientation
17(1)
1.5.1.2 Building Orientation
18(1)
1.5.1.3 Clustering
18(1)
1.5.2 Envelope Design or Building Envelope
18(1)
1.5.2.1 Building Shape
18(1)
1.5.2.2 Entrances and Windows
19(1)
1.5.2.3 Solar Shading Techniques
19(1)
1.5.2.4 Insulation
20(2)
1.5.2.5 Infiltration Reduction
22(1)
1.5.3 Interior Design
22(1)
1.6 Bioclimatic Design
23(3)
1.6.1 History
23(2)
1.6.2 Building Design Strategies Depending on Climatic Conditions
25(1)
1.7 Energy Conservation
26(2)
1.7.1 Introduction
26(1)
1.7.2 Energy Consumption
26(1)
1.7.3 Energy Efficiency
26(2)
1.8 Design Approach to ZEB
28(6)
1.8.1 Stage 0: Research
28(1)
1.8.2 Stage 1: Reduce
29(2)
1.8.3 Stage 2: Reuse
31(1)
1.8.4 Stage 3: Produce
32(2)
1.9 Case Study of an Energy Neutral Building
34(7)
Objective Questions
35(1)
Answers
36(1)
Problems
37(1)
References
37(4)
Chapter 2 Basic Heat Transfer
41(44)
2.1 Introduction
41(1)
2.2 Conduction
41(5)
2.2.1 Temperature Field
42(1)
2.2.2 Fourier's Heat Conduction Equation
42(1)
2.2.3 Thermal Conductivity
43(1)
2.2.4 Thermal Diffusivity
43(1)
2.2.5 Conductive Heat Transfer Coefficient
44(1)
2.2.6 Dimensionless Heat Conduction Parameters
44(1)
2.2.6.1 Biot Number (Bi)
44(1)
2.2.6.2 Fourier Number
45(1)
2.3 Convection
46(13)
2.3.1 Dimensionless Heat Convection Parameters
46(1)
2.3.1.1 Nusselt Number (Nu)
47(1)
2.3.1.2 Reynolds Number (Re)
47(1)
2.3.1.3 Prandtl Number (Pr)
47(1)
2.3.1.4 Grashof Number (Gr)
48(1)
2.3.1.5 Rayleigh Number (Ra)
48(8)
2.3.2 Types of Convection
56(1)
2.3.2.1 Free Convection
56(1)
2.3.2.2 Forced Convection
56(3)
2.3.2.3 Mixed-Mode Convection
59(1)
2.4 Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient
59(1)
2.5 Radiation
60(6)
2.5.1 Radiation Involving Real Surfaces
60(1)
2.5.2 Kirchhoff's Law
61(1)
2.5.3 Laws of Thermal Radiation
61(1)
2.5.3.1 Planck's Law
61(1)
2.5.3.2 Wien's Displacement Law
62(1)
2.5.3.3 Stefan-Boltzmann Law
62(1)
2.5.3.4 Sky Radiation
62(2)
2.5.4 Radiative Heat Transfer Coefficient
64(2)
2.6 Evaporation (Mass Transfer)
66(2)
2.7 Total Heat Transfer Coefficient
68(1)
2.8 Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
69(4)
2.8.1 Parallel Slabs
70(1)
2.8.2 Parallel Slabs with Air Cavity
71(2)
2.9 Thermal Circuit Analysis
73(2)
2.9.1 Composite Wall
73(1)
2.9.2 Composite Roof
74(1)
2.10 Energy Balance
75(10)
2.10.1 Energy Balance for Winter's Day
75(1)
2.10.2 Energy Balance on a Cloudy Day
75(2)
2.10.3 Energy Balance on a Summer's Day in an Air-Conditioned Building
77(1)
2.10.4 Energy Balance for Intermediate Season Like Spring and Autumn
78(1)
Objective Questions
79(2)
Answers
81(1)
Problems
81(1)
References
82(3)
Chapter 3 Thermal Comfort
85(26)
3.1 Introduction
85(1)
3.2 Physical Aspects
86(9)
3.2.1 Air Temperature
86(1)
3.2.2 Relative Humidity
86(1)
3.2.3 Air Movement
87(1)
3.2.4 Mean Radiant Temperature
88(2)
3.2.5 Air Pressure
90(1)
3.2.6 Air Ingredients
90(1)
3.2.7 Air Electricity
90(1)
3.2.8 Acoustics
90(1)
3.2.9 Daylighting
90(1)
3.2.9.1 Windows and Fenestrations
91(1)
3.2.9.2 Skylights
92(1)
3.2.9.3 Solar Tubes
92(1)
3.2.9.4 Semi-Transparent Solar Photovoltaic Lighting System (SSPLS) and Transparent Facades
92(1)
3.2.9.5 Light Shelves
93(1)
3.2.9.6 Sawtooth Roofs
94(1)
3.2.9.7 Heliostats
94(1)
3.2.9.8 Smart Glass Windows
94(1)
3.2.9.9 Hybrid Solar Lighting (HSL)
95(1)
3.3 Physiological Aspects
95(1)
3.3.1 Nutritional Intake
95(1)
3.3.2 Age
95(1)
3.3.3 Ethnic Influences
95(1)
3.3.4 Gender Differences
95(1)
3.3.5 Constitution
95(1)
3.4 Behavioral Aspects
96(3)
3.4.1 Clothing
96(1)
3.4.2 Activity Level
96(1)
3.4.3 Adaptation and Acclimatization
97(1)
3.4.4 Time of the Day/Season
98(1)
3.4.5 Occupancy
98(1)
3.4.6 Psychological Factors
98(1)
3.5 The Comfort Equation
99(4)
3.5.1 Conduction
99(1)
3.5.2 Convection
100(1)
3.5.3 Radiation
101(1)
3.5.4 Evaporation
102(1)
3.5.5 Respiration
103(1)
3.6 Thermal Comfort Indices
103(3)
3.6.1 Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) Index
103(1)
3.6.2 Predicted Percentage Dissatisfied (PPD) Index
104(2)
3.6.3 Adaptive Comfort Standard
106(1)
3.6.3.1 Field Studies and Rational Indices
106(1)
3.6.3.2 Rational Approach
106(1)
3.6.4 Visual Comfort
106(1)
3.7 Building Performance Parameters
106(1)
3.7.1 Thermal Load Leveling (TLL)
106(1)
3.7.2 Decrement Factor
107(1)
3.8 Related Standards
107(4)
Objective Questions
107(1)
Answers
108(1)
References
109(2)
Chapter 4 Energy and Exergy Analysis
111(28)
4.1 Introduction
111(1)
4.1.1 Brief History of Thermodynamics
111(1)
4.2 Laws of Thermodynamics
111(3)
4.2.1 The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
112(1)
4.2.2 The First Law of Thermodynamics
112(1)
4.2.3 The Second Law of Thermodynamics
112(2)
4.2.4 The Third Law of Thermodynamics
114(1)
4.3 Energy Analysis
114(8)
4.3.1 Introduction
114(1)
4.3.2 Energy Matrices
115(1)
4.3.3 Embodied Energy Analysis
115(1)
4.3.4 Energy Density Analysis
115(1)
4.3.4.1 Process Analysis
116(1)
4.3.4.2 Input-Output Analysis
116(1)
4.3.4.3 Hybrid Analysis
116(1)
4.3.5 An Overall Thermal Energy
116(1)
4.3.5.1 Energy Payback Time (EPBT)
116(2)
4.3.6 Energy Production Factor (EPF)
118(1)
4.3.7 Life Cycle Conversion Efficiency (LCCE)
118(3)
4.3.8 Energy Matrices of Photovoltaic (PV) Module
121(1)
4.4 Exergy Analysis
122(8)
4.4.1 Low-Grade and High-Grade Energy
124(1)
4.4.1.1 Exergy as a Process
124(1)
4.4.2 Exergy Efficiency
125(1)
4.4.3 Solar Radiation Exergy
126(1)
4.4.3.1 Exergy Analysis Methods
127(2)
4.4.4 Exergy Analysis of Photovoltaic Thermal (PVT) Systems
129(1)
4.5 Case Study with Roof-Mounted BiPVT System
130(9)
4.5.1 Description
130(1)
4.5.2 Overall Embodied Energy, EPBT, EPF
131(2)
Objective Questions
133(1)
Answers
134(1)
Problems
135(1)
References
135(4)
Chapter 5 Solar Cell Materials, PV Modules and Arrays
139(22)
5.1 Introduction
139(1)
5.2 Basics of Semiconductors and Solar Cells
139(12)
5.2.1 Intrinsic Semiconductor
141(1)
5.2.2 Non-Intrinsic Semiconductor
142(1)
5.2.3 Fermi Level in Semiconductor
142(1)
5.2.4 P-n Junction
143(1)
5.2.5 Photovoltaic Effect
143(1)
5.2.6 Solar Cell (Photovoltaic) Materials
144(1)
5.2.6.1 Silicon (Si)
145(1)
5.2.6.2 Single-Crystal Solar Cell
145(2)
5.2.7 Basic Parameters of Solar Cells
147(4)
5.3 Photovoltaic (PV) Modules and PV Arrays
151(10)
5.3.1 Single-Crystal Solar Cells PV Module
151(1)
5.3.2 Thin-Film PV Modules
151(1)
5.3.3 Packing Factor (βc) of PV Module
152(1)
5.3.4 Efficiency of PV Modules
152(1)
5.3.5 Energy Balance Equations for PV Modules
153(1)
5.3.5.1 For Opaque (Glass to Tedlar) PV Modules
153(1)
5.3.5.2 For Semi-Transparent (Glass-to-Glass) PV Modules
154(2)
5.3.6 Series and Parallel Combination of PV Modules
156(1)
5.3.7 Degradation of Solar Cell Materials
156(1)
5.3.7.1 Dust Effect
156(1)
5.3.7.2 Aging Effect
156(1)
Objective Questions
157(1)
Answers
158(1)
References
159(2)
Chapter 6 Static Design Concept for a Light-Structured Building for Cold Climatic Conditions
161(22)
6.1 Introduction
161(1)
6.2 Sol-Air Temperature
161(3)
6.2.1 Bare Surface
161(2)
6.2.2 Wetted Surface
163(1)
6.2.3 Blackened and Glazed Surface
163(1)
6.3 Thermal Gain
164(19)
6.3.1 Direct Gain
164(1)
6.3.1.1 Direct Gain through Semi-Transparent Photovoltaic (SPV) System
165(2)
6.3.1.2 Direct Gain through Glazed Windows
167(1)
6.3.1.3 Net Thermal Energy Gains
168(2)
6.3.2 Indirect Gains
170(1)
6.3.2.1 Thermal Storage Wall/Roofs
171(1)
6.3.2.2 Trombe Walls
171(3)
6.3.2.3 Waterwalls
174(1)
6.3.2.4 Trans Walls
174(1)
6.3.2.5 Solariums
174(1)
6.3.3 Isolated Gain
175(1)
6.3.4 Direct and Indirect Gain through Photovoltaic Thermal (PVT) Systems Integrated with Building
176(1)
6.3.4.1 Semi-Transparent Photovoltaic (SPV) Roof Integrated with Building's Rooftop
176(1)
6.3.4.2 Photovoltaic Thermal (PVT) Trombe Walls
177(1)
6.3.4.3 Integration of Roof (with Vent) with Semi-Transparent Photovoltaic Modules
177(2)
6.3.4.4 Integration of Roof with Opaque Photovoltaic Modules
179(1)
6.3.4.5 PVTSolariums
180(1)
Objective Questions
180(1)
Answers
181(1)
References
181(2)
Chapter 7 Dynamic Design Concepts for Hot Climatic Conditions
183(36)
7.1 Introduction
183(1)
7.2 Phase Change Materials (PCMs)
183(1)
7.3 Infiltration/Natural Ventilation
184(5)
7.3.1 Smart Windows
186(1)
7.3.2 Literature Study: Infiltration/Natural Ventilation
186(1)
7.3.3 Shading
186(1)
7.3.4 Windows
187(1)
7.3.4.1 Self-Inflating Curtains
187(1)
7.3.4.2 Window Quilt Shade
187(1)
7.3.4.3 Venetian Blind between the Glasses
188(1)
7.3.4.4 Transparent Heat Mirrors
188(1)
7.3.4.5 Solar Shading Devices
188(1)
7.3.4.6 Roofs
188(1)
7.3.5 Walls
188(1)
7.3.5.1 Heat Trap
188(1)
7.3.5.2 Optical Shutter
188(1)
7.3.5.3 Shading by Textured Surface
189(1)
7.3.5.4 Trees and Vegetation
189(1)
7.4 Literature Study: Shading
189(1)
7.5 Thermotropic and Thermochromic Coatings
190(1)
7.6 Courtyards
190(1)
7.7 Air Cavities
191(1)
7.7.1 Literature Study: Air Cavity
191(1)
7.8 Green Roofs/Cool Roofs
192(3)
7.8.1 Literature Study: Cool Roof
193(1)
7.8.2 Evaporative Cooling
193(2)
7.8.3 Literature Study: Evaporative Cooling
195(1)
7.9 Radiative Cooling
195(2)
7.9.1 Literature Study: Radiative Cooling
196(1)
7.10 Movable Insulation
197(1)
7.11 Dynamic Insulation Walls
197(1)
7.11.1 Exterior Insulation
197(1)
7.11.2 Interior Insulation
197(1)
7.12 Wind Towers
197(1)
7.12.1 Literature Study: Wind Towers
198(1)
7.13 Air Vents
198(1)
7.14 Rock Bed Regenerative Cooler
199(1)
7.15 Earth Coupling
199(4)
7.15.1 Earth-Air Heat Exchanger (EAHE)
199(3)
7.15.1.1 Literature Study: EAHE
202(1)
7.16 Roof Pond
203(2)
7.16.1 Literature Study: Roof Pond-Passive Cooling
203(1)
7.16.2 Trombe Walls
204(1)
7.17 Different Compositions of Trombe Wall
205(6)
7.17.1 Vented Trombe Wall
205(1)
7.17.2 Phase Change Material (PCM) Trombe Wall
205(2)
7.17.3 Photovoltaic Integrated Phase Change Materials (PV-PCM)Wall
207(1)
7.17.4 Heat Transfer in Trombe Walls
207(1)
7.17.4.1 U-Value
207(2)
7.17.4.2 Rate of Heat Transfer
209(1)
7.17.5 Efficiency Analysis of Trombe Wall
209(1)
7.17.5.1 Vent
209(1)
7.17.5.2 Size
209(1)
7.17.5.3 Fan
210(1)
7.17.5.4 Material and Color
210(1)
7.17.5.5 Insulation
210(1)
7.18 Solar Cooling
211(8)
7.18.1 Solar Photovoltaic Cooling
211(1)
Objective Questions
211(1)
Answers
212(1)
Problems
213(1)
References
213(6)
Chapter 8 Building Integrated Photovoltaic Thermal System (BiPVT)
219(40)
8.1 Introduction
219(1)
8.2 Literature Review of BiPV/BiPVT Systems
220(1)
8.3 Types of PV Integrations with Buildings
220(3)
8.3.1 Rooftop
220(1)
8.3.2 Facade
221(1)
8.3.3 Other Applications
221(2)
8.4 Building Integrated Opaque Photovoltaic Systems (BiOPV)
223(2)
8.4.1 Opaque Photovoltaic System Integrated with Rooftop
223(1)
8.4.2 Opaque Photovoltaic System Integrated with Facade
224(1)
8.5 Building Integrated Semi-Transparent Photovoltaic (BiSPVT) System
225(2)
8.5.1 Semi-Transparent Photovoltaic System Integrated with Rooftop
225(1)
8.5.2 Facade-Building Integrated Semi-Transparent Photovoltaic (BiSPVT) System
226(1)
8.6 BiOPVT and BiSPVT System on Rooftop and Facade
227(1)
8.7 Use of PV Modules in an Urban Settings
227(1)
8.8 Energy and Exergy Analysis of BiSPVT System
228(13)
8.8.1 Working Principle
229(1)
8.8.2 Thermal Modeling
229(1)
8.8.3 Basic Energy Balance Equations
230(7)
8.8.4 Comparative Statement of Proposed Cases (a--d)
237(4)
8.9 Performance Evaluation of the Proposed Systems
241(5)
8.9.1 For BiSPVT System (Case a)
241(1)
8.9.2 For BiSPVT System with Water Flow (Case b)
241(1)
8.9.3 For BiSPVT System with Heat Capacity (Case c)
241(2)
8.9.4 For BiSPVT System with Heat Capacity and Water Flow (Case d)
243(1)
8.9.5 BiSPVT System Heat Capacity with Movable Insulation and South-Facing Window (Case e)
243(3)
8.10 Input Variables of BiSPVT System: Case Studies
246(3)
8.10.1 Number of Air Changes
246(2)
8.10.2 Velocity of the System
248(1)
8.10.3 Packing Factor
248(1)
8.10.4 Relative Humidity
248(1)
8.10.5 Transmissivity of Glass
248(1)
8.10.6 Mass of Water
248(1)
8.10.7 Mass Flow Rate
249(1)
8.11 BiSPVT System Based on the PV Cell Type
249(10)
8.11.1 Literature Study
249(1)
8.11.2 Performance of BiSPVT System Based on PV Types: A Case Study
250(2)
Objective Questions
252(1)
Answers
253(1)
References
254(5)
Chapter 9 Environmental Aspects
259(24)
9.1 Introduction
259(1)
9.2 Life Cycle Assessment
259(2)
9.2.1 Basic Definitions of Life Cycle Assessment
261(1)
9.2.2 The Main Stages of Life Cycle Assessment
261(1)
9.3 Embodied Energy
261(7)
9.3.1 Embodied Energy of Different Materials
262(1)
9.3.2 Embodied Energy of Different Construction Materials
262(1)
9.3.3 Embodied Energy in Floor/Roofing Systems
263(1)
9.3.4 Embodied Energy in Transportation of Building Materials
264(1)
9.3.5 Embodied Energy of PV Module
264(2)
9.3.5.1 Energy for Non-Silicon PV Modules
266(1)
9.3.5.2 Energy for Balance of System (BOS)
266(1)
9.3.6 Embodied Energy and Annual Output of Renewable Energy Technologies
267(1)
9.3.7 Guidelines for Reducing Embodied Energy
267(1)
9.4 Modeling of Embodied Energy for BiPVT Systems
268(2)
9.4.1 Masonry Building
268(1)
9.4.2 Photovoltaic Thermal (PVT) System
268(1)
9.4.3 Balance of System (BOS)
269(1)
9.5 Embodied Carbon
270(1)
9.5.1 Example of Estimation of Embodied Carbon Dioxide for Concret
270(1)
9.6 Carbon Dioxide Emissions
271(3)
9.7 Earned Carbon Credits and Carbon Dioxide Mitigation
274(2)
9.7.1 Formulation
275(1)
9.8 Case Study with the BiPVT System
276(1)
9.9 Kyoto Protocol and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
276(2)
9.9.1 The Protocol and the Green Growth
278(1)
9.10 Carbon Dioxide Mitigation with Use of Photovoltaics
278(5)
Objective Questions
279(1)
Answers
280(1)
References
280(3)
Chapter 10 Life Cycle Analysis
283(68)
10.1 Introduction
283(1)
10.2 Cash Flow Diagram
284(1)
10.3 Cost Analysis
285(23)
10.3.1 Capital Recovery Factor
285(12)
10.3.2 Uniform Annual Cost
297(2)
10.3.3 Sinking Fund Factor
299(5)
10.3.4 Linear Gradient Series Present Value Factor
304(2)
10.3.5 Gradient to Equal Payment Series Conversion Factor
306(1)
10.3.6 Linear Gradient Series Future Value Factor
307(1)
10.4 Capitalized Cost
308(1)
10.5 Cost Comparisons with Equal Duration
309(2)
10.6 Net Present Value (NPV)
311(1)
10.6.1 Limitations of the NPV Method
312(1)
10.7 Cost Comparisons with Unequal Duration
312(4)
10.7.1 Single Present Value Method (Method I)
313(1)
10.7.2 Annual Cost Method (Method II)
314(1)
10.7.3 Capitalized Cost Method (Method III)
315(1)
10.7.4 Method IV
315(1)
10.8 Payback Time
316(4)
10.8.1 Analytical Expression for Payback Time
316(2)
10.8.2 Payback Period without Interest
318(1)
10.8.3 Payback Period with Interest
318(2)
10.9 Benefit--Cost Analysis
320(7)
10.9.1 Types of Benefit--Cost Analysis
322(1)
10.9.1.1 Aggregate B/C Ratio
322(1)
10.9.1.2 Net B/C Ratio
322(1)
10.9.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of B/C Ratio
323(4)
10.10 Internal Rate of Return
327(5)
10.10.1 Iterative Method to Compute IRR
328(3)
10.10.2 Multiple Values of IRR
331(1)
10.11 Effect of Depreciation
332(6)
10.11.1 Expression for Book Value
334(1)
10.11.2 Straight-Line Depreciation
334(1)
10.11.3 Sinking Fund Depreciation
335(1)
10.11.4 Accelerated Depreciation
336(2)
10.12 Cost Comparison after Taxes
338(4)
10.12.1 Without Depreciation
338(1)
10.12.2 With Depreciation
339(3)
10.13 Estimating Cost of a Project
342(1)
10.13.1 Capital Cost
342(1)
10.13.2 Variable Cost
342(1)
10.13.3 Step-Variable Cost
342(1)
10.13.4 Non-Product Cost
342(1)
10.14 A Case Study of Building Integrated Photovoltaic Thermal (BiPVT) Systems
343(8)
10.14.1 Cost Estimation
343(1)
10.14.2 Modeling of Annualized Uniform Cost
344(1)
10.14.3 Methodology
344(1)
10.14.4 Results and Discussions
345(2)
Objective Questions
347(2)
Answers
349(1)
Problems
349(1)
References
350(1)
Chapter 11 Photovoltaic Application in Architecture
351(34)
11.1 Introduction
351(1)
11.2 Implementation of PV Systems around the World
351(15)
11.2.1 China
352(3)
11.2.2 United States of America
355(2)
11.2.3 Japan
357(3)
11.2.4 Germany
360(3)
11.2.5 India
363(1)
11.2.6 Spain
364(2)
11.3 Case Study: BiSPVT System Installed at Sodha Bers Complex, Varanasi, India
366(19)
11.3.1 Introduction and Planning
367(1)
11.3.1.1 Basement
367(2)
11.3.1.2 Ground Floor
369(1)
11.3.1.3 First and Second Floor
369(1)
11.3.1.4 Terrace Floor Integrated with Semi-Transparent Photovoltaic (SPV) System
370(1)
11.3.2 Zones
370(1)
11.3.3 Construction Details and Materials Used
371(1)
11.3.4 Thermal Heat Gains
372(3)
11.3.5 Electrical Power (Ep)
375(1)
11.3.6 Daylight Energy Savings
375(1)
11.3.7 Total Energy Savings
376(1)
11.3.8 Embodied Energy
376(1)
11.3.9 Energy Payback Time (EPBT)
377(1)
11.3.10 Energy Production Factor (EPF)
378(1)
11.3.11 Life Cycle Conversion Efficiency
378(1)
11.3.12 Carbon Dioxide Emission
379(1)
11.3.13 Net Carbon Dioxide Mitigation
379(1)
11.3.14 Earned Carbon Credits
380(1)
Objective Questions
381(1)
Answers
381(1)
References
381(4)
Appendix A 385(6)
Appendix B 391(2)
Appendix C 393(12)
Appendix D 405(2)
Appendix E 407(12)
Appendix F 419(4)
Appendix G 423(4)
Index 427
Professor Gopal Nath Tiwari, born on July 01, 1951 at Adarsh Nagar, Sagerpali, Ballia (UP), India. He had received postgraduate and doctoral degrees in 1972 and 1976, respectively, from Banaras Hindu University (B.H.U.). Over several years since 1977, he has been actively involved in the teaching programme at Centre for Energy Studies, IIT Delhi. His research interest in the field of Solar Energy Applications are solar distillation, water/air heating system, greenhouse technology for agriculture as well as for aquaculture, Earth to air heat exchanger, passive building design and hybrid photovoltaic thermal (HPVT) systems, climate change, energy security, etc. He has one patent on solar still dated 1983. He has guided about 90 Ph.D. students and published over 588 research papers in journals of repute. He has authored more than twenty books associated with reputed publishers namely Pergaman Press UK, CRC Press USA, Narosa Publishing House, Ahsan (UK), Alpha-science (UK), Royal Society of Chemistry (UK) etc. He is a co-recipient of 'Hariom Ashram Prerit S.S. Bhatnagar' Award in 1982. Professor Tiwari has been recognized both at national and international levels. He had been to the University of Papua, New Guinea in 1987-1989 as Energy and Environment Expert. He was also a recipient of European Fellow in 1997 and been to the University of Ulster (U.K.) in 1993. Besides, he had been nominated for IDEA award in the past. He is responsible for development of "Solar Energy Park" at IIT Delhi and Energy Laboratory at University of Papua, New Guinea, Port Moresby. Dr. Tiwari had visited many countries namely Italy, Canada, USA, UK, Australia, Sweden, Germany, Greece, France, Thailand, Singapore, PNG, Hongkong and Taiwan etc. for invited talks, chairing international conferences, expert in renewable energy, presenting research papers etc. He has successfully co-coordinated various research projects on Solar distillation, water heating system, Greenhouse technology, hybrid photovoltaic thermal (HPVT) etc. funded by Govt. of India in recent past. Dr. Tiwari was Editor of International Journal of Agricultural Engineering for the duration of three years (2006-2008). He is Associate Editor for Solar Energy Journal (SEJ) in the area of Solar Distillation since 2007. He. He is also Editor of International Journal of Energy Research. He is a member of various scholarly societies and editorial boards in various journal Prof. Tiwari has received various recognitions like best paper in jaggery drying (2014), Energy conservation in passive solar buildings for hot and arid zones in India (1995). He has also won best book (Greenhouse technology) award in 2002. Prof. G.N.Tiwari has been conferred "Vigyan Ratna" by Govt. of U.P., India on March 26, 2008 and Valued Associated Editor award by J. of Solar Energy. He has organized SOLARIS 2007, third international conference on "Solar Radiation and Day lighting" held at IIT Delhi, New Delhi, India in 2007 and 2017. He is also president of Bag Energy Research Society (BERS:www.bers.in) which is responsible for energy education in rural India.









Neha Gupta was born on 1st September, 1987 in New Delhi, India. She completed her Bachelors in Architecture in 2010 from Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi. From the same institute, she was awarded M. Ekistics (Hons.) in 2012. Her masters thesis title was "Assessment of quality of life in towns and cities of NCR". She was awarded Doctor of Philosophy from Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi in 2017. Her Ph. D. thesis title being "Performance evaluation of semi-transparent photovoltaic thermal system integrated with building". Neha has also attended many Quality Improvement Programs at IIT, Delhi and is registered under the Council of Architecture. She is also a professional member of International Solar Energy Society (ISES). Neha has more than 7 years of work experience in various government and private organizations. She has worked as freelancing consultant, Planner in Yamuna Expressway Development Authority and Assistant Professor in Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi. She cleared the examinations for Assistant Town Planner (Rajasthan Public Service Commission) and Assistant Architect (Uttar Pradesh Public Service Commission). Currently, she is currently Assistant Architect (Gazetted Officer) with UP PWD and posted in Delhi Metro Rail Corporation on deputation as Assistant Manager/ Architect. She has published a number of research papers in International journals of good repute and has presented a paper at a National Conference. Her areas of interest are architecture, energy conservation, passive buildings, solar energy and photovoltaics.
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