| Preface |
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ix | |
| Author biography |
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x | |
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1 | (1) |
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1.1 Composition of the atmosphere |
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1 | (1) |
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1.2 Observed vertical structure |
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2 | |
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2 Thermodynamics of dry air |
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1 | (1) |
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2.1 Pressure, temperature and the ideal gas law |
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1 | (6) |
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2.1.1 A simple derivation of the ideal gas law |
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1 | (3) |
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2.1.2 Momentum flux and the pressure gradient force |
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4 | (1) |
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2.1.3 The Maxwell--Boltzmann distribution |
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5 | (2) |
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7 | (6) |
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2.2.1 The momentum budget of a stationary layer of air subject to gravity |
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7 | (1) |
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2.2.2 The hydrostatic approximation |
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8 | (2) |
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2.2.3 Surface pressure and the mass of the atmosphere |
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10 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
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2.2.5 Layer thickness and the hypsometric equation |
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11 | (1) |
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2.2.6 Surface pressure and sea level pressure |
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12 | (1) |
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2.3 Atmospheric energy and the first law of thermodynamics |
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13 | (7) |
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2.3.1 Energy of a point mass in Earth's gravitational field |
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13 | (1) |
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2.3.2 Molecular interpretation of the scale height |
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14 | (1) |
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2.3.3 Escape velocity and why we don't lose our atmosphere |
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14 | (1) |
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2.3.4 The energy of two point masses joined by a spring |
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15 | (1) |
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2.3.5 External and internal energy |
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15 | (1) |
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16 | (2) |
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2.3.7 Heating, working and the first law of thermodynamics |
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18 | (1) |
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2.3.8 Heat capacity at constant pressure, enthalpy |
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19 | (1) |
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2.4 Entropy and the second law of thermodynamics |
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20 | (7) |
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2.4.1 Definition of entropy |
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20 | (1) |
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2.4.2 The second law of thermodynamics |
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20 | (2) |
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2.4.3 Thermodynamic equilibrium and heat conduction |
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22 | (1) |
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23 | (2) |
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2.4.5 Potential temperature |
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25 | (1) |
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26 | (1) |
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2.4.7 Does an adiabatically lifted parcel follow the dry adiabat? |
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26 | (1) |
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27 | |
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2.5.1 The concept of static stability |
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27 | (1) |
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2.5.2 Buoyancy and the Brunt--Vaisala frequency |
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28 | (4) |
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2.5.3 The hydrostatic approximation, continued |
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32 | (1) |
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2.5.4 Convective available PE |
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32 | (1) |
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33 | |
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3 Thermodynamics of moist air |
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1 | (1) |
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3.1 Thermodynamics of moist non-condensing air |
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1 | (5) |
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3.1.1 The ideal gas law for a mixture of gases: partial pressures |
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1 | (1) |
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3.1.2 Six names for moisture |
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2 | (1) |
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3.1.3 Potential temperature of moist non-condensing air |
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3 | (1) |
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3.1.4 Virtual temperature |
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4 | (1) |
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3.1.5 Static stability of moist non-condensing air |
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5 | (1) |
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3.2 Condensation and evaporation |
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6 | (8) |
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3.2.1 Inter-molecular forces |
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6 | (1) |
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3.2.2 Saturation vapour pressure |
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6 | (1) |
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3.2.3 Relative humidity and dew-point temperature |
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7 | (1) |
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3.2.4 Latent heat of vapourization |
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8 | (1) |
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3.2.5 Wet-bulb temperature |
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9 | (1) |
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3.2.6 The Clausius--Clapeyron equation |
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10 | (2) |
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3.2.7 Scale height of water vapour |
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12 | (1) |
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3.2.8 Level of cloud formation: the lifting condensation level |
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13 | (1) |
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14 | (6) |
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14 | (3) |
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3.3.2 Moist adiabatic lapse rate |
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17 | (1) |
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3.3.3 Moist adiabats and pseudoadiabats |
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18 | (1) |
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3.3.4 Visualizing the connection between the various meteorological temperatures |
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19 | (1) |
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3.4 Static stability of a moist atmosphere with condensation |
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20 | (7) |
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3.4.1 Conditional instability |
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20 | (2) |
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3.4.2 Skew-T and tephigram charts |
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22 | (2) |
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3.4.3 CAPE and convective inhibition energy |
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24 | (1) |
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3.4.4 Stability indices and thunderstorm forecasting |
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25 | (1) |
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3.4.5 Relation between e, es and stability |
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26 | (1) |
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3.5 Mixing clouds and contrails |
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27 | |
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29 | |
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1 | (1) |
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4.1 Homogeneous nucleation |
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1 | (2) |
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2 | (1) |
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4.2 Heterogeneous nucleation and aerosols |
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3 | (3) |
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4 | (1) |
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5 | (1) |
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4.3 Droplet growth by condensation |
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6 | (7) |
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4.3.1 Growth of an isolated droplet |
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7 | (3) |
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4.3.2 Growth of a population of droplets |
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10 | (3) |
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4.4 From cloud droplets to precipitation |
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13 | |
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13 | (1) |
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4.4.2 Precipitation in cold clouds |
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14 | (2) |
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4.4.3 Precipitation in warm clouds |
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16 | (1) |
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16 | |
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1 | (1) |
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5.1 Electromagnetic radiation |
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1 | (1) |
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1 | (1) |
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2 | (1) |
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5.2 Interaction between radiation and matter: some generalities |
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2 | (1) |
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3 | (4) |
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3 | (2) |
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5 | (1) |
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5.3.3 Roto-vibrational transitions |
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5 | (1) |
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5 | (2) |
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7 | (4) |
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5.4.1 Rayleigh scattering |
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8 | (1) |
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9 | (1) |
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10 | (1) |
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5.5 Absorption by cloud drops |
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11 | (1) |
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5.6 Radiative transfer: generalities |
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11 | (8) |
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5.6.1 Energy flux in a gas of photons |
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11 | (2) |
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5.6.2 Black body radiation |
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13 | (1) |
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5.6.3 Extinction and optical thickness |
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14 | (1) |
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5.6.4 Transmissivity and absorptivity |
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15 | (1) |
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5.6.5 Emissivity and Kirchhoff's law |
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16 | (1) |
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5.6.6 Equivalent width and line saturation |
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16 | (3) |
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5.6.7 The Schwarzschild equation |
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19 | (1) |
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5.7 Radiative transfer of longwave radiation |
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19 | (6) |
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5.7.1 Plane parallel approximation |
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20 | (1) |
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5.7.2 Two-stream approximation |
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21 | (1) |
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5.7.3 Effective emission level |
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22 | (2) |
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5.7.4 The greenhouse effect |
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24 | (1) |
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5.8 Absorption and emission spectra of Earth's atmosphere |
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25 | (4) |
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5.8.1 Absorption spectrum |
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25 | (2) |
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5.8.2 Absorption of solar radiation |
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27 | (1) |
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27 | (2) |
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5.9 Some scattering effects |
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29 | |
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5.9.1 Radiative transfer in clouds |
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29 | (4) |
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33 | (2) |
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35 | |
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6 The atmospheric boundary layer |
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1 | |
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6.1 Scale separation and Reynolds averaging |
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1 | (1) |
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6.2 Closure, mixing length and flux-gradient relations |
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2 | (1) |
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3 | (2) |
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5 | (1) |
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6.5 Static stability and the Monin--Obukhov similarity |
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5 | |
