| List of Contributors |
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xv | |
| Foreword |
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xxi | |
| 1 Important Plant-Based Phytonutrients |
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1 | (82) |
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Francisco Solorio-Sanchez |
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1 | (1) |
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2 | (1) |
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1.2 Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods in Human Health |
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3 | (46) |
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1.3 Plants with Potential for Use as Nutraceutical Source and Functional Food Component |
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49 | (1) |
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1.4 Nutraceutical Values of Fenugreek |
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49 | (2) |
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1.4.1 Fenugreek Possesses the Following Medicinal Properties |
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50 | (8) |
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1.4.1.1 Antioxidant Activity |
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50 | (1) |
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1.4.1.2 Anti-leukemic Effect |
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50 | (1) |
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1.4.1.3 Anti-Hyperglycemic Effect |
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50 | (1) |
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1.4.1.4 Hypocholesterolemic Effect |
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51 | (1) |
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1.4.1.5 Neuroprotective Effect |
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51 | (1) |
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1.4.1.6 Anticarcinogenic Effect |
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51 | (1) |
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1.5 Coloured Potatoes as Functional Food |
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51 | (3) |
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1.6 Red Wine as Functional Food |
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54 | (1) |
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1.7 Tea as Functional Food |
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54 | (1) |
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1.8 Cereals as Nutraceuticals |
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55 | (3) |
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1.9 Nutraceutical Properties of Wheat Bran and Germ |
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58 | (1) |
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58 | (1) |
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59 | (1) |
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1.10 Barley and Oat as Nutraceuticals |
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59 | (1) |
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1.11 Value-Added Products |
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59 | (2) |
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61 | (1) |
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61 | (1) |
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61 | (22) |
| 2 Biotechnological Interventions for Improvement of Plant Nutritional Value: From Mechanisms to Applications |
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83 | (30) |
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83 | (1) |
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2.2 Improvement of Food Nutrition |
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84 | (1) |
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2.3 Improvement of Nutritional Value Through Crop Improvement |
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85 | (1) |
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2.4 Identification of Genes With the Potential to Improve the Nutritional Quality |
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86 | (4) |
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2.5 Genetic Engineering for the Introduction of Nutritionally Potential Genes |
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90 | (2) |
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2.6 Nutritional Improvement Through Recent Biotechnological Advances |
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92 | (2) |
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2.7 Production of Health Care Products |
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94 | (5) |
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2.7.1 The Development of Oral Vaccines in Plant System |
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95 | (1) |
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2.7.2 Advantages of Plant System in the Development of Oral Vaccines |
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96 | (2) |
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2.7.3 Edible Vaccine against Hepatitis B Virus |
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98 | (16) |
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2.7.3.1 Expression of Immunogenic S1 Glycoprotein of Infectious Bronchitis Virus in Transgenic Potatoes |
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98 | (1) |
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2.7.3.2 Immunisation against Rabies with Plant-Derived Antigen |
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99 | (1) |
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2.7.3.3 Immunisation with Potato Plants Expressing VP60 Protein Protects against Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus |
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99 | (1) |
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2.7.3.4 Oral Immunisation with Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Expressed in Transgenic Plants |
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99 | (1) |
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2.7.3.5 Oral Immunogenicity of Human Papillomavirus-Like Particles Expressed in Potato |
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99 | (1) |
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2.8 Major Biotechnological Advances in Nutritional Improvement of Plants |
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99 | (1) |
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100 | (1) |
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100 | (13) |
| 3 Nutrient Biofortification of Staple Food Crops: Technologies, Products and Prospects |
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113 | (72) |
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113 | (1) |
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3.2 The Concepts of Nutrition and Malnutrition |
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114 | (4) |
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3.2.1 Nutrition, Macronutrients, Micronutrients and Balanced Diets |
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114 | (2) |
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3.2.1.1 Macronutrients and Energy Requirement |
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115 | (1) |
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115 | (1) |
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3.2.1.3 The Balanced Diets |
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115 | (1) |
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3.2.2 Hunger, Nutritional Security, Undernutrition and Malnutrition |
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116 | (1) |
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3.2.3 The Metabolic Syndrome |
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116 | (2) |
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3.3 Strategies to Enhance Nutrient Intake and Nutrient Content of Plant Foods |
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118 | (7) |
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3.3.1 Interventions to Enhance Nutrient Intake |
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118 | (1) |
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3.3.2 Technologies for Biofortification |
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119 | (1) |
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3.3.3 Common Genetic Engineering Technologies |
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120 | (2) |
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3.3.4 Alternative Genetic Engineering Technologies |
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122 | (1) |
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3.3.5 Recent Genetic Engineering Technologies |
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123 | (1) |
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3.3.6 Moral and Ethical Arguments Against Genetic Engineering Technologies |
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124 | (1) |
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3.4 Quantitative and Qualitative Modification of Dietary Carbohydrates |
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125 | (6) |
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125 | (3) |
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3.4.2 Modifying Levels of Components of Starch |
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128 | (1) |
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3.4.3 Engineering Levels of Fructans |
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129 | (1) |
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3.4.4 Quantitative and Qualitative Enhancement Dietary Fibre |
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130 | (1) |
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3.5 Quantitative and Qualitative Enhancement of Proteins and Amino Acids |
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131 | (5) |
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3.5.1 The Proteins and Amino Acids |
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131 | (1) |
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3.5.2 Enhancement of Total Protein |
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132 | (1) |
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3.5.3 Enhancement of Levels of Lysine |
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132 | (1) |
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3.5.4 Enhancement of Levels of Methionine |
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133 | (1) |
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3.5.5 Simultaneous Enhancement of levels Several Amino Acids |
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133 | (1) |
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3.5.6 Artificial Storage Protein |
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133 | (1) |
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3.5.7 Alternate Interventions |
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134 | (1) |
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3.5.8 Non-Proteinogenic Amino Acids |
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135 | (1) |
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3.6 Quantitative and Qualitative Enhancement of Fatty Acids in Oil Seed Crops |
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136 | (5) |
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3.6.1 Lipids, Fats and Oils |
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136 | (1) |
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136 | (1) |
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3.6.3 Characterisation of Fatty Acids, Dietary Fats and Oils |
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136 | (1) |
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3.6.4 Quantitative and Qualitative Improvement of Oil Seed Crops |
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137 | (3) |
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3.6.5 The New Shift in Fat Paradigm and Its Implications |
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140 | (1) |
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3.7 Enhancement of Levels of Vitamins |
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141 | (7) |
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141 | (1) |
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3.7.2 Retinoids (Vitamin A) |
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142 | (3) |
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143 | (1) |
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144 | (1) |
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145 | (1) |
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145 | (1) |
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3.7.3 Folate (Vitamin B9) |
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145 | (1) |
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3.7.4 Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C) |
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146 | (1) |
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3.7.5 Tocopherols (Vitamin E) |
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147 | (1) |
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148 | (1) |
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3.8 Enhancement of Levels of Mineral Elements |
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148 | (9) |
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3.8.1 Role of Mineral Elements in Human Health |
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148 | (2) |
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150 | (2) |
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152 | (2) |
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154 | (1) |
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155 | (1) |
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156 | (1) |
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157 | (1) |
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3.9 Enhancement of Antioxidants |
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157 | (3) |
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157 | (1) |
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158 | (1) |
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159 | (1) |
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159 | (1) |
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160 | (1) |
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3.9.6 Thermal Stability of Antioxidants |
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160 | (1) |
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3.10 Mitigation of Levels of Antinutritional Factors |
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160 | (3) |
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3.10.1 The Antinutritional Factors |
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160 | (1) |
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160 | (2) |
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3.10.3 Inhibitors of Digestive Enzymes |
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162 | (1) |
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3.10.4 Reducing Levels of Allergens |
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162 | (1) |
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3.10.5 Other Significant Antinutritional Factors |
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163 | (1) |
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3.11 Conclusions and Recommendations |
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163 | (4) |
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167 | (1) |
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167 | (18) |
| 4 Applications of RNA-Interference and Virus-Induced Gene Silencing (VIGS) for Nutritional Genomics in Crop Plants |
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185 | (18) |
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185 | (1) |
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186 | (6) |
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4.2.1 RNAi in Modification of Primary Metabolism |
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186 | (2) |
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4.2.1.1 Amino Acids/Protein |
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186 | (1) |
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187 | (1) |
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187 | (1) |
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188 | (1) |
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4.2.2 RNAi for Modification of Secondary Metabolism |
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188 | (19) |
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4.2.2.1 Prolongation of Fruit Shelf-Life |
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190 | (2) |
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4.2.2.2 Seedless Fruit Development |
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192 | (1) |
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4.3 Virus-Induced Gene Silencing (VIGS) for Biofortification |
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192 | (3) |
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195 | (1) |
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196 | (7) |
| 5 Strategies for Enhancing Phytonutrient Content in Plant-Based Foods |
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203 | (30) |
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203 | (1) |
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5.2 What are Phytonutrients? |
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204 | (1) |
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5.3 Which Plant-Based Foods are the Best Known Sources of Phytonutrients? |
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205 | (2) |
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5.4 How Can We Enhance Phytonutrients? |
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207 | (3) |
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5.4.1 Conventional Breeding |
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207 | (1) |
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208 | (1) |
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5.4.3 Metabolic Engineering and Genetic Modification |
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208 | (2) |
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5.5 Phenotyping for Phytonutrients at Different Levels |
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210 | (6) |
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5.5.1 Low Throughput Techniques |
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210 | (3) |
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5.5.2 High-Throughput Techniques |
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213 | (3) |
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5.6 The Future Ahead/Concluding Remarks |
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216 | (1) |
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217 | (1) |
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217 | (16) |
| 6 The Use of Genetic Engineering to Improve the Nutritional Profile of Traditional Plant Foods |
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233 | (26) |
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233 | (3) |
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6.1.1 Nutrients in Plant Foods |
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233 | (2) |
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6.1.2 Consequences of Malnutrition |
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235 | (1) |
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6.1.3 Strategies to Overcome Malnutrition |
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235 | (1) |
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6.2 What Are Genetically Engineered Crops? |
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236 | (9) |
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6.2.1 Plant Genetic Transformation Technologies |
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236 | (2) |
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6.2.2 Traditional Foods with Enhanced Nutritional Profiles: Case Studies |
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238 | (43) |
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238 | (5) |
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243 | (1) |
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244 | (1) |
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245 | (1) |
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6.3 GM Plant Foods Under Approval for Commercial Utilisation |
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245 | (2) |
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6.4 Socioeconomic Impact and Safety of GM Foods |
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247 | (1) |
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248 | (1) |
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248 | (11) |
| 7 Carotenoids: Biotechnological Improvements for Human Health and Sustainable Development |
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259 | (12) |
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259 | (1) |
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260 | (1) |
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7.3 Discovery and Early History |
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260 | (2) |
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7.4 Carotenoids Use in Human Foods and Biotechnology |
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262 | (2) |
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7.5 Use of Carotenoids in Animal Feed |
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264 | (1) |
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7.6 Global Market Situation and Sustainability |
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264 | (2) |
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7.7 Carotenoid Biosynthesis and Function in Plants |
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266 | (2) |
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7.8 Conclusion and Perspectives |
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268 | (1) |
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268 | (3) |
| 8 Progress in Enrichment and Metabolic Profiling of Diverse Carotenoids in Tropical Fruits: Importance of Hyphenated Techniques |
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271 | (38) |
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Bangalore Prabhashankar Arathi |
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Poorigali Raghavendra-Rao Sowmya |
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Rangaswamy Lakshminarayana |
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271 | (3) |
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8.2 Trends in Biosynthesis of Carotenoids and their Profiling in Plants and Tropical Fruits |
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274 | (7) |
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8.3 Biotechnological Approaches to Enrich Carotenoids in Tropical Fruits |
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281 | (4) |
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8.3.1 Conventional Approaches to Enrich Carotenoids in Tropical Fruits |
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283 | (1) |
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8.3.2 Pre- and Post-Harvest Technology to Improve Carotenoids Contents in Tropical Fruits |
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283 | (2) |
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8.4 Bioaccessibility and Bioavailability of Carotenoids From Fruits and Their Products |
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285 | (6) |
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8.5 Techniques to Characterise Carotenoids from Fruits |
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291 | (3) |
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294 | (1) |
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294 | (1) |
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295 | (14) |
| 9 Improvement of Carotenoid Accumulation in Tomato Fruit |
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309 | (30) |
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309 | (1) |
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310 | (2) |
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9.2 Metabolism of Carotenoid in Tomato |
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312 | (4) |
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9.2.1 Biosynthesis of Carotenoid |
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312 | (3) |
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9.2.2 Catabolism of Carotenoid |
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315 | (1) |
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9.3 The Biosynthetic Capacities of the Plastid |
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316 | (1) |
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9.4 Hormonal Regulatory Network of Carotenoid Metabolism |
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317 | (3) |
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317 | (1) |
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318 | (1) |
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319 | (1) |
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319 | (1) |
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320 | (1) |
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320 | (1) |
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9.5 Environmental Regulation of Carotenoid Metabolism |
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320 | (2) |
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320 | (2) |
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322 | (1) |
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9.5.3 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) |
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322 | (1) |
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9.5.4 Post-Harvest Regulation |
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322 | (1) |
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9.6 Bioavailability of Carotenoid |
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322 | (2) |
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324 | (1) |
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324 | (3) |
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327 | (12) |
| 10 Modern Biotechnologies and Phytonutritional Improvement of Grape and Wine |
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339 | (52) |
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339 | (3) |
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10.1.1 Identifying Genes Behind the Main Secondary Metabolites |
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340 | (1) |
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10.1.2 Identifying Disease Resistance Genes in Vitis sp.-a New Level of Grapevine Breeding |
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341 | (1) |
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10.2 Marker Assisted Selection (MAS) and Genomic Selection (GS) of Grapevine |
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342 | (1) |
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10.3 Engineered Resistance to Viruses |
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343 | (7) |
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10.4 Diagnosis of Grapevine Viruses |
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350 | (3) |
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350 | (1) |
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350 | (1) |
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10.4.1.2 Herbaceous Indexing |
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350 | (1) |
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10.4.2 Serological Assays |
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350 | (1) |
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351 | (2) |
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10.4.3.1 Nucleic Acid Hybridization |
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351 | (1) |
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10.4.3.2 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) |
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351 | (2) |
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10.5 Phytonutritional Compounds with Biological Activity in Grape and Wine and Their Target Analyses |
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353 | (8) |
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10.5.1 Biologically Active Substances Found in Grape and Wine |
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353 | (5) |
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10.5.2 LC-MS and GC-MS Based Analysis and Metabolomics |
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358 | (2) |
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10.5.2.1 Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) |
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359 | (1) |
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10.5.2.2 Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) |
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360 | (1) |
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10.5.3 NMR-Based Metabolomic Analysis of Grape and Wine |
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360 | (1) |
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361 | (6) |
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10.6.1 What is the Particular Meaning We Imply to the Term 'Quality of Wine'? |
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361 | (1) |
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10.6.2 How is the Wine Quality Created? |
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362 | (5) |
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10.7 Grapevine Genetic Resources- Prospects in Management and Sustainable Use |
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367 | (3) |
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10.7.1 European Policy, Regulation and Coordination Initiatives |
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367 | (1) |
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10.7.2 Vitis Grapevine Genebanks, Collections and Databases |
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368 | (1) |
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10.7.3 European Scientific Achievements |
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369 | (1) |
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370 | (21) |
| 11 Phytonutrient Improvements of Sweetpotato |
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391 | (16) |
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391 | (2) |
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11.2 Nutritional Qualities of Sweetpotato |
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393 | (3) |
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11.3 Phytonutrient Improvements of Sweetpotato |
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396 | (3) |
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10.3.1 Sweetpotato Improvement for beta-Carotene |
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396 | (1) |
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10.3.2 Sweetpotato Improvement for Anthocyanins and Phenolics |
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397 | (2) |
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10.3.3 Other Nutrient Improvements |
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399 | (1) |
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11.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives |
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399 | (1) |
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400 | (1) |
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400 | (7) |
| 12 Improvement of Glucosinolate in Cruciferous Crops |
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407 | (44) |
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407 | (1) |
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408 | (1) |
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12.2 Glucosinolate Breakdown |
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408 | (3) |
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12.2.1 Glucosinolate Breakdown Upon Tissue Damage |
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409 | (1) |
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12.2.2 Glucosinolate Breakdown in Living Plant Cell |
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410 | (1) |
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12.2.3 Glucosinolate Hydrolysis in Mammalian |
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411 | (1) |
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12.3 Biological Functions of Glucosinolates and Their Hydrolysis Products |
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411 | (3) |
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12.3.1 Anticarcinogenic Mechanism |
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411 | (2) |
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411 | (1) |
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12.3.1.2 Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis |
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412 | (1) |
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12.3.1.3 Altered Oestrogen Metabolism |
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412 | (1) |
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12.3.1.4 Histone Deacetylation Inhibition |
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413 | (1) |
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12.3.2 Other Chemopeventive Effects |
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413 | (1) |
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413 | (1) |
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12.4 Glucosinolate Biosynthesis |
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414 | (4) |
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12.4.1 Side-Chain Elongation |
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414 | (1) |
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12.4.2 Formation of Core Glucosinolate Structure |
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414 | (2) |
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12.4.3 Secondary Modifications |
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416 | (1) |
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12.4.4 Regulators of Glucosinolate Biosynthetic Pathway |
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416 | (2) |
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12.5 Metabolic Engineering of Glucosinolates in Brassica Crops |
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418 | (3) |
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12.6 Glucosinolate Accumulation under Pre-Harvest and Post-Harvest Handlings |
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421 | (11) |
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12.6.1 Effects of Light on Glucosinolate Accumulation |
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422 | (1) |
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422 | (1) |
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422 | (1) |
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12.6.2 Chemical Regulation of Glucosinolate Accumulation |
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423 | (4) |
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423 | (1) |
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424 | (1) |
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425 | (1) |
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426 | (1) |
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12.6.3 Glucosinolate Changes upon Post-Harvest Handlings |
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427 | (44) |
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427 | (1) |
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12.6.3.2 Controlled Atmosphere (CA) Storage |
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428 | (1) |
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12.6.3.3 Modified Atmosphere Packaging |
|
|
428 | (1) |
|
12.6.3.4 1-Methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) Treatment |
|
|
429 | (1) |
|
|
|
430 | (1) |
|
12.6.3.6 Glucosinolate Changes under Different Cooking Methods |
|
|
430 | (2) |
|
12.7 Conclusions and Future Prospects |
|
|
432 | (1) |
|
|
|
433 | (1) |
|
|
|
433 | (18) |
| 13 Development of the Transgenic Rice Accumulating Flavonoids in Seed by Metabolic Engineering |
|
451 | (20) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
451 | (3) |
|
13.2 Production of Flavonoids in Rice Seed by Ectopic Expression of the Biosynthetic Enzymes |
|
|
454 | (4) |
|
13.3 Production of Flavonoids in Rice Seed by Ectopic Expression of the Transcription Factors |
|
|
458 | (2) |
|
13.4 Characterisation of Flavonoids in Transgenic Rice Seed by LC-MS-based Metabolomics |
|
|
460 | (1) |
|
|
|
461 | (2) |
|
|
|
463 | (8) |
| 14 Nutrient Management for High Efficiency Sweetpotato Production |
|
471 | (28) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
14.1 Patterns of Growth and Development and Nutrient Absorption in Sweetpotato |
|
|
471 | (3) |
|
14.1.1 Area under Sweetpotato |
|
|
471 | (1) |
|
14.1.2 Growth Characteristics |
|
|
471 | (1) |
|
14.1.3 Nutrient Requirements |
|
|
472 | (1) |
|
14.1.4 Factors Affecting Nutrient Absorption |
|
|
472 | (2) |
|
14.1.4.1 Soil Moisture Content |
|
|
472 | (1) |
|
|
|
472 | (2) |
|
|
|
474 | (1) |
|
|
|
474 | (1) |
|
14.2 Screening of High Efficient of Potassium Uptake and Utilised Genotypes |
|
|
474 | (6) |
|
14.2.1 Potassium Deficiency |
|
|
474 | (2) |
|
14.2.2 Potassium Use Efficiency and Utilisation Efficiency |
|
|
476 | (1) |
|
14.2.3 Screening of High Uptake Efficiency Genotypes |
|
|
476 | (2) |
|
14.2.4 Screening of High Use Efficiency Genotypes |
|
|
478 | (2) |
|
14.3 Effect of Fertilisers |
|
|
480 | (3) |
|
14.3.1 Effect of Nitrogen Application |
|
|
480 | (2) |
|
14.3.1.1 Effect of Dose of Nitrogen on Yield |
|
|
480 | (1) |
|
14.3.1.2 Effect of Dose of Nitrogen on Nitrogen Uptake and Utilisation Efficiency |
|
|
480 | (1) |
|
14.3.1.3 Effect of Dose of Nitrogen on Root System Differentiation and Yield |
|
|
481 | (1) |
|
14.3.2 Effect of Phosphorus Application |
|
|
482 | (1) |
|
14.3.3 Effect of Potassium Application |
|
|
482 | (1) |
|
14.3.4 Effect of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium Application on Yield |
|
|
483 | (1) |
|
14.4 Balanced Fertiliser Management in Sweetpotato at Sishui, Shandong: A Case Study |
|
|
483 | (10) |
|
14.4.1 General Description of Area |
|
|
483 | (2) |
|
14.4.2 Major Steps Towards Balanced Application of Fertilisers |
|
|
485 | (6) |
|
14.4.2.1 Soil Sampling and Testing |
|
|
485 | (1) |
|
14.4.2.2 Establishment of Abundance Index for Soil Nutrients |
|
|
485 | (1) |
|
14.4.2.3 Determining Fertiliser Parameters |
|
|
485 | (3) |
|
14.4.2.4 Recommended Dose of Fertilisers |
|
|
488 | (2) |
|
14.4.2.5 A Customised Fertiliser Management Plan for the Region |
|
|
490 | (1) |
|
14.4.2.6 Validating the Benefits of Balanced Application of Fertilisers |
|
|
491 | (1) |
|
14.4.2.7 Demonstration and Promotion of the Technology of Balanced Application of Fertilisers to Sweetpotato |
|
|
491 | (1) |
|
14.4.3 Establishment and Application of an Expert Consultation System |
|
|
491 | (2) |
|
14.4.3.1 Structure and Design of Expert Consultation System |
|
|
492 | (1) |
|
14.4.3.2 Functioning of the System |
|
|
492 | (1) |
|
14.4.3.3 Characterising and Application of the System |
|
|
492 | (1) |
|
14.5 Application of Fertilisers Through Drip Irrigation ('Fertigation') |
|
|
493 | (2) |
|
14.5.1 Effect of Supplying Fertilisers Through Drip Irrigation on Sweetpotato |
|
|
494 | (1) |
|
14.5.2 Input/output Ratio in Application of Fertilisers Through Drip Irrigation |
|
|
495 | (1) |
|
|
|
495 | (1) |
|
|
|
495 | (4) |
| Index |
|
499 | |
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