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El. knyga: Pious Sex: Catholic Constructions of Masculinity and Femininity in Belgium, c. 1800-1940

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Tine Van Osselaer seeks to clarify how the gender differentiation was created among Catholics in nineteenth-century Beligium.



Although women were called the "pious sex" much earlier, it was during the nineteenth century, when the differences between men and women were being made more explicit, that an intense bond between women and religion was developed. Religiosity was thought to be a "natural" part of femininity and turned religious masculinity into an oddity. This clear-cut gender ideology, however, remains an ideology (prescribed and contested) that needs to be put in the perspective of its context of origin, the bourgeois milieu. How were these gender identities constructed and by whom? Tine Van Osselaer seeks to clarify how the gender differentiation was created among Belgian Catholics. She brings to light the extent to which religiosity was inscribed in these constructions and how religious teachings contributed to it. It is clear that the limitations of the "feminization" thesis, a master narrative that has strongly contributed to the introduction of women in religious history, have gradually become more visible. Documenting pastoral care, the devotion to the Sacred Heart of Jesus and Catholic Action, The Pious Sex offers critical commentaries on the master narratives, suggesting that even men could belong to a "pious sex."

Recenzijos

Tine Van Osselaers meticulously researched The Pious Sex constitutes the most recent comprehensive product of the first generation of scholars that thoroughly developed the study of gender, and specifically masculinity, in the modern history of the Low Countries.Stefan Meysman, BMGN - Low Countries Historical Review. 132, 2017 * BMGN - Low Countries Historical Review * Throughout the book, Van Osselaer insists on this dual view, showing that the Pious Sex of the title could be defined as both male and female throughout the nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries in Catholic Belgium. Her analysis of several Catholic initiatives impressing the laity with carefully designed images of devout masculine and feminine identities shows that, although the relation between men and women within Belgian Catholic circles was highly dichotomous and hierarchical, and although womens roles within these organizations changed substantially throughout the modern period, these changes cannot be qualified as a process of feminization, but rather as one of increasing differentiation. Whereas the introduction offers a sharply drawn theoretical critique of the feminization narrative based mainly on current debates in gender studies, the empirical chapters show a wide array of roles and models held up to laymen, laywomen, and children. Josephine Hoegaerts, Catholic University of Leuven, The Catholic Historical Review 2015, vol. 101, no. 2 Van Osselaer's sources are so abundant and voluminous (the book's materials are in Flemish, French, German and English) and she reads them so well, that many fresh, new insights surface. [ ...] The chapters express an abiding curiosity about the centrality of femininity and masculinity in European Catholicism, and a willingness to read carefully and think deeply about ideas different from one's own. So, not only for the richness of her data, but also as an exemplum of a scholarly ideal, The Pious Sex deserves considerable praise. Brenna Moore, Fordham University, USA, European History Quarterly, Vol. 45 No. 1 Van Osselaer heeft een helder gestructureerd boek geschreven. Door de structuur steeds duidelijk aan te geven neemt zij de lezer mee aan de hand. Dit schept overzicht, al haalt het soms ook een deel van de spanning weg. Van Osselaer heeft voortdurend oog voor de bredere historische ontwikkelingen en ruimere context waarin haar empirische materiaal te begrijpen valt. Haar proefschrift bevat een uitgebreide geschiedenis van de religieuze bewegingen die zij beschrijft, en maatschappelijke ontwikkelingen krijgen een centrale plek in haar betoog. Van Osselaers belangrijkste bijdrage is echter haar scherpzinnige en genuanceerde genderanalyse van het gevarieerde bronnenmateriaal. Zij heeft een indrukwekkende hoeveelheid bronnen bestudeerd en plaatst haar analyse in de context van de internationale secundaire literatuur. Het boek eindigt met een oproep om binnen religiegeschiedenis meer aandacht te besteden aan de historische en geografische veranderlijkheid van genderconstructies. Van Osselaers studie laat het belang van een dergelijke benadering zien. Saskia Bultman, Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen, Tijdschrift voor Geschiedenis, Volume 127, Number 4, November 2014, pp. 728-729(2) The 'Pious Sex' is a must-read for gender historians, theologians, feminist theorists, religious historians and anyone else who wishes to move beyond the simple stereotypes of 'female piety' to gain deeper insights into the logic and contradictions of Catholic devotion in the 'long' nineteenth century and throughout the 1920s and 1930s. Mary Heimann, University of Strathclyde, The Innes Review 65.2 (2014): 158-;184 Feuilleter cet ouvrage permet d'apprécier une belle étude historique (beaucoup de sources), qui montre comment s'est construite l'image prescrite d'une féminité par essence voulue "pieuse"... Sondant les stéréotypes, l'auteure, Tine Van Osselaert, finit par suggérer que les hommes aussi, dans le fond, peuvent appartenir au "sexe pieux"... Blog de Sébastien Fath >>>

PART I GENDERING RELIGION
8(26)
Gender & Religion
`Plus une femme est sainte,..., plus elle est femme': `Naturalising' religiosity
11(1)
On the intersection of gender studies and religious studies
12(3)
The `Feminisation' Thesis: a Primer
15(6)
Approach
21(13)
Introducing Belgian Catholics
21(2)
Opening perspectives
23(2)
Gender dualisms
25(1)
Sacred Heart devotion
26(3)
Catholic Action
29(1)
Sermons
30(1)
Pastoral manuals and periodicals
31(1)
Constructing gender identities
32(2)
PART II `GOOD' CATHOLICS
34(62)
The `Pious Sex'
36(18)
Topography of a theme
37(2)
`The other sex'
39(2)
Women's piety
41(2)
Communicating with the `pious sex'
43(2)
`La classe devote'
45(2)
Women's spiritual guidance: concluding remarks
47(1)
Only fit for women
48(1)
`Handle with care': communicating with male parishioners
49(3)
Winning men through `masculine' behaviour
52(1)
The pastor and his flock
53(1)
Gender Ideology in Church
54(22)
Setting
55(9)
Pharisees, porch guards and lovers: gender prejudices and ideals pervading the sermons
64(3)
Creating a problem?
67(1)
Considering Belgium
68(3)
Considering Catholic practice
71(3)
Considering a crisis
74(2)
Gender Ideology for the `Little Church', the Catholic Home
76(20)
Introducing the Catholic family, cornerstone of Christian society
78(3)
A family model and model family
81(2)
`Mulieri non permitto... dominari in virum'
83(1)
A good wife is God-given
84(5)
In the name of the Father
89(4)
Concluding remarks
93(3)
PART III DEVOTED CATHOLICS
96(74)
The Sacred Heart Devotion in Belgium
98(18)
For the love of Christ
99(7)
For the heart of the nation: Belgium and the Sacred Heart
106(4)
Devotional practices and movements
110(6)
Changing Apostles
116(33)
`More effective than the sound of the bell': the Apostleship of Prayer at the end of the 1860s
117(13)
The Apostleship in the 1890s: defining a problem
130(7)
`Divide et impera': reintroducing women in the 1930s
137(10)
Conclusion
147(2)
Gendering Heroism
149(21)
Catholic heroism
150(5)
Heroic women
155(3)
Heroic men
158(2)
Becoming a hero and heroine
160(7)
Models for Christians
167(3)
PART IV CATHOLICS IN ACTION
170(52)
Setting the Stage: Adult Catholic Action Movements
172(13)
Catholics in action
173(1)
Introducing the Catholic Action in Belgium
174(1)
Catholic Action in Belgium: youth organisations
175(1)
New style adult Catholic Action movements
176(2)
Young prophets and veterans
178(3)
Mobilising the laity
181(2)
Unity and difference
183(2)
Mobilising Men
185(19)
`Militant' and `modern' movements
186(3)
A lay movement
189(1)
Promoters and militants
190(1)
A focus on men
191(2)
`Real' men
193(3)
A single-sex movement
196(1)
`En service commande'
197(1)
Catholic Action and new ideologies
198(2)
Differentiating
200(1)
Concluding remarks
201(3)
Mobilising Mothers
204(18)
Women's Catholic Action
205(2)
`Helpers'
207(2)
`Militantes'
209(2)
Women's movement
211(2)
Motherhood duties?
213(3)
`Real' women
216(3)
Regarding men
219(1)
Concluding remarks
220(2)
PART V MAKING A DIFFERENCE
222(19)
Adam, Eve and the Others
224(12)
Gender dyads
225(7)
Gender difference
232(1)
Dichotomous constructions?
233(3)
`Feminisation' and `Masculinisation'
236(5)
Epilogue 241(3)
Abbreviations 244(1)
Bibliography 245(24)
Index 269(3)
Colophon 272
Tine Van Osselaer is research professor at Universiteit Antwerpen (Ruusbroec Institute).