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Pipe Flow: A Practical and Comprehensive Guide 2nd edition [Kietas viršelis]

(General Electric Company)
  • Formatas: Hardback, 384 pages, aukštis x plotis x storis: 10x10x10 mm, weight: 454 g
  • Išleidimo metai: 27-May-2022
  • Leidėjas: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • ISBN-10: 111975643X
  • ISBN-13: 9781119756439
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Pipe Flow: A Practical and Comprehensive Guide 2nd editionDidesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: Hardback, 384 pages, aukštis x plotis x storis: 10x10x10 mm, weight: 454 g
  • Išleidimo metai: 27-May-2022
  • Leidėjas: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • ISBN-10: 111975643X
  • ISBN-13: 9781119756439
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Pastovi nuoroda: https://www.kriso.lt/db/9781119756439.html
Raktažodžiai:
"With its detailed coverage of pressure drop and other phenomena related to fluid flow in piping systems this book enables readers to design and analyze piping systems needed to support a broad range of industrial operations, distribution systems, and power plants. Throughout the book, accurate prediction and management of pressure loss while working with a variety of piping components and piping systems is demonstrated. The book draws together and reviews the growing body of experimental and theoreticalresearch on fluid flow in piping and its components, including important loss coefficient data. The results are presented in straight forward tables and diagrams, as well as in broadly applicable equations. Sample problems and their solutions are provided throughout the book, demonstrating how core concepts are applied in practice. In addition, references and further reading sections enable the reader to explore all topics in greater depth. The book employs two systems of units: the English gravitationalsystem and the International System. Pipe Flow, Second Edition contains additional information to broaden understanding and management of fluid flow in piping systems. Many sections of the book have been refined and augmented and new material has been added including a chapter, The Liquid Jet Pump, that presents a mixing section flow model that can be used to accurately predict jet pump performance. A new appendix section on Speed of Sound in Water and numerous new examples have been added."--

Pipe Flow

Provides detailed coverage of hydraulic analysis of piping systems, revised and updated throughout

Pipe Flow: A Practical and Comprehensive Guide provides the information required to design and analyze piping systems for distribution systems, power plants, and other industrial operations. Divided into three parts, this authoritative resource describes the methodology for solving pipe flow problems, presents loss coefficient data for a wide range of piping components, and examines pressure drop, cavitation, flow-induced vibration, and other flow phenomena that affect the performance of piping systems. Throughout the book, sample problems and worked solutions illustrate the application of core concepts and techniques.

The second edition features revised and expanded information throughout, including an entirely new chapter that presents a mixing section flow model for accurately predicting jet pump performance. This edition includes additional examples, supplemental problems, and a new appendix of the speed of sound in water. With clear explanations, expert guidance, and precise hydraulic computations, this classic reference text remains required reading for anyone working to increase the quality and efficiency of modern piping systems.

  • Discusses the fundamental physical properties of fluids and the nature of fluid flow
  • Demonstrates the accurate prediction and management of pressure loss for a variety of piping components and piping systems
  • Reviews theoretical research on fluid flow in piping and its components
  • Presents important loss coefficient data with straightforward tables, diagrams, and equations
  • Includes full references, further reading sections, and numerous example problems with solution

Pipe Flow: A Practical and Comprehensive Guide, Second Edition is an excellent textbook for engineering students, and an invaluable reference for professional engineers engaged in the design, operation, and troubleshooting of piping systems.

Preface to the First Edition xix

Preface to the Second Edition xxi

Nomenclature xxiii

Part I Methodology 1

1 Fundamentals 3

1.1 System of Units 3

1.2 Fluid Properties 4

1.2.1 Pressure 4

1.2.2 Temperature 5

1.2.3 Density 6

1.2.4 Viscosity 6

1.2.5 Energy 7

1.2.6 Heat 7

1.3 Velocity 8

1.4 Important Dimensionless Ratios 8

1.4.1 Reynolds Number 8

1.4.2 Relative Roughness 9

1.4.3 Loss Coefficient 9

1.4.4 Mach Number 9

1.4.5 Froude Number 9

1.4.6 Reduced Pressure 10

1.4.7 Reduced Temperature 10

1.4.8 Ratio of Specific Heats 10

1.5 Equations of State 10

1.5.1 Equation of State of Liquids 10

1.5.2 Equation of State of Gases 11

1.5.3 Two-Phase Mixtures 11

1.6 Flow Regimes 12

1.7 Similarity 12

1.7.1 The Principle of Similarity 12

1.7.2 Limitations 13

References 13

Further Reading 13

2 Conservation Equations 15

2.1 Conservation of Mass 15

2.2 Conservation of Momentum 15

2.3 The Momentum Flux Correction Factor 17

2.4 Conservation of Energy 18

2.4.1 Potential Energy 18

2.4.2 Pressure Energy 19

2.4.3 Kinetic Energy 19

2.4.4 Heat Energy 19

2.4.5 Mechanical Work Energy 20

2.5 General Energy Equation 20

2.6 Head Loss 21

2.7 The Kinetic Energy Correction Factor 21

2.8 Conventional Head Loss 22

2.9 Grade Lines 23

References 23

Further Reading 23

3 Incompressible Flow 25

3.1 Conventional Head Loss 25

3.2 Sources of Head Loss 26

3.2.1 Surface Friction Loss 26

3.2.1.1 Laminar Flow 26

3.2.1.2 Turbulent Flow 26

3.2.1.3 Reynolds Number 27

3.2.1.4 Friction Factor 27

3.2.2 Induced Turbulence 29

3.2.3 Summing Loss Coefficients 31

References 31

Further Reading 32

4 Compressible Flow 33

4.1 Introduction 33

4.2 Problem Solution Methods 34

4.3 Approximate Compressible Flow using Incompressible Flow Equations 34

4.3.1 Using Inlet or Outlet Properties 35

4.3.2 Using Average of Inlet and Outlet Properties 35

4.3.2.1 Simple Average Properties 35

4.3.2.2 Comprehensive Average Properties 36

4.3.3 Using Expansion Factors 37

4.4 Adiabatic Compressible Flow with Friction: Ideal Equations 39

4.4.1 Shapiros Adiabatic Flow Equation 39

4.4.1.1 Solution when Static Pressure and Static Temperature Are Known 39

4.4.1.2 Solution when Static Pressure and Total Temperature Are Known 41

4.4.1.3 Solution when Total Pressure and Total Temperature Are Known 41

4.4.1.4 Solution when Total Pressure and Static Temperature Are Known 42

4.4.2 Turtons Adiabatic Flow Equation 42

4.4.3 Binders Adiabatic Flow Equation 43

4.5 Isothermal Compressible Flow with Friction: Ideal Equation 43

4.6 Isentropic Flow: Treating Changes in Flow Area 44

4.7 Pressure Drop in Valves 45

4.8 Two-Phase Flow 45

4.9 Example Problems: Adiabatic Flow with Friction using Guess Work 45

4.9.1 Solve for p2 and t2 K, p1 , t1 , and are Known 46

4.9.1.1 Solve Using Expansion Factor Y 46

4.9.1.2 Solve Using Shapiros Equation 47

4.9.1.3 Solve Using Binders Equation 47

4.9.1.4 Solve Using Turtons Equation 47

4.9.2 Solve for and t2 K, p1 , t1 , and p2 are Known 48

4.9.2.1 Solve Using Expansion Factor Y 48

4.9.2.2 Solve Using Shapiros Equation 48

4.9.2.3 Solve Using Binders Equation 49

4.9.2.4 Solve Using Turtons Equation 49

4.9.3 Observations 49

4.10 Example Problem: Natural Gas Pipeline Flow 50

4.10.1 Ground Rules and Assumptions 50

4.10.2 Input Data 50

4.10.3 Initial Calculations 50

4.10.4 Solution 50

4.10.5 Comparison with Cranes Solutions 51

References 51

Further Reading 51

5 Network Analysis 53

5.1 Coupling Effects 53

5.2 Series Flow 54

5.3 Parallel Flow 54

5.4 Branching Flow 55

5.5 Example Problem: Ring Sparger 56

5.5.1 Ground Rules and Assumptions 56

5.5.2 Input Parameters 57

5.5.3 Initial Calculations 57

5.5.4 Network Flow Equations 57

5.5.4.1 Continuity Equations 57

5.5.4.2 Energy Equations 57

5.5.5 Solution 59

5.6 Example Problem: Core Spray System 59

5.6.1 New, Clean Steel Pipe 60

5.6.1.1 Ground Rules and Assumptions 60

5.6.1.2 Input Parameters 60

5.6.1.3 Initial Calculations 62

5.6.1.4 Adjusted Parameters 62

5.6.1.5 Network Flow Equations 63

5.6.1.6 Solution 63

5.6.2 Moderately Corroded Steel Pipe 64

5.6.2.1 Ground Rules and Assumptions 64

5.6.2.2 Input Parameters 64

5.6.2.3 Adjusted Parameters 64

5.6.2.4 Network Flow Equations 65

5.6.2.5 Solution 65

5.7 Example Problem: Main Steam Line Pressure Drop 65

5.7.1 Ground Rules and Assumptions 65

5.7.2 Input Data 66

5.7.3 Initial Calculations 67

5.7.4 Loss Coefficient Calculations 67

5.7.4.1 Individual Loss Coefficients 67

5.7.4.2 Series Loss Coefficients 68

5.7.5 Pressure Drop Calculations 68

5.7.5.1 Steam Dome to Steam Drum 68

5.7.5.2 Steam Drum to Turbine Stop Valves Pressure Drop 69

5.7.6 Predicted Pressure at Turbine Stop Valves 70

References 70

Further Reading 70

6 Transient Analysis 71

6.1 Methodology 71

6.2 Example Problem: Vessel Drain Times 72

6.2.1 Upright Cylindrical Vessel with Flat Heads 72

6.2.2 Spherical Vessel 73

6.2.3 Upright Cylindrical Vessel with Elliptical Heads 74

6.3 Example Problem: Positive Displacement Pump 75

6.3.1 No Heat Transfer 76

6.3.2 Heat Transfer 76

6.4 Example Problem: Time Step Integration 77

6.4.1 Upright Cylindrical Vessel Drain 77

6.4.1.1 Direct Solution 78

6.4.1.2 Time Step Solution 78

References 78

Further Reading 78

7 Uncertainty 79

7.1 Error Sources 79

7.2 Pressure Drop Uncertainty 81

7.3 Flow Rate Uncertainty 81

7.4 Example Problem: Pressure Drop 81

7.4.1 Input Data 81

7.4.2 Solution 82

7.5 Example Problem: Flow Rate 82

7.5.1 Input Data 83

7.5.2 Solution 83

Further Reading 84

Part II Loss Coefficients 85

8 Surface Friction 87

8.1 Reynolds Number and Surface Roughness 87

8.2 Friction Factor 87

8.2.1 Laminar Flow Region 87

8.2.2 Critical Zone 88

8.2.3 Turbulent Flow Region 88

8.2.3.1 Smooth Pipes 88

8.2.3.2 Rough Pipes 88

8.3 The ColebrookWhite Equation 88

8.4 The Moody Chart 89

8.5 Explicit Friction Factor Formulations 89

8.5.1 Moodys Approximate Formula 89

8.5.2 Woods Approximate Formula 90

8.5.3 The Churchill 1973 and Swamee and Jain Formulas 90

8.5.4 Chens Formula 90

8.5.5 Shachams Formula 90

8.5.6 Barrs Formula 90

8.5.7 Haalands Formulas 90

8.5.8 Manadillis Formula 90

8.5.9 Romeos Formula 91

8.5.10 Evaluation of Explicit Alternatives to the Colebrook White Equation
91

8.6 All-Regime Friction Factor Formulas 91

8.6.1 Churchills 1977 Formula 91

8.6.2 Modifications to Churchills 1977 Formula 92

8.7 Absolute Roughness of Flow Surfaces 93

8.8 Age and usage of Pipe 94

8.8.1 Corrosion and Encrustation 95

8.8.2 The Relationship Between Absolute Roughness and Friction Factor 95

8.8.3 Inherent Margin 95

8.9 Noncircular Passages 97

References 97

Further Reading 98

9 Entrances 101

9.1 Sharp-Edged Entrance 101

9.1.1 Flush Mounted 101

9.1.2 Mounted at a Distance 102

9.1.3 Mounted at an Angle 102

9.2 Rounded Entrance 103

9.3 Beveled Entrance 104

9.4 Entrance Through an Orifice 104

9.4.1 Sharp-Edged Orifice 105

9.4.2 Round-Edged Orifice 105

9.4.3 Thick-Edged Orifice 105

9.4.4 Beveled Orifice 106

References 111

Further Reading 111

10 Contractions 113

10.1 Flow Model 113

10.2 Sharp-Edged Contraction 114

10.3 Rounded Contraction 115

10.4 Conical Contraction 116

10.4.1 Surface Friction Loss 117

10.4.2 Local Loss 118

10.5 Beveled Contraction 119

10.6 Smooth Contraction 119

10.7 Pipe Reducer Contracting 120

References 125

Further Reading 125

11 Expansions 127

11.1 Sudden Expansion 127

11.2 Straight Conical Diffuser 128

11.3 Multi-Stage Conical Diffusers 131

11.3.1 Stepped Conical Diffuser 132

11.3.2 Two-Stage Conical Diffuser 132

11.4 Curved Wall Diffuser 135

11.5 Pipe Reducer Expanding 136

References 142

Further Reading 142

12 Exits 145

12.1 Discharge from a Straight Pipe 145

12.2 Discharge from a Conical Diffuser 146

12.3 Discharge from an Orifice 146

12.3.1 Sharp-Edged Orifice 147

12.3.2 Round-Edged Orifice 147

12.3.3 Thick-Edged Orifice 147

12.3.4 Bevel-Edged Orifice 148

12.4 Discharge from a Smooth Nozzle 148

13 Orifices 153

13.1 Generalized Flow Model 154

13.2 Sharp-Edged Orifice 155

13.2.1 In a Straight Pipe 155

13.2.2 In a Transition Section 156

13.2.3 In a Wall 157

13.3 Round-Edged Orifice 157

13.3.1 In a Straight Pipe 157

13.3.2 In a Transition Section 158

13.3.3 In a Wall 159

13.4 Bevel-Edged Orifice 159

13.4.1 In a Straight Pipe 159

13.4.2 In a Transition Section 160

13.4.3 In a Wall 160

13.5 Thick-Edged Orifice 161

13.5.1 In a Straight Pipe 161

13.5.2 In a Transition Section 162

13.5.3 In a Wall 163

13.6 Multi-Hole Orifices 163

13.7 Non-Circular Orifices 164

References 169

Further Reading 170

14 Flow Meters 173

14.1 Flow Nozzle 173

14.2 Venturi Tube 174

14.3 Nozzle/Venturi 175

References 177

Further Reading 177

15 Bends 179

15.1 Overview 179

15.2 Bend Losses 180

15.2.1 Smooth-Walled Bends 181

15.2.2 Welded Elbows and Pipe Bends 182

15.3 Coils 185

15.3.1 Constant Pitch Helix 185

15.3.2 Constant Pitch Spiral 185

15.4 Miter Bends 186

15.5 Coupled Bends 187

15.6 Bend Economy 187

References 192

Further Reading 193

16 Tees 195

16.1 Overview 195

16.1.1 Previous Endeavors 195

16.1.2 Observations 197

16.2 Diverging Tees 197

16.2.1 Diverging Flow Through Run 197

16.2.2 Diverging Flow Through Branch 199

16.2.3 Diverging Flow from Branch 202

16.3 Converging Tees 202

16.3.1 Converging Flow Through Run 202

16.3.2 Converging Flow Through Branch 204

16.3.3 Converging Flow into Branch 207

16.4 Full-Flow Through Run 208

References 226

Further Reading 226

17 Pipe Joints 229

17.1 Weld Protrusion 229

17.2 Backing Rings 230

17.3 Misalignment 231

17.3.1 Misaligned Pipe 231

17.3.2 Misaligned Gasket 231

18 Valves 233

18.1 Multiturn Valves 233

18.1.1 Diaphragm Valve 233

18.1.2 Gate Valve 234

18.1.3 Globe Valve 234

18.1.4 Pinch Valve 235

18.1.5 Needle Valve 235

18.2 Quarter-Turn Valves 236

18.2.1 Ball Valve 236

18.2.2 Butterfly Valve 236

18.2.3 Plug Valve 236

18.3 Self-Actuated Valves 237

18.3.1 Check Valve 237

18.3.2 Relief Valve 238

18.4 Control Valves 239

18.5 Valve Loss Coefficients 239

References 240

Further Reading 240

19 Threaded Fittings 241

19.1 Reducers: Contracting 241

19.2 Reducers: Expanding 241

19.3 Elbows 242

19.4 Tees 242

19.5 Couplings 242

19.6 Valves 243

Reference 243

Further Reading 243

Part III Flow Phenomena 245

20 Cavitation 247

20.1 The Nature of Cavitation 247

20.2 Pipeline Design 248

20.3 Net Positive Suction Head 248

20.4 Example Problem: Core Spray Pump NPSH 249

20.4.1 New, Clean Steel Pipe 250

20.4.1.1 Input Parameters 250

20.4.1.2 Solution 250

20.4.1.3 Results 250

20.4.2 Moderately Corroded Steel Pipe 251

20.4.2.1 Input Parameters 251

20.4.2.2 Solution 251

20.4.2.3 Results 251

20.5 Example Problem: Pipe Entrance Cavitation 252

20.5.1 Input Parameters 252

20.5.2 Calculations and Results 253

Reference 253

Further Reading 254

21 Flow-induced Vibration 255

21.1 Steady Internal Flow 255

21.2 Steady External Flow 255

21.3 Water Hammer 256

21.4 Column Separation 258

References 258

Further Reading 258

22 Temperature Rise 261

22.1 Head Loss 261

22.2 Pump Temperature Rise 261

22.3 Example Problem: Reactor Heat Balance 262

22.4 Example Problem: Vessel Heat-Up 262

22.5 Example Problem: Pumping System Temperature 262

References 263

23 Flow to Run Full 265

23.1 Open Flow 265

23.2 Full Flow 266

23.3 Submerged Flow 268

23.4 Example Problem: Reactor Application 269

Further Reading 270

24 Jet Pump Performance 271

24.1 Performance Characteristics 271

24.2 Mixing Section Model 272

24.2.1 Momentum Balance 273

24.2.2 Drive Flow Mixing Coefficient 273

24.2.3 Suction Flow Mixing Coefficient 273

24.2.4 Discharge Flow Density 274

24.2.5 Discharge Flow Viscosity 274

24.3 Component Flow Losses 274

24.3.1 Surface Friction 274

24.3.2 Loss Coefficients 274

24.4 Hydraulic Performance Flow Paths 276

24.4.1 Drive Flow Path 276

24.4.2 Suction Flow Path 276

24.5 Flow Model Validation 276

24.6 Example Problem: WaterWater Jet Pump 278

24.6.1 Flow Conditions 278

24.6.2 Jet Pump Geometry 278

24.6.3 Preliminary Calculations 278

24.6.4 Loss Coefficients 279

24.6.5 Predicted Performance 280

24.7 Parametric Studies 281

24.7.1 Surface Finish Differences 281

24.7.2 Nozzle to Throat Area Ratio Variation 282

24.7.3 Density Differences 282

24.7.4 Viscosity Differences 282

24.7.5 Straight Line and Parabolic Performance Representations 283

24.8 Epilogue 283

References 283

Further Reading 283

Appendix A Physical Properties of Water at 1

Atmosphere 287

Appendix B Pipe Size Data 291

Appendix C Physical Constants and Unit Conversions 299

Appendix D Compressibility Factor Equations 311

D.1 The RedlichKwong Equation 311

D.2 The LeeKesler Equation 312

D.3 Important Constants for Selected Gases 314

D.4 Compressibility Chart 314

Appendix E Adiabatic Compressible Flow with Friction Using Mach Number as a
Parameter 319

E.1 Solution when Static Pressure and Static Temperature are Known 319

E.2 Solution when Static Pressure and Total Temperature are Known 322

E.3 Solution when Total Pressure and Total Temperature are Known 322

E.4 Solution when Total Pressure and Static Temperature are Known 324

References 325

Appendix F Velocity Profile Equations 327

F.1 Benedict Velocity Profile Derivation 327

F.2 Street, Watters, and Vennard Velocity Profile Derivation 329

References 330

Appendix G Speed of Sound in Water 331

Appendix H Jet Pump Performance Program 333

Index 343
Donald C. Rennels joined the Nuclear Energy Division of General Electric Company in 1971. His work included preparing technical design procedures and developing fluid flow models of reactor vessel internals and nuclear steam supply systems. He addressed hydraulic flow problems in the nuclear power industry worldwide. After retirement, Rennels served as a consultant at GE-Hitachi.