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El. knyga: Plant Ecology

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  • Formatas: EPUB+DRM
  • Išleidimo metai: 21-Nov-2019
  • Leidėjas: Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. K
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9783662562338
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Plant EcologyDidesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: EPUB+DRM
  • Išleidimo metai: 21-Nov-2019
  • Leidėjas: Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. K
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9783662562338
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This completely updated and revised second edition provides a unique and up-to-date treatment of all aspects of plant ecology, making it an ideal textbook and reference work for students, researchers and practitioners.

More than 500 high-quality images and drawings, mostly in colour, aid readers understanding of various key topics, while the clear structure and straightforward style make it user friendly and particularly useful for students. Written by leading experts, it offers authoritative information, including relevant references.

While Plant Ecology primarily addresses graduate students in biology and ecology, it is also a valuable resource for post-graduate students and researchers in botany, environmental sciences and landscape ecology, as well as all those whose study or work touches on agriculture, forestry, land use, and landscape management.

Key Topics:

- Molecular ecophysiology (molecular stress physiology: light, temperature, oxygen deficiency, water deficit (drought), unfavorable soil mineral conditions, biotic stress)

- Physiological and biophysical plant ecology (ecophysiology of plants: thermal balance, water, nutrient, carbon relations)

- Ecosystem ecology (characteristics of ecosystems, approaches how to study and how to model terrestrial ecosystems, biogeochemical fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems)

- Community ecology and biological diversity (development of plant communities in time and space, interactions between plants and plant communities with the abiotic and the biotic environment, biodiversity and ecosystem functioning)

- Global ecology (global biogeochemical cycles, Dynamic Global Vegetation Models, global change and terrestrial ecosystems)
1 Introduction
1(8)
References
5(4)
Part I Molecular Stress Physiology
2 General Themes of Molecular Stress Physiology
9(48)
2.1 Definitions and Concepts
10(12)
2.1.1 Stress
10(4)
2.1.2 Quantification of Stress
14(5)
2.1.3 Escape-Resistance-Avoidance-Tolerance
19(1)
2.1.4 Stress Responses-Acclimation-Adaptation
20(2)
2.1.5 Filters Determining Species Distribution
22(1)
2.2 Activation of Stress Tolerance and Avoidance Mechanisms
22(13)
2.2.1 Stress Sensing and Signal Transduction
25(2)
2.2.2 Transcriptional Control
27(1)
2.2.3 Oxidative Stress
28(3)
2.2.4 Long-Distance Stress Signalling
31(2)
2.2.5 The Model System Arabidopsis thaliana
33(2)
2.3 Stress and Growth Regulation
35(2)
2.4 Molecular Basis of Escape and Anticipation of Stress
37(13)
2.4.1 Orcadian Rhythms
38(2)
2.4.2 Anticipation of Seasonal Changes in Environmental Conditions
40(7)
2.4.3 Developmental Switches Triggered by Favourable Conditions
47(2)
2.4.4 Trans-Generational Stress Memory
49(1)
Summary
50(3)
References
53(4)
3 Light
57(34)
3.1 The Dual Significance of Light
58(1)
3.2 Visible Light
59(19)
3.2.1 Avoidance of Light Stress and Permanent or Dynamic Acclimation
59(6)
3.2.2 Overexcitation and Damage to Photosynthetic Membranes
65(1)
3.2.3 Flexible Acclimation to Changes in Light Intensity
66(8)
3.2.4 Continuous Light
74(1)
3.2.5 Light Triggers Plant Adaptation and Acclimation to the Environment
74(4)
3.3 UV-B Radiation
78(8)
3.3.1 Ranges of Ultraviolet Radiation and Biological Activity
78(2)
3.3.2 Ultraviolet-B Damage and Repair Mechanisms
80(1)
3.3.3 Avoidance of Ultraviolet-B-Induced Stress
81(2)
3.3.4 Ultraviolet-B Perception and Signalling
83(2)
3.3.5 Crosstalk Between Ultraviolet-B and Visible Light Responses
85(1)
Summary
86(2)
References
88(3)
4 Temperature
91(52)
4.1 The Temperature Challenge
92(13)
4.1.1 Temperature Dependence of Life
92(1)
4.1.2 Plants as Poikilotherrnic Organisms
92(5)
4.1.3 Variations in Temperature Range
97(8)
4.1.4 Strategies to Cope with Temperature Fluctuations and Temperature Extremes
105(1)
4.2 Cold Acclimation and Freezing Tolerance
105(17)
4.2.1 Adjustment of Membrane Fluidity
106(3)
4.2.2 Prevention of Photoinhibition
109(1)
4.2.3 Cryoprotective Proteins
109(1)
4.2.4 Control of Ice Formation
110(7)
4.2.5 Signalling Networks Involved in Cold Acclimation
117(3)
4.2.6 Freezing Avoidance and Freezing Tolerance in Tropical High Mountain Plants
120(2)
4.3 Heat Stress
122(9)
4.3.1 Heat Stress Avoidance
124(1)
4.3.2 Acquired Thermotolerance
124(2)
4.3.3 The Heat Shock Response
126(5)
4.4 Temperature Sensing
131(4)
4.4.1 Sensing of Extreme Temperatures
133(1)
4.4.2 Sensing of Ambient Temperature Changes
134(1)
Summary
135(4)
References
139(4)
5 Oxygen Deficiency
143(22)
5.1 Conditions of Flooded Soil
144(2)
5.2 Hypoxia-Induced Damage: Energy Metabolism of Plants Under Oxygen Deficiency
146(1)
5.3 Natural Variation in the Ability to Endure Inundation by Water
147(2)
5.4 Adaptations to Flooding-Prone Habitats
149(6)
5.4.1 Anatomical-Morphological Adaptations and Modifications
149(3)
5.4.2 Biochemical Modifications
152(3)
5.5 Sensing of Flooding and Ensuing Signal Transduction
155(2)
5.5.1 Ethylene Signal Transduction
155(2)
5.5.2 Oxygen Sensing
157(1)
5.6 Regulation of Avoidance and Tolerance Strategies
157(5)
Summary
162(1)
References
163(2)
6 Water Deficiency (Drought)
165(38)
6.1 The Properties of Water
166(2)
6.2 Water Acquisition and Movement: Cellular Aspects
168(4)
6.2.1 The Water Potential
169(1)
6.2.2 Facilitation of Intercellular and Intracellular Water Flow: Aquaporins
170(2)
6.3 Drought Stress Responses: Avoidance and Tolerance
172(11)
6.3.1 Control of the Osmotic Potential
175(2)
6.3.2 Protective Proteins
177(3)
6.3.3 Regulation of the Stomatal Aperture
180(3)
6.4 Acclimation of Growth
183(3)
6.4.1 Inhibition of Shoot Growth
184(2)
6.4.2 Stimulation of Root Growth
186(1)
6.5 Sensing of Water Status and Signal Transduction
186(4)
6.5.1 Sensing of Water Status
187(1)
6.5.2 ABA Signal Transduction
188(2)
6.5.3 ABA-Independent Signalling
190(1)
6.6 Photosynthesis Variants with Improved Water Use Efficiency
190(8)
6.6.1 C4 Photosynthesis
190(2)
6.6.2 Evolution of C4 Photosynthesis
192(2)
6.6.3 Crassulacean Acid Metabolism
194(4)
6.6.4 Evolution of Crassulacean Acid Metabolism Photosynthesis
198(1)
Summary
198(3)
References
201(2)
7 Adverse Soil Mineral Availability
203(54)
7.1 Mineral Nutrients
204(2)
7.2 The Mineral Nutrition Challenge
206(3)
7.2.1 Elements in the Soil
207(1)
7.2.2 Element Toxicity
208(1)
7.3 Nutrient Acquisition and Responses to Nutrient Scarcity
209(15)
7.3.1 Modulation of Nutrient Availability
209(3)
7.3.2 Cellular Ion Transport Mechanisms
212(6)
7.3.3 Modulation of Nutrient Uptake in Response to Deficiency
218(2)
7.3.4 Intracellular Transport and Cellular Aspects of Long-Distance Transport
220(2)
7.3.5 Plasticity of Root Architecture and Responses to Nutrient Deficiency
222(2)
7.3.6 Sensing of Nutrient Availability and Nutrient Status
224(1)
7.4 Nutrient Acquisition Symbioses
224(6)
7.4.1 Mycorrhizae
225(2)
7.4.2 Nitrogen Fixation
227(2)
7.4.3 The Common Sym Pathway
229(1)
7.5 Responses to Element Toxicity and Tolerance Mechanisms
230(20)
7.5.1 Essential Metal Toxicity and Tolerance
231(2)
7.5.2 Metal Hyperaccumulators as Models for Adaptation to Extreme Environments
233(4)
7.5.3 Sodium Toxicity
237(9)
7.5.4 Aluminium Toxicity and Tolerance
246(3)
7.5.5 Non-Essential Toxic Metals
249(1)
Summary
250(4)
References
254(3)
8 Biotic Stress
257(46)
8.1 Plant Disease Caused by Pathogens
258(5)
8.1.1 Types of Pathogens: Viruses, Bacteria, Fungi, Oomycetes and Nematodes
259(1)
8.1.2 Pathogenicity Mechanisms
260(3)
8.2 Plant Defences Against Microbial Pathogens and Viruses
263(13)
8.2.1 Preformed Defences Against Bacteria, Fungi and Oomycetes
264(2)
8.2.2 Inducible Local Defences
266(6)
8.2.3 Inducible Systemic Resistance
272(2)
8.2.4 Defence Against Viruses via Gene Silencing
274(2)
8.3 Herbivory
276(14)
8.3.1 Constitutive Defences
277(5)
8.3.2 Inducible Defences Against Herbivores
282(5)
8.3.3 How Plant-Herbivore Interactions Drive Genetic Diversity
287(3)
8.4 Parasitic Plants
290(3)
8.5 Allelopathy
293(1)
Summary
294(3)
References
297(6)
Part II Physiological and Biophysical Plant Ecology
9 Thermal Balance of Plants and Plant Communities
303(26)
9.1 Energy Balance of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer
304(8)
9.2 Microclimate Near the Ground Surface
312(7)
9.2.1 Daily Changes in Temperature Near the Ground
312(1)
9.2.2 Modification of Environmental Radiation and Temperature by Abiotic Factors
313(1)
9.2.3 Modification of the Radiation Budget and Temperature by Biotic Factors
314(5)
9.3 Energy Balance of Leaves
319(2)
9.4 Acclimation and Adaptation to Temperature Extremes
321(5)
9.4.1 Acclimation and Adaptation to High Temperatures
322(3)
9.4.2 Acclimation and Adaptation to Low Temperatures
325(1)
Summary
326(1)
References
327(2)
10 Water Relations
329(38)
10.1 Water as an Environmental Factor
330(9)
10.1.1 Water Use by Plants and Animals
330(2)
10.1.2 Availability of Water on Earth
332(3)
10.1.3 Drivers of Water Flow Between the Soil and the Atmosphere
335(4)
10.2 Water Transport from the Soil to the Plant
339(17)
10.2.1 Water Uptake
339(8)
10.2.2 Xylem Water Transport
347(6)
10.2.3 Phloem Water Transport
353(3)
10.3 Transpiration
356(6)
10.3.1 Stomatal Responses to Plant-Internal Factors
359(1)
10.3.2 Stomatal Responses to Environmental Factors
360(2)
Summary
362(1)
References
363(4)
11 Nutrient Relations
367(34)
11.1 Availability of Soil Nutrients and Ion Use
368(11)
11.1.1 Plant Nutrients
368(1)
11.1.2 Availability of Nutrients in Soil
368(3)
11.1.3 General Aspects of Plant Nutrition
371(6)
11.1.4 Nutrient Deficiency and Excess
377(2)
11.2 Nitrogen Nutrition
379(8)
11.2.1 Nitrogen in Plant Metabolism
379(1)
11.2.2 Nitrogen Uptake and Nutrition
379(4)
11.2.3 Nitrogen Requirements for Growth
383(2)
11.2.4 Nitrogen Storage
385(1)
11.2.5 Insectivorous Plants
386(1)
11.2.6 Nitrogen Deficiency and Excess
387(1)
11.3 Sulphur Nutrition
387(3)
11.3.1 Sulphur in Plant Metabolism
387(2)
11.3.2 Sulphur Uptake and Plant Requirements
389(1)
11.3.3 Indicators of Sulphur Deficiency and Excess
389(1)
11.4 Phosphate Nutrition
390(1)
11.4.1 Phosphorus in Plant Metabolism
390(1)
11.4.2 Phosphate Uptake and Plant Requirements
390(1)
11.4.3 Indicators of Phosphorus Deficiency and Excess
391(1)
11.5 Alkaline Cation Nutrition
391(5)
11.5.1 Magnesium
391(2)
11.5.2 Calcium
393(1)
11.5.3 Potassium
394(2)
Summary
396(1)
References
397(4)
12 Carbon Relations
401(58)
12.1 Photosynthetic C02 Uptake: Physiological and Physical Basis
402(7)
12.1.1 Photosynthesis as a Diffusion Process
402(3)
12.1.2 Evolution of C3, C4 and Crassulacean Acid Metabolism Plant Species
405(4)
12.2 Photosynthesis Models and Calculation of 13C/12C Fluxes (Contribution by A. Ameth)
409(3)
12.2.1 RubisCO-Limited or RuBP-Saturated Rate (Av)
409(1)
12.2.2 RuBP Regeneration-Dependent and Electron Transport-Limiting Rate (Aj)
410(1)
12.2.3 Supply of CO2 Through Stomata
410(1)
12.2.4 13C/12C Discrimination
411(1)
12.3 Specific Leaf Area, Nitrogen Concentrations and Photosynthetic Capacity
412(2)
12.3.1 Specific Leaf Area
412(2)
12.3.2 Maximum Rates of CO2 Assimilation
414(1)
12.4 Response of Photosynthesis to Environmental Variables
414(14)
12.4.1 Light Response of CO2 Assimilation
414(2)
12.4.2 Temperature Response of CO2 Assimilation
416(3)
12.4.3 Relative Air Humidity Response of CO2 Assimilation
419(1)
12.4.4 Nutrient Response of CO2 Assimilation
419(1)
12.4.5 Water Stress Response of CO2 Assimilation
419(1)
12.4.6 CO2 Response of CO2 Assimilation
420(1)
12.4.7 Developmental Responses of CO2 Assimilation
421(1)
12.4.8 Daily Courses of CO2 Assimilation and Water Use
421(5)
12.4.9 Distribution of C3, C4 and Crassulacean Acid Metabolism Species in the Course of Earth History
426(2)
12.5 Growth and Storage
428(6)
12.5.1 Whole-Plant Carbon Balance and Biomass Production
428(1)
12.5.2 Respiration
429(1)
12.5.3 Growth
430(2)
12.5.4 Storage and Feedback
432(2)
12.6 Carbon and Nitrogen Balance in Different Plant Types
434(14)
12.6.1 Annual Species
435(3)
12.6.2 Biennial Species
438(2)
12.6.3 Perennial Herbaceous Plants
440(2)
12.6.4 Woody Plants
442(6)
Summary
448(1)
References
449(10)
Part III Ecosystem Ecology
13 Ecosystem Characteristics
459(22)
13.1 Boundaries and Size of Ecosystems
461(1)
13.2 Components of an Ecosystem
462(1)
13.3 Ecosystem Complexity and Interactions of Processes and Drivers
463(4)
13.3.1 Unpredicted Existence of Neighbours
463(1)
13.3.2 Scaling up of Processes
464(1)
13.3.3 Response Functions to Interacting Drivers
464(1)
13.3.4 Self-Thinning
465(2)
13.4 Concepts of Equilibrium, Resistance and Resilience, Susceptibility and Vulnerability
467(1)
13.5 Impacts of Slow Continuous Forcing and Sudden Disturbances
468(7)
13.5.1 Slow Continuous Forcing
469(1)
13.5.2 Sudden Disturbances and Reallocation of Pools
469(2)
13.5.3 Sudden Disturbances and Loss of Pools
471(1)
13.5.4 Impacts on Species Composition
472(3)
13.6 Ecosystem Budget Approach
475(4)
13.6.1 Stand Growth
476(1)
13.6.2 Mean Residence Times
476(1)
13.6.3 Loss of Resources
477(2)
Summary
479(1)
References
479(2)
14 Approaches to Study Terrestrial Ecosystems
481(32)
14.1 Observations
483(11)
14.1.1 Whole-Ecosystem Observations
484(4)
14.1.2 Transects and Chronosequences
488(2)
14.1.3 Grid-Based Inventories
490(1)
14.1.4 Remote Sensing
491(2)
14.1.5 "Natural Experiments"
493(1)
14.2 Experiments
494(13)
14.2.1 Manipulations of Pools and Processes
494(2)
14.2.2 Manipulations of Environmental Conditions
496(4)
14.2.3 Manipulations of Biodiversity
500(2)
14.2.4 Manipulations of Management and Changes in Land Cover
502(3)
14.2.5 Artificial Ecosystems
505(2)
Summary
507(1)
References
508(5)
15 Approaches to Model Processes at the Ecosystem Level (Contribution by C. Sierra)
513(16)
15.1 Classification of Ecosystem Models
514(1)
15.1.1 Model Dichotomies
514(1)
15.1.2 Model Classes
515(1)
15.2 Basic Approach to Model Development
515(2)
15.3 General Ecosystem Carbon Model
517(2)
15.3.1 Carbon Uptake: U(t)
517(1)
15.3.2 Carbon Allocation: b
518(1)
15.3.3 Cycling Rates in Ecosystem Pools: C
518(1)
15.3.4 Transfers and Transformations of Organic Material: A
518(1)
15.3.5 Environmental Effects on Cycling Rates
519(1)
15.4 Examples of Ecosystem Carbon Models
519(4)
15.4.1 Simple Vegetation-Soil Model
519(1)
15.4.2 Eight-Pool Model of Luo and Weng (2011)
520(3)
15.5 Properties of Ecosystem Carbon Models
523(2)
15.5.1 Role of Inputs and Cycling Rates on Ecosystem Carbon Storage
523(1)
15.5.2 Residence and Response Times
523(1)
15.5.3 Disturbance Effects
524(1)
Summary
525(1)
References
526(3)
16 Biogeochemical Fluxes in Terrestrial Ecosystems
529(54)
16.1 Water Fluxes in Terrestrial Ecosystems
530(15)
16.1.1 Water Budget at Ecosystem Scale
530(3)
16.1.2 Water Uptake of Trees
533(2)
16.1.3 Evapotranspiration at Canopy and Ecosystem Scales
535(5)
16.1.4 Imposed and Equilibrium Evapotranspiration of Leaves and Canopies
540(4)
16.1.5 Responses of Terrestrial Ecosystems to Drought
544(1)
16.2 Carbon Fluxes in Terrestrial Ecosystems
545(17)
16.2.1 Carbon Pools and Fluxes in Terrestrial Ecosystems
545(5)
16.2.2 Decomposition and Stabilisation of Organic Matter in Terrestrial Ecosystems
550(5)
16.2.3 Net Ecosystem Production and Net Biome Production
555(5)
16.2.4 Fluxes of CFL, and Other Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds
560(2)
16.3 Nitrogen Fluxes in Terrestrial Ecosystems
562(5)
16.4 Cation Fluxes in Terrestrial Ecosystems
567(4)
Summary
571(2)
References
573(10)
Part IV Community Ecology and Biological Diversity
17 Development of Plant Communities in Time
583(74)
17.1 Introduction
584(1)
17.2 Development of Plants during Life History on Earth
584(37)
17.2.1 History of Vegetation to the End of the Tertiary
585(3)
17.2.2 Change of Climate and Vegetation in Pleistocene
588(1)
17.2.3 Late and Postglacial Climate and Vegetation History
589(7)
17.2.4 Changes in Vegetation Owing to Human Influence
596(16)
17.2.5 Classification of Anthropogenic Influences and Their Consequences for Vegetation
612(2)
17.2.6 Anthropogenic Influences on Vegetation in Mediterranean, Saharan and Tropical Environments
614(7)
17.3 General Vegetation Dynamics
621(28)
17.3.1 Short-Term and Seasonal Vegetation Dynamics
622(5)
17.3.2 Long-Term Vegetation Dynamics
627(14)
17.3.3 Vegetation Dynamics and Strategy Models
641(6)
17.3.4 Vegetation Dynamics and Influence of Animals
647(1)
17.3.5 Further Aspects for Understanding Vegetation Dynamics
648(1)
17.4 Ecological Stability of Plant Communities and Disturbances
649(1)
Summary
650(2)
References
652(5)
18 Spatial Distribution of Plants and Plant Communities
657(32)
18.1 Introduction
658(1)
18.2 Plant Dispersal
658(9)
18.2.1 Traits and Vectors
659(3)
18.2.2 Effectiveness of Dispersal Mechanisms
662(2)
18.2.3 Propagule Bank and Seedling Establishment
664(2)
18.2.4 Distribution Patterns
666(1)
18.3 Vegetation Geography
667(7)
18.3.1 Characterisation and Interpretation of Areas
667(5)
18.3.2 Area Types-Floristic Elements-Plant Kingdoms
672(2)
18.4 Species-Area Relationships
674(10)
18.4.1 Equilibrium Theory of Island Biogeography
676(4)
18.4.2 "Oceanic" and "Mainland" Islands
680(2)
18.4.3 More Models of Island Biogeography Related to the Number of Species and Area
682(2)
18.5 Problems of Pattern and Scale
684(2)
Summary
686(1)
References
686(3)
19 Interactions Between Plants, Plant Communities and the Abiotic and Biotic Environment
689(54)
19.1 Introduction
690(1)
19.2 Influences of Vegetation on Site Conditions
690(6)
19.2.1 Influences of Vegetation on Climatic Conditions
691(3)
19.2.2 Influences of Vegetation on Weathering and Topography
694(1)
19.2.3 Influences of Vegetation on Soils
695(1)
19.3 Interactions Among Plants (Contribution by C. F. Dormann)
696(18)
19.3.1 Positive and Neutral Plant-Plant Interactions
696(4)
19.3.2 Competition and Coexistence
700(9)
19.3.3 Competition and Its Consequences for Plant Community Structure and Diversity
709(2)
19.3.4 Relevance of Plant-Plant Interactions for Practical Applications
711(3)
19.4 Interactions Between Plants and Animals (Contribution by H. M. Schaefer)
714(23)
19.4.1 Classification of Plant-Animal Interactions
717(1)
19.4.2 Evolutionary History of Biological Interactions
718(4)
19.4.3 Herbivory
722(5)
19.4.4 Carnivory
727(1)
19.4.5 Pollination
728(5)
19.4.6 Seed Dispersal By Animals
733(2)
19.4.7 Mycorrhizal Symbiosis
735(1)
19.4.8 Influences of Abiotic Environment on Plant-Animal Interactions
736(1)
Summary
737(1)
References
738(5)
20 Biodiversity
743(84)
20.1 Introduction
744(1)
20.2 Various Facets of Biodiversity
745(20)
20.2.1 Compositional Diversity
746(8)
20.2.2 Structural Diversity
754(2)
20.2.3 Functional Diversity
756(7)
20.2.4 Phylogenetic Diversity
763(2)
20.3 Environmental Controls of Biodiversity
765(14)
20.3.1 Latitudinal Gradients
767(2)
20.3.2 Environmental Heterogeneity
769(3)
20.3.3 Productivity--Species Richness Relationships
772(4)
20.3.4 Biodiversity, Assembly Rules and Environmental Filters
776(3)
20.4 Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning
779(35)
20.4.1 Species Identity and Dominance Effects on Ecosystem Processes
781(2)
20.4.2 Biodiversity Effects on Biomass Production
783(9)
20.4.3 Biodiversity Effects on Other Ecosystem Functions
792(2)
20.4.4 Biodiversity Effects on Other Trophic Levels
794(1)
20.4.5 Biodiversity and Multifunctionality
795(2)
20.4.6 Different Metrics of Biodiversity Affecting Ecosystem Functioning
797(1)
20.4.7 Context Dependency of Biodiversity Effects on Ecosystems
798(3)
20.4.8 Plant Biodiversity and the Stability of Ecosystem Functioning
801(1)
20.4.9 Mechanisms Underlying Biodiversity-Ecosystem Functioning Relationships
802(9)
20.4.10 Value of Biodiversity-Ecosystem Functioning Research
811(3)
Summary
814(1)
References
815(12)
Part V Global Ecology
21 Global Biogeochemical Cycles
827(16)
21.1 Distribution of Global Terrestrial Ecosystems
828(1)
21.2 Global Biogeochemical Cycles
828(10)
21.2.1 Global Carbon Cycle
831(2)
21.2.2 Global Water Cycle
833(3)
21.2.3 Global Nitrogen Cycle
836(1)
21.2.4 Global Sulphur Cycle
837(1)
21.3 Ecosystem Services
838(2)
Summary
840(1)
References
840(3)
22 Dynamic Global Vegetation Models (Contribution by S. Zaehle)
843(22)
22.1 Anatomy of a DGVM
844(2)
22.2 Biogeochemical Cycling
846(3)
22.2.1 Plant Carbon Assimilation
846(1)
22.2.2 Plant Growth
847(1)
22.2.3 Decay of Litter and Soil Organic Matter
848(1)
22.2.4 Hydrological Cycle
848(1)
22.2.5 Nutrient Cycles
848(1)
22.3 Biogeography
849(3)
22.3.1 Concept of Plant Functional Types in Models
849(1)
22.3.2 Scaling from Plant to Community
850(1)
22.3.3 Disturbances
851(1)
22.3.4 Anthropogenic Land Use and Disturbance
852(1)
22.4 Evaluating DGVMs
852(4)
22.4.1 Ecosystem Gas Exchange Measurements
852(2)
22.4.2 NPP and Inventories
854(1)
22.4.3 Remotely Sensed Vegetation Greenness
854(1)
22.4.4 Atmospheric CO2 Monitoring
854(1)
22.4.5 Ecosystem Manipulation Experiments
855(1)
22.5 Applications of DGVMs
856(1)
22.6 Conclusions and Outlook
857(1)
Summary
858(1)
References
858(7)
23 Global Change and Terrestrial Ecosystems
865(36)
23.1 Global Change
866(2)
23.2 Land Use and Land-Use Change
868(8)
23.2.1 Agriculture and Forestry
869(1)
23.2.2 Consequences of Land Use on Biogeochemical Pools and Fluxes
870(6)
23.3 Climate Change
876(11)
23.3.1 Changes in Atmospheric Conditions
876(6)
23.3.2 Responses of Terrestrial Ecosystems to Climate Change
882(3)
23.3.3 Feedbacks of Terrestrial Ecosystems to Climate
885(2)
23.4 Changes in Biodiversity
887(4)
23.5 Global Agreements to Address Global Ecological Challenges
891(3)
23.5.1 Biological Diversity
891(2)
23.5.2 Climate Change
893(1)
Summary
894(1)
References
895(6)
Species Index 901(8)
Subject Index 909
Ernst-Detlef Schulze Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry

Jena, Germany

dschulze@bgc-jena.mpg.de

 

Erwin Beck

University of Bayreuth

Department of Plant Physiology

Bayreuth, Germany

erwin.beck@uni-bayreuth.de

 

Nina Buchmann

ETH Zurich

Institute of Agricultural Science

Zurich, Switzerland

nina.buchmann@usys.ethz.ch

 

 

Stephan Clemens

University of Bayreuth

Department of Plant Physiology

Bayreuth, Germany

stephan.clemens@uni-bayreuth.de

 

Klaus Müller-Hohenstein

University of Bayreuth

Department of Biogeography

Bayreuth, Germany

kumueho@t-online.de

 

Michael Scherer-Lorenzen

University of Freiburg

Institute of Biology II

Freiburg, Germany

michael.scherer@biologie.uni-freiburg.de

 
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