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Plant Factory: An Indoor Vertical Farming System for Efficient Quality Food Production 2nd edition [Minkštas viršelis]

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Edited by (Texas AgriLife Research and Extension Center at Dallas, Texas A&M University System, Dallas, TX, USA), Edited by (Center for Environment, Health and Field Sciences, Chiba University Chiba,), Edited by (Japan Plant Factory Association (NPO), Chiba, Japan)
  • Formatas: Paperback / softback, 516 pages, aukštis x plotis: 235x191 mm, weight: 1020 g
  • Išleidimo metai: 06-Nov-2019
  • Leidėjas: Academic Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 0128166916
  • ISBN-13: 9780128166918
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Plant Factory: An Indoor Vertical Farming System for Efficient Quality Food Production 2nd editionDidesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: Paperback / softback, 516 pages, aukštis x plotis: 235x191 mm, weight: 1020 g
  • Išleidimo metai: 06-Nov-2019
  • Leidėjas: Academic Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 0128166916
  • ISBN-13: 9780128166918
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Pastovi nuoroda: https://www.kriso.lt/db/9780128166918.html
Raktažodžiai:

Plant Factory: An Indoor Vertical Farming System for Efficient Quality Food Production presents a comprehensive look at the implementation of plant factory (PF) practices to yield food crops for both improved food security and environmental sustainability. Now in its second edition, the book has been fully revised and updated to include the last advances in PF technologies. Edited and authored by leading experts in PF and controlled environment agriculture (CEA), the book is divided into five sections, each focused on a key element of successful PF: Section 1: Overview and Concept of Closed Plant Production Systems (CPPS), Section 2: Basics of Physics and Physiology – Environments and Their Efffects; Section 3: System Design, Construction, Cultivation and Management and Section 4: Plant Factories in Operation.

In addition to new coverage reflecting the rapid advancement of LED technology and its application in indoor vertical farming, other revisions to the new edition include updated information on the status of business and R&D and selected commercial PFALs (plant factory with artificial lighting) worldwide in representative countries. Additional updates include those focused on micro and mini-PFALs for improving the quality of life in urban areas, the physics and physiology of light, the impact of PFAL on the medicinal components of plants, and the system design, construction, cultivation and management issues related to transplant production within closed systems, photoautotrophic micro-propagation and education, training and intensive business forums on PFs.

  • Now includes coverage of LED technology
  • Includes case-studies for real-world insights and application
  • Addresses PF from economics and planning to operation and life-cycle assessment
Contributors xxiii
Preface xxvii
PART 1 Overview and concept of closed plant production system (CPPS)
Chapter 1 Introduction
3(4)
Toyoki Kozai
Genhua Niu
References
6(1)
Chapter 2 Role of the plant factory with artificial lighting (PFAL) in urban areas
7(28)
Toyoki Kozai
Genhua Niu
2.1 Introduction
7(1)
2.2 Interrelated global issues to be solved concurrently
7(2)
2.3 Resource inflow and waste outflow in urban areas
9(2)
2.4 Energy and material balance in Urban ecosystems
11(9)
2.4.1 Photoautotrophs (plants) and heterotrophs (animals and microorganisms)
11(1)
2.4.2 Waste produced in urban areas as an essential resource for growing plants
12(1)
2.4.3 Plant production systems integrated with other biological systems
13(2)
2.4.4 Role of organic fertilizers and microorganisms in the soil
15(1)
2.4.5 Stability and controllability of the environment in plant production systems
16(1)
2.4.6 Key indices for sustainable food production
17(1)
2.4.7 What is "PFAL"?
18(1)
2.4.8 Plants suited and unsuited to PFALs
19(1)
2.5 Growing social needs and interest in PFALs
20(1)
2.6 Criticisms of PFALs and responses to them
21(9)
2.6.1 Introduction
21(1)
2.6.2 Initial cost is too high
22(1)
2.6.3 Production cost is too high
22(2)
2.6.4 Electricity cost is too high, whereas solar light is free
24(1)
2.6.5 Labor cost is too high
25(1)
2.6.6 PFAL-grown vegetables are neither tasty nor nutritious
26(1)
2.6.7 Most PFALs are not making a profit
27(1)
2.6.8 Land price is too high
27(1)
2.6.9 Water consumption for irrigation is too high
27(1)
2.6.10 PFALs can only produce leafy greens---minor vegetables---economically
28(2)
2.7 Toward a sustainable PFAL
30(3)
2.7.1 Requirements for a sustainable PFAL
30(1)
2.7.2 Factors affecting the sustainability of PFALs
31(1)
2.7.3 Similarities between the Earth, space farms, autonomous cities, and PFALs
32(1)
2.8 Conclusion
33(2)
References
33(2)
Chapter 3 PFAL business and R&D in Asia and North America: status and perspectives
35(42)
3.1 Introduction
35(1)
3.2 Japan
35(4)
Toyoki Kozai
3.2.1 Brief history and current status of the PFAL business
35(2)
3.2.2 Research and development
37(1)
3.2.3 Public service
38(1)
3.3 Taiwan
39(12)
Wei Fang
3.3.1 Status of PFALs in Taiwan
39(1)
3.3.2 PFAL expo in Taiwan
40(1)
3.3.3 PFAL research
41(8)
3.3.4 Business models of PFAL in Taiwan
49(2)
3.3.5 Conclusions
51(1)
3.4 Korea
51(4)
Changhoo Chun
3.4.1 PFALs, an icon of innovation in future production and consumption
51(1)
3.4.2 Research and technical development (RTD)
52(2)
3.4.3 Private companies and farms in the PFAL business
54(1)
3.4.4 Achievements and challenges
54(1)
3.5 China
55(9)
Yuxin Tong
Qichang Yang
3.5.1 Development and current status of PFALs in China
55(1)
3.5.2 Research activities
55(1)
3.5.3 Typical PFALs and case studies
55(8)
3.5.4 Conclusion
63(1)
3.6 Thailand
64(5)
Watcharra Chintakovid
Kanyaratt Supaibulwatana
3.6.1 R&D on PFALs in Thailand
64(2)
3.6.2 R&D and business in the private sector
66(3)
3.6.3 Policy and future prospects for PFALs
69(1)
3.7 North America
69(8)
Chieri Kubota
3.7.1 History
69(1)
3.7.2 Contribution of space science
70(1)
3.7.3 Current status and future prospects
71(2)
References
73(2)
Further reading
75(2)
Chapter 4 Vertical farming in Europe: present status and outlook
77(16)
Michele Butturini
Leo F.M. Marcelis
4.1 Introduction
77(2)
4.2 Vertical farming nonprofit sector associations
79(1)
4.3 The entrepreneurial landscape
79(9)
4.3.1 Overview
79(1)
4.3.2 Examples for each vertical farming typology
80(4)
4.3.3 A deeper look into the Dutch vertical farming landscape
84(1)
4.3.4 Projects expected to be completed in the near future
85(1)
4.3.5 Examples of vertical farming as a new market for established European companies
86(2)
4.4 Final remarks and conclusions
88(5)
Acknowledgments
88(1)
References
88(5)
Chapter 5 Plant factory as a resource-efficient closed plant production system
93(24)
Toyoki Kozai
Genhua Niu
5.1 Introduction
94(1)
5.2 Definition and principal components of PFAL
95(1)
5.3 Definition of resource use efficiency
96(7)
5.3.1 Water use efficiency
97(2)
5.3.2 CO2 use efficiency
99(2)
5.3.3 Light energy use efficiency of lamps and plant community
101(1)
5.3.4 Electrical energy use efficiency of lighting
102(1)
5.3.5 Electrical energy use efficiency of heat pumps for cooling
103(1)
5.3.6 Inorganic fertilizer use efficiency
103(1)
5.4 Representative values of resource use efficiency
103(1)
5.5 Electricity consumption and cost
104(1)
5.6 Improving light energy use efficiency
105(4)
5.6.1 Introduction
105(1)
5.6.2 Interplant lighting and upward lighting
106(1)
5.6.3 Improving the ratio of light energy received by leaves
107(1)
5.6.4 Using LEDs
107(1)
5.6.5 Controlling environmental factors other than light
107(1)
5.6.6 Controlling air current speed
108(1)
5.6.7 Increasing the salable portion of plants
108(1)
5.6.8 Increasing annual production capacity and sales volume per unit land area
109(1)
5.7 Estimation of rates of photosynthesis, transpiration, and water and nutrient uptake
109(2)
5.7.1 Introduction
109(1)
5.7.2 Net photosynthetic rate
109(1)
5.7.3 Transpiration rate
110(1)
5.7.4 Water uptake rate by plants
111(1)
5.7.5 Ion uptake rate by plants
111(1)
5.7.6 Application
111(1)
5.8 Coefficient of performance of heat pump
111(6)
References
112(5)
Chapter 6 Micro- and mini-PFALs for improving the quality of life in urban areas
117(12)
Michiko Takagaki
Hiromichi Hara
Toyoki Kozai
6.1 Introduction
117(1)
6.2 Characteristics and types of m-PFALs
117(1)
6.3 m-PFALs in various scenes
118(6)
6.3.1 Homes
118(1)
6.3.2 Restaurants and shopping centers
119(1)
6.3.3 Schools and community centers
119(3)
6.3.4 Hospitals
122(1)
6.3.5 Offices
123(1)
6.3.6 Small shops and rental m-PFALs
123(1)
6.4 Design concept of m-PFALs
124(1)
6.5 m-PFALs connected by the internet
124(1)
6.6 Advanced usage of m-PFAL
125(1)
6.6.1 Connecting with a virtual m-PFAL
125(1)
6.6.2 Visualizing plant growth as affected by energy and material balance
126(1)
6.6.3 Maximizing productivity and benefits using minimum resources
126(1)
6.6.4 Learning the basics of an ecosystem
126(1)
6.6.5 Challenges
126(1)
6.7 m-PFALs connected with other biosystems as a model ecosystem
126(2)
6.8 Light source and lighting system design
128(1)
Acknowledgments
128(1)
References
128(1)
Chapter 7 Rooftop plant production systems in urban areas
129(10)
Nadia Sabeh
7.1 Introduction
129(1)
7.2 Rooftop plant production
129(2)
7.2.1 Raised-bed production
130(1)
7.2.2 Continuous row farming
131(1)
7.2.3 Hydroponic greenhouse growing
131(1)
7.3 Building integration
131(8)
7.3.1 Stormwater management
131(2)
7.3.2 Energy use reductions
133(2)
References
135(4)
PART 2 Basics of physics and physiology - Environments and their effects
Chapter 8 Light sources
139(14)
Kazuhiro Fujiwara
8.1 Introduction
139(1)
8.2 Classification of light sources
139(1)
8.3 Light-emitting diodes
140(7)
8.3.1 General benefits
140(1)
8.3.2 Outline of the light-emitting mechanism
141(1)
8.3.3 Configuration types
141(1)
8.3.4 Basic terms expressing electrical and optical characteristics
142(2)
8.3.5 Electrical and thermal characteristics in operation
144(1)
8.3.6 Lighting and light intensity control methods
144(1)
8.3.7 Lesser-known benefits and disadvantages related to use
144(1)
8.3.8 LED modules with different color LEDs for PFALs
145(1)
8.3.9 Pulsed light and its effects
146(1)
8.3.10 Description of LED luminaire performance for plant cultivation
146(1)
8.4 Fluorescent lamps
147(6)
8.4.1 General benefits
149(1)
8.4.2 Configuration of tubular fluorescent lamps
149(1)
8.4.3 Outline of the light emission mechanism and process
149(1)
8.4.4 Relative spectral radiant flux of light emitted from a fluorescent lamp
149(1)
References
150(3)
Chapter 9 Plant responses to light
153(14)
Haijie Dou
Genhua Niu
9.1 Physical properties of light and its measurement
153(3)
9.1.1 Physical properties
153(1)
9.1.2 Light measurement
154(2)
9.2 Plant responses to light environments
156(7)
9.2.1 Photoreceptors
156(3)
9.2.2 Plant response to light intensity, photoperiod, and daily light integral
159(2)
9.2.3 Plant response to light quality
161(2)
9.3 Conclusion
163(4)
References
164(3)
Chapter 10 LED advancements for plant-factory artificial lighting
167(18)
Cary A. Mitchell
Fatemeh Sheibani
10.1 Need for CEA of all kinds
167(1)
10.2 All-important energy costs
167(1)
10.3 Pre-LED era
168(1)
10.4 Enter light-emitting diodes (LEDs)
168(1)
10.5 History of LED use for plant lighting
169(1)
10.6 First LED/plant-growth tests
169(1)
10.7 NASA spinoff
170(1)
10.8 Sorting out the spectral contributions of LED wavebands
170(1)
10.9 Red light
171(1)
10.10 Blue light
172(1)
10.11 Green light
173(1)
10.12 Far-red light
174(1)
10.13 White light from LEDs
175(1)
10.14 UV radiation from LEDs
176(1)
10.15 Advances in LEDs for PFAL
177(1)
10.16 Intrinsic LED efficiency
177(1)
10.17 Advances in LED utilization
178(1)
10.18 Distribution of light from LEDs
178(1)
10.19 Leveraging the unique properties of LEDs
179(1)
10.20 Phasic co-optimization of LED lighting with the aerial environment
179(1)
10.21 Multiple light/growth prescriptions simultaneously in a warehouse
180(1)
10.22 Summary
180(5)
References
180(5)
Chapter 11 Physical environmental factors and their properties
185(12)
Genhua Niu
Toyoki Kozai
Nadia Sabeh
11.1 Introduction
185(1)
11.2 Temperature, energy, and heat
185(3)
11.2.1 Energy balance
185(1)
11.2.2 Radiation
186(1)
11.2.3 Heat conduction and convection
186(1)
11.2.4 Latent heat---transpiration
187(1)
11.2.5 Measurement of temperature
187(1)
11.3 Water vapor
188(1)
11.3.1 Humidity
188(1)
11.3.2 Vapor pressure deficit
188(1)
11.3.3 Measurement of humidity
189(1)
11.4 Moist air properties
189(4)
11.4.1 Composition of air
189(1)
11.4.2 Psychrometric chart
190(3)
11.5 CO2 concentration
193(1)
11.5.1 Nature
193(1)
11.5.2 Dynamic changes of CO2 concentration in PFALs
193(1)
11.5.3 Measurement of CO2 concentration
193(1)
11.6 Air current speed
194(1)
11.6.1 Nature and definition
194(1)
11.6.2 Measurement
194(1)
11.7 Number of air exchanges per hour
194(3)
11.7.1 Nature and definition
194(1)
11.7.2 Measurement of air exchange
195(1)
References
195(2)
Chapter 12 Photosynthesis and respiration
197(10)
Wataru Yamori
12.1 Introduction
197(1)
12.2 Photosynthesis
197(3)
12.2.1 Light absorption by photosynthetic pigments
197(2)
12.2.2 Electron transport and bioenergetics
199(1)
12.2.3 Carbon fixation and metabolism
199(1)
12.3 C3, C4, and CAM photosynthesis
200(1)
12.4 Respiration
201(1)
12.5 Photorespiration
202(1)
12.6 Leaf area index (LAI) and light penetration
203(1)
12.7 Single leaf and canopy
204(3)
References
205(2)
Chapter 13 Growth, development, transpiration, and translocation as affected by abiotic environmental factors
207(14)
Chieri Kubota
13.1 Introduction
207(1)
13.2 Shoot and root growth
207(2)
13.2.1 Growth: definition
207(1)
13.2.2 Root growth
208(1)
13.3 Environmental factors affecting plant growth and development
209(5)
13.3.1 Temperature and plant growth and development
209(1)
13.3.2 Daily light integral
210(1)
13.3.3 Light quality
211(1)
13.3.4 Humidity (VPD)
212(1)
13.3.5 CO2 concentration
212(1)
13.3.6 Air current speed
213(1)
13.3.7 Nutrient and root zone
213(1)
13.4 Development (photoperiodism and temperature affecting flower development)
214(1)
13.5 Transpiration
215(2)
13.6 Translocation
217(4)
References
218(3)
Chapter 14 Nutrition and nutrient uptake in soilless culture systems
221(10)
Satoru Tsukagoshi
Yutaka Shinohara
14.1 Introduction
221(1)
14.2 Essential elements
221(3)
14.3 Beneficial elements
224(1)
14.4 Nutrient uptake and movement
225(1)
14.5 Nutrient solution
226(1)
14.6 Solution pH and nutrient uptake
226(1)
14.7 Nitrogen form
227(1)
14.8 New concept: quantitative management
228(1)
14.9 Can individual ion concentrations be managed automatically?
228(3)
References
229(2)
Chapter 15 Tipburn
231(4)
Torn Maruo
Masahumi Johkan
15.1 Introduction
231(1)
15.2 Cause of tipburn
232(2)
15.2.1 Inhibition of Ca2+ absorption in root
232(1)
15.2.2 Inhibition of Ca2+ transfer from root to shoot
232(1)
15.2.3 Competition for Ca2+ distribution
233(1)
15.3 Countermeasure
234(1)
References
234(1)
Chapter 16 Functional components in leafy vegetables
235(10)
Keiko Ohashi-Kaneko
16.1 Introduction
235(1)
16.2 Low-potassium vegetables
235(1)
16.3 Low-nitrate vegetables
236(2)
16.3.1 Restriction of feeding nitrate fertilizer to plants
236(1)
16.3.2 Reduction in accumulated nitrate by assimilation of nitrate
237(1)
16.4 Improving the quality of leafy vegetables by controlling light quality
238(3)
16.4.1 Leafy vegetables
238(1)
16.4.2 Herbs
238(3)
16.5 Conclusion
241(4)
References
241(4)
Chapter 17 Medicinal components
245(6)
Sma Zobayed
17.1 Introduction
245(1)
17.2 Growing medicinal plants under controlled environments: medicinal components and environmental factors
246(3)
17.2.1 CO2 concentration and photosynthetic rates
246(1)
17.2.2 Temperature stress
246(1)
17.2.3 Water stress
247(1)
17.2.4 Spectral quality and UV radiation
247(2)
17.3 Conclusion
249(2)
References
249(2)
Chapter 18 Production of pharmaceuticals in a specially designed plant factory
251(10)
Eiji Goto
18.1 Introduction
251(1)
18.2 Candidate crops for PMPs
252(1)
18.3 Construction of GM plant factories
253(2)
18.4 Optimization of environment conditions for plant growth
255(3)
18.4.1 Strawberry
255(1)
18.4.2 Tomato
256(1)
18.4.3 Rice
256(2)
18.5 Concluding remarks
258(3)
References
258(3)
PART 3 System design, construction, cultivation and management
Chapter 19 Plant production process, floor plan, and layout of PFAL
261(12)
Toyoki Kozai
19.1 Introduction
261(1)
19.2 Motion economy and PDCA cycle
261(1)
19.2.1 Principles of motion economy
261(1)
19.2.2 PDCA cycle
262(1)
19.3 Plant production process
262(1)
19.4 Layout
263(4)
19.4.1 Floor plan
263(2)
19.4.2 Operation room
265(1)
19.4.3 Cultivation room
266(1)
19.5 Sanitation control
267(6)
19.5.1 Biological cleanness
267(4)
19.5.2 ISO22000 and HACCP for food safety
271(1)
References
271(2)
Chapter 20 Hydroponic systems
273(12)
Jung Eek Son
Hak Jin Kim
Tae In Ahn
20.1 Introduction
273(1)
20.2 Hydroponic systems
273(1)
20.3 Sensors and controllers
274(1)
20.4 Nutrient management systems
274(4)
20.4.1 Open and closed hydroponic systems
274(2)
20.4.2 Changes in nutrient balance under EC-based hydroponic systems
276(2)
20.5 Ion-specific nutrient management
278(3)
20.6 Sterilization systems
281(4)
References
282(3)
Chapter 21 Seeding, seedling production and transplanting
285(14)
Osamu Nunomura
Toyoki Kozai
Kimiko Shinozaki
Takahiro Oshio
21.1 Introduction
285(1)
21.2 Preparation
285(3)
21.3 Seeding
288(6)
21.4 Seedling production and transplanting
294(5)
Chapter 22 Transplant production in closed systems
299(34)
22.1 Introduction
299(1)
22.2 Main components and their functions
299(5)
Toyoki Kozai
22.2.1 Main components
300(1)
22.2.2 Light source, air conditioners, and small fans
300(3)
22.2.3 Electricity costs
303(1)
22.2.4 Nutrient solution supply
304(1)
22.3 Ecophysiology of transplant production
304(8)
Toshio Shibuya
22.3.1 Introduction
304(1)
22.3.2 Effects of light quality on photosynthetic performance in transplants
305(2)
22.3.3 Effects of the physical environment on biotic stress resistance in transplants
307(1)
22.3.4 Effects of plant---plant interactions on gas exchange within transplant canopy
308(3)
22.3.5 Effects of light quality on light competition between neighboring plants and consequent equality of plant growth
311(1)
22.3.6 Conclusions
312(1)
22.4 Photosynthetic characteristics of vegetable and medicinal transplants as affected by the light environment
312(6)
Dongxian He
22.4.1 Introduction
313(1)
22.4.2 Influence of the light environment on vegetable transplant production
313(1)
22.4.3 Effects of PPFD and photoperiod on the growth of vegetable transplants
314(1)
22.4.4 Effects of light quality on growth of vegetable transplants
315(1)
22.4.5 Photosynthetic characteristics of medicinal D. officinale
315(3)
22.5 Blueberry
318(5)
Sma Zobayed
22.6 Propagation and production of strawberry transplants
323(10)
Changhoo Chun
22.6.1 Vegetative propagation of strawberry
323(1)
22.6.2 Licensing and certification
323(1)
22.6.3 Plug transplants
324(1)
22.6.4 Transplant production in a PFAL
324(4)
22.6.5 Application of S-PFAL in Korea
328(1)
References
329(4)
Chapter 23 Photoautotrophic micropropagation
333(14)
Quynh Thi Nguyen
Yulan Xiao
Toyoki Kozai
23.1 Introduction
333(1)
23.2 Development of PAM
333(1)
23.3 Advantages and disadvantages of PAM for growth enhancement of in vitro plants
334(1)
23.4 Natural ventilation system using different types of small culture vessels
335(4)
23.5 Forced ventilation system for large culture vessels
339(1)
23.6 Potential for secondary metabolite production of in vitro medicinal plants using photoautotrophic micropropagation
340(2)
23.6.1 Introduction
340(1)
23.6.2 Scaling up a photoautotrophic micropropagation system to an aseptic culture room---a closed plant production system (CPPS)
341(1)
23.7 Conclusion
342(5)
References
343(4)
Chapter 24 Biological factor management
347(10)
24.1 Introduction
347(1)
24.2 Controlling algae
347(2)
Chieri Kubota
24.2.1 Hydrogen peroxide
347(1)
24.2.2 Ozonated water
348(1)
24.2.3 Chlorine
348(1)
24.2.4 Substrates
348(1)
24.3 Microorganism management
349(6)
Miho Takashima
24.3.1 Microbiological testing
349(1)
24.3.2 Environmental testing---airborne microorganisms
350(1)
24.3.3 Measurement of fallen bacteria using the plate method
350(1)
24.3.4 Measurement of airborne microorganisms
350(2)
24.3.5 Quality testing---testing for bacteria and fungi
352(2)
24.3.6 Examples of reports of microbiological testing in PFALs
354(1)
24.4 Concluding remarks
355(2)
References
355(2)
Chapter 25 Design and management of PFALs
357(20)
Toyoki Kozai
Shunsuke Sakaguchi
Takuji Akiyama
Kosuke Yamada
Kazutaka Ohshima
25.1 Introduction
357(1)
25.2 Structure and function of the PFAL-D&M system
357(2)
25.3 PFAL-D (design) subsystem
359(2)
25.3.1 Lighting system (LS)
359(2)
25.4 PFAL-M subsystem
361(2)
25.4.1 Structure of software
361(1)
25.4.2 Logical structure of equations
361(2)
25.5 Design of the lighting system
363(3)
25.5.1 PPFD distribution
363(1)
25.5.2 Scheduling the lighting cycles to minimize the electricity charge
363(3)
25.6 Electricity consumption and its reduction
366(4)
25.6.1 Daily changes in electricity consumption
366(1)
25.6.2 COP as affected by the temperature difference between inside and outside
366(1)
25.6.3 COP as affected by the actual cooling load
366(2)
25.6.4 Monthly changes in electricity consumption
368(1)
25.6.5 Visualization of power consumption by components on the display screen
368(2)
25.6.6 Rates of net photosynthesis, dark respiration, and water uptake by plants
370(1)
25.7 Three-dimensional distribution of air temperature
370(2)
25.8 Plant growth measurement, analysis, and control
372(3)
25.8.1 Determination of parameter values for the plant growth curve
372(1)
25.8.2 Determination of dates for transplanting
372(3)
25.8.3 Determination of the number of culture panels for different growth stages
375(1)
25.9 Conclusions
375(2)
References
375(2)
Chapter 26 Automated technology in plant factories with artificial lighting
377(6)
Hiroshi Shimizu
Kazuhiro Fukuda
Yoshikazu Nishida
Toichi Ogura
26.1 Introduction
377(1)
26.2 Seeding device
378(1)
26.3 Seedling selection robot system
379(1)
26.4 Shuttle-type transfer robot
380(2)
26.5 Cultivation panel washer
382(1)
Reference
382(1)
Chapter 27 Life cycle assessment
383(14)
Yasunori Kikuchi
Yuichiro Kanematsu
21.1 Standard of life cycle assessment (LCA)
383(4)
27.1.1 Introduction
383(1)
27.1.2 Goal and scope definition
384(1)
27.1.3 Life cycle inventory analysis
385(1)
27.1.4 Life cycle impact assessment
386(1)
27.1.5 Interpretation
386(1)
27.2 General remarks for the assessment of PFALs
387(2)
27.2.1 Inventory data collection/impact assessment
388(1)
27.2.2 Functional unit
389(1)
27.2.3 Interpretation
389(1)
27.3 A case study of LCA on plant factories
389(4)
27.3.1 Settings: indicators
389(1)
27.3.2 Settings: life cycle boundary and functional unit
390(1)
27.3.3 Settings: data for assessments
391(1)
27.3.4 Settings: applied energy technology options
392(1)
27.3.5 Results and discussion
392(1)
27.4 Summary and outlook
393(4)
References
394(1)
Further reading
395(2)
Chapter 28 Education, training, and business workshops and forums on plant factories
397(22)
Toshitaka Yamaguchi
28.1 Introduction
397(1)
28.2 JPFA business workshops
398(14)
28.3 Business forums
412(7)
28.3.1 Basic course on PFALs
413(1)
28.3.2 Advanced course on PFALs
414(5)
PART 4 PFALs in operation and its perspectives
Chapter 29 Selected PFALs in the United States, the Netherlands, and China
419(18)
29.1 Introduction
419(1)
29.2 AeroFarms in the United States
419(5)
Ed Harwood
29.2.1 Company outline and vision and mission
419(1)
29.2.2 Technical characteristics of the company
420(1)
29.2.3 Business features and business model
420(1)
29.2.4 Main crops and product brand name
421(1)
29.2.5 Outline of PFAL of AeroFarms
421(1)
29.2.6 Challenges
421(2)
29.2.7 Research and development
423(1)
29.2.8 Future plans
424(1)
29.3 Signify facility in the Netherlands---Grow Wise center
424(4)
Eri Hayashi
29.3.1 Company outline, vision, and mission
424(1)
29.3.2 Business features and business model
424(1)
29.3.3 Technical characteristics and outline of GrowWise center
425(1)
29.3.4 Targeted market, challenges, and future plans
426(2)
29.4 BrightBox in the Netherlands
428(4)
Eri Hayashi
29.4.1 Company outline, vision, and mission
428(2)
29.4.2 History and technical background of the company
430(1)
29.4.3 Features of the business
430(1)
29.4.4 Outline of PFAL and technical characteristics
430(1)
29.4.5 Challenges and future plans
430(2)
29.5 Fujian Sanan Sino-Science photobiotech in China
432(5)
Eri Hayashi
29.5.1 Company outline, vision, and mission
432(1)
29.5.2 Business features and business model
432(1)
29.5.3 Outline of PFALs of Sanan Sino-Science
433(2)
29.5.4 Technical characteristics and research and development
435(1)
29.5.5 Future plans
436(1)
Acknowledgments
436(1)
References
436(1)
Chapter 30 Selected PFALs in Japan
437(18)
Eri Hayashi
30.1 Introduction
437(1)
30.2 New PFAL built in 2017 in Japan---808 factory
437(9)
30.2.1 Company outline, vision, and mission
437(2)
30.2.2 History and technical background of the company
439(1)
30.2.3 Business features and business model
439(1)
30.2.4 Main crops and product brand name
440(1)
30.2.5 Outline of PFALs: first and second facilities of the 808 Factory
441(1)
30.2.6 Technical characteristics
441(4)
30.2.7 Future plans
445(1)
30.3 New PFAL built in 2018 in Japan---Spread
446(5)
30.3.1 Company outline, vision, and mission
446(1)
30.3.2 History and technical background of the company
446(1)
30.3.3 Business features and business model
447(1)
30.3.4 Main crops and product brand name
447(1)
30.3.5 Outline of PFALs of Spread
447(1)
30.3.6 Technical characteristics
448(1)
30.3.7 Challenges
449(1)
30.3.8 Future plans
450(1)
30.4 New PFAL system developed in Japan---PlantX
451(2)
30.4.1 Company outline, vision, and mission
451(1)
30.4.2 History and technical background of the company
452(1)
30.4.3 Technical characteristics
452(1)
30.4.4 Future plans
453(1)
30.5 Conclusion
453(2)
Acknowledgments
454(1)
References
454(1)
Chapter 31 Representative plant factories in Taiwan
455(8)
Wei Fang
31.1 Introduction
455(1)
31.2 Representative PFALs in Taiwan
455(5)
31.2.1 Cal-Com Bio Corp. of the New Kinpo Group
455(1)
31.2.2 Glonacal Green Technology Corp
456(1)
31.2.3 Tingmao agricultural biotechnology
457(2)
31.2.4 PFAL building inside a greenhouse
459(1)
31.3 The largest PF in Taiwan
460(3)
Chapter 32 Challenges for the next-generation PFALs
463(8)
Toyoki Kozai
Genhua Niu
32.1 Introduction
463(1)
32.2 Lighting system
463(2)
32.2.1 Upward lighting
463(1)
32.2.2 Using green LEDs
464(1)
32.2.3 Layouts of LEDs
465(1)
32.3 Breeding and seed propagation
465(2)
32.3.1 Vegetables suited to PFALs
465(1)
32.3.2 Seed propagation and breeding using PFALs
466(1)
32.3.3 Medicinal plants
466(1)
32.4 Cultivation
467(1)
32.4.1 Culture system with restricted root mass
467(1)
32.4.2 Ever-flowering berry and fruit vegetable production in PFALs
467(1)
32.5 PFALs with solar cells
467(4)
References
469(2)
Chapter 33 Conclusions: resource-saving and resource-consuming characteristics of PFALs
471(6)
Toyoki Kozai
Genhua Niu
33.1 Roles of PFALs in urban areas
471(1)
33.2 Benefits of producing fresh vegetables using PFALs in urban areas
471(1)
33.3 Resource-saving characteristics of PFALs
472(1)
33.4 Possible reductions in electricity consumption and initial investment
473(1)
33.5 Electricity consumption
473(1)
33.6 Initial resource investment
473(1)
33.7 Increasing the productivity and quality
473(1)
33.8 Dealing with power cuts
474(1)
33.9 Challenges
474(3)
References
475(2)
Index 477
Toyoki Kozai Ph.D,is the president of The Agricultural Academy of Japan. After establishing his early work on greenhouse light environments, energy savings, ventilation, and computer applications, his scientific interest was extended to in-vitro environments and their control for sugar-free medium micro-propagation and transplant production in closed systems using artificial lighting. He served as President of the Japan Plant Factory Association (a non-profit organization) and is leading the research and development of controlled environmental greenhouses using heat pumps, artificial lighting, fogging,CO2 enrichment, and nutrient solution control systems. Selected awards are Lifetime Achievement Award (2009) from Society of In Vitro Biology, USA. The 2002 Purple Ribbon Award from Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports. Japan Prize of Agricultural Sciences from Association of Japanese Agricultural Scientific Societies, 2018 honorary PhD degree from Mahidol University, Thailand The Order of the Sacred Treasure, Gold and Silver Star from Japanese Government 2019. Dr. Genhua is a professor in urban horticulture with Texas A&M AgriLife Research at Dallas and Department of Horticultural Sciences. Her area of expertise is controlled environment agriculture and plant stress physiology. Her current research focuses on hydroponics, nutrition management, LED lighting, optimization of growing environment, and development of best management practices related to urban controlled environment agriculture. She is the co-editor and author of the book Plant Factory - Indoor Vertical Farming for Efficient Quality Food Production” (1st & 2nd edition). Dr. Niu received several awards from Texas A&M University for her service and research, American Society for Horticultural Science, and USDA-NIFA. Dr. Takagaki is Professor at the Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, assigned to the University Farm, and has engaged in education and research. In charge of foreign student affairs since 1997 and of international affairs in general since 2006. She holds a concurrent assignment as the Director of the Center for Environment, Health and Fields Sciences since 2009 (2009-2015, 2018-present). Engaging with research and experiments in Agronomy of Tropical Agriculture with major fields in Thailand, Indonesia and other Southeast Asian countries, Dr. Takagaki has done research and taught in the fields of tropical agriculture, environmental control, protected horticulture and training of basic horticulture.