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El. knyga: Plants: Diet and Health

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  • Formatas: PDF+DRM
  • Serija: British Nutrition Foundation
  • Išleidimo metai: 15-Apr-2008
  • Leidėjas: Wiley-Blackwell
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781405147729
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  • Formatas: PDF+DRM
  • Serija: British Nutrition Foundation
  • Išleidimo metai: 15-Apr-2008
  • Leidėjas: Wiley-Blackwell
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781405147729
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Report of the British Nutrition Foundations Task Force Chairman of the Task Force: Professor Malcolm Jackson, University of Liverpool Plants: Diet and Health is an extremely timely publication comprising the comprehensive and authoritative independent report of the British Nutrition Foundations Task Force concentrating on bioactive substances and antioxidant nutrients in plant foods. The book focuses on the present state of knowledge and the effect on good health through the intake of these substances in an appropriate diet, looking in detail at any possible protection afforded the body by these substances - against chronic disorders, particularly cancer and cardiovascular disease.









This landmark publication includes chapters covering the classification, mechanisms of action and bioavailability of bioactive substances in plants, as well as in-depth coverage of the major plant foods: fruit, vegetables, cereals, nuts and pulses. Important chapters also cover the influence of the gut microflora, the effect of agronomy, storage, preservation, processing and cooking on bioactive substances, and the public health nutrition implications of all the issues raised.









The final sections of the book cover the conclusions of the Task Force and the important recommendations made, which should be considered by all those involved in this area. There is also a questions and answers chapter covering topical media issues.









Plants: Diet and Health provides essential core information for a wide range of health professionals, including dietitians, nutritionists, general and family practitioners and community nurses (e.g. school nurses, practice nurses and health visitors). Personnel in the food industry responsible for product development, production and packaging will find this landmark publication to be an extremely valuable reference, as will all those involved in the production of dietary supplements in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Lecturers, undergraduates, postgraduates and postdoctoral researchers in nutrition, dietetics, plant sciences, biochemistry, food science and food technology, public health, pharmacy, pharmacology and medicine will also find this book to be of great value in their work.
Foreword xiv
Dedication xv
Terms of Reference xvi
Task Force Membership xvii
Introduction: Plant Foods and Health
1(26)
Dr Judith Buttriss
Historical perspective
1(1)
Definitions and terminology
2(3)
Plant foods
2(1)
Categorisation of plant-derived foods and drinks adopted in this report
2(2)
Classification
4(1)
Substances in food that have an effect on health
4(1)
Consumption patterns of plant-derived foods and drinks
5(6)
Sources of information
5(1)
Trends in household consumption in the UK
5(4)
Intakes in different age and gender groups in the UK
9(1)
Variations in intake within and between populations
9(2)
Sources, intakes and properties of constituents of plant-derived foods and drinks
11(13)
Sources and intakes
11(1)
Properties of antioxidants
11(8)
Antioxidant vitamins
19(1)
Folate and other B vitamins
20(1)
Other vitamins and minerals
21(1)
Unsaturated fatty acids
21(1)
Dietary fibre
21(1)
Alcohol
22(1)
Other plant-derived bioactive substances
22(2)
Bioavailability and interactions
24(1)
Interactions between dietary constituents
24(1)
Interactions with other factors
24(1)
Summary
25(1)
Research recommendations
26(1)
Key points
26(1)
Classification and Biosynthesis of Plants and Secondary Products: An Overview
27(22)
Professor Alan Crozier
Introduction
27(1)
Classification of phenolic compounds
27(3)
Flavonoids
30(5)
Flavonols
30(1)
Flavones
31(1)
Flavan-3-ols
31(2)
Anthocyanidins
33(1)
Flavanones
34(1)
Isoflavones
34(1)
Non-flavonoids
35(2)
Phenolic acids
36(1)
Hydroxycinnamates
36(1)
Stilbenes
36(1)
Terpenoids
37(7)
Hemiterpenes (C5)
39(1)
Monoterpenes (C10)
39(1)
Sesquiterpenes (C15)
40(1)
Diterpenes (C20)
40(1)
Triterpenoids (C30)
40(2)
Tetraterpenoids (C40)
42(2)
Higher terpenoids
44(1)
Alkaloids and sulphur-containing compounds
44(2)
Alkaloids
44(1)
Sulphur-containing compounds
45(1)
Further reading
46(1)
Key points
47(2)
Epidemiology Linking Consumption of Plant Foods and their Constituents with Health
49(16)
Dr Barrie Margetts
Dr Judith Buttriss
Introduction and methodology
49(2)
Evidence for health effects of plant foods
51(1)
Coronary heart disease and stroke
52(5)
Risk factors for CVD and secondary prevention
52(1)
Fruit and vegetables
52(2)
Pulses
54(1)
Nuts
54(1)
Cereals
54(1)
Dietary fibre
55(1)
Nutrients: vitamin E, vitamin C and carotenoids
55(1)
Other plant-derived substances
56(1)
Summary for CHD and stroke
57(1)
Cancer
57(4)
Fruits and vegetables and breast cancer
58(1)
Fruits and vegetables and lung cancer
58(1)
Fruits and vegetables and colorectal cancer
59(1)
Fruits and vegetables and gastric cancer
59(1)
Fruits and vegetables and oesophageal cancer
59(1)
Fruits and vegetables and other cancers
59(1)
Legumes and nuts
59(1)
Cereals
60(1)
Fibre and cancer
60(1)
Other plant-derived substances and cancer
60(1)
Summary for cancer
61(1)
Other age-related diseases
61(2)
Type 2 diabetes
61(1)
Age-related macular degeneration and cataract
61(1)
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
62(1)
Osteoporosis and bone health
63(1)
Conclusions
63(1)
Research recommendations
64(1)
Key points
64(1)
Potential Mechanisms of Action of Bioactive Substances Found in Foods
65(11)
Professor Malcolm Jackson
Introduction
65(1)
Potential mechanisms by which plant bioactive substances may help protect against cancer
66(3)
The cancer process
66(2)
Potential sites where plant bioactive compounds might act
68(1)
Specific examples of actions of plant bioactive compounds
68(1)
Potential mechanisms by which plant bioactive substances may protect against CVD
69(5)
The process of atherosclerosis
69(3)
Potential sites where plant-based bioactive compounds might act
72(1)
Specific examples of actions of plant-based bioactive compounds
72(2)
Other ageing-related disorders
74(1)
Age-related macular degeneration and cataract
74(1)
Summary
75(1)
Research recommendations
75(1)
Key points
75(1)
Influence of the Gut Microflora
76(10)
Professor Ian Johnson
Introduction
76(1)
The human colon
76(3)
Anatomy
76(1)
Mucosal cells
77(1)
Microflora
77(1)
Substrates for fermentation
78(1)
Colorectal diseases
79(1)
Protective factors, intraluminal metabolism and health
79(4)
Lactic acid bacteria
80(1)
Short-chain fatty acids
80(1)
Glucosinolates
81(1)
Phenolic substances
82(1)
Research recommendations
83(1)
Key points
84(2)
Dietary Intake and Bioavailability of Plant Bioactive Compounds
86(21)
Dr Judith Buttriss
Introduction
86(1)
Food composition databases
86(1)
Total diet study
87(1)
Methodological aspects in the assessment of bioavailability
87(3)
Absolute bioavailability
87(1)
Measurement in biological fluids
88(1)
Methods used to assess bioavailability
88(2)
Current intakes and bioavailability of flavonoids
90(6)
Estimations of dietary intakes
90(3)
Absorption of flavonoids
93(2)
Metabolism
95(1)
Current intakes and bioavailability of phytoestrogens
96(2)
Absorption and metabolism of phytoestrogens
96(1)
Metabolic response
97(1)
Current intakes and bioavailability of carotenoids
98(2)
Dietary sources of carotenoids
98(1)
Absorption of carotenoids
99(1)
Interactions between carotenoids
99(1)
Hydroxycinnamates
100(1)
Plant sterols
100(1)
Glucosinolates
101(1)
Hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives
102(5)
Enhancement of bioavailability
104(1)
Research recommendations
104(1)
Key points
105(2)
Fruit and Vegetables
107(27)
Mr Mike Saltmarsh
Professor Alan Crozier
Professor Brian Ratcliffe
Introduction
107(1)
Bioactive compounds found in fruits and vegetables
108(1)
Quantification
109(1)
Units of measurement
109(1)
Variability within and between plants
109(1)
Methodologies used and analysis of data
110(1)
Vegetables
110(11)
Root crops (e.g. carrots, turnips, swedes, parsnips)
110(1)
Onions and garlic
111(2)
Cabbage family and greens (e.g. Brussels sprouts, broccoli, cabbage)
113(3)
Salad vegetables
116(2)
Tomato and related plants (tomatoes, peppers, aubergines)
118(2)
Other vegetables
120(1)
Fruits
121(11)
Tree fruits
121(7)
Soft fruits (e.g. berries and currants)
128(1)
Other fruits
128(4)
Research recommendations
132(1)
Key points
133(1)
Cereals, Nuts and Pulses
134(13)
Dr Aedin Cassidy
Introduction
134(1)
Cereals
134(1)
Pulses
135(1)
Nuts
136(1)
Potentially bioactive substances in cereals, nuts and pulses
136(2)
Selenium
137(1)
Folate
137(1)
Phytoestrogens
138(2)
What are phytoestrogens?
138(1)
Isoflavones
139(1)
Lignans
140(1)
Stilbenes
140(1)
Absorption and metabolism of phytoestrogens
140(1)
Potential health effects of phytoestrogens
140(4)
Menopausal symptoms
141(1)
Breast cancer
141(1)
Endometrial cancer
142(1)
Coronary heart disease
142(1)
Osteoporosis
143(1)
Effects of phytoestrogens in men
143(1)
Infants
144(1)
Summary
144(1)
Research recommendations
145(1)
Key points
145(2)
Beverages
147(36)
Dr Garry Duthie
Professor Alan Crozier
Types of beverages
147(1)
Phenolic compounds in beverages
147(3)
Origin of phenolic compounds
147(2)
Effects in mammalian cells
149(1)
Bioavailability
150(1)
Toxicity
150(1)
Tea
150(7)
History
150(1)
Production and varieties
151(1)
Composition of teas
152(2)
Health implications of tea
154(2)
Bioavailability of tea catechins
156(1)
Summary of tea
157(1)
Coffee
157(5)
History
157(1)
Production and varieties
157(1)
Composition of coffees
157(3)
Health implications of coffee
160(2)
Summary of coffee
162(1)
Cocoa
162(4)
History
162(1)
Production and variety
163(1)
Composition of cocoa
163(2)
Health implications of cocoa
165(1)
Summary of cocoa
166(1)
Wine
166(8)
History
166(1)
Production and variety
166(1)
Composition of wine
167(3)
Health implications of wine
170(2)
Bioavailability of wine polyphenols
172(2)
Summary of wines
174(1)
Spirits
174(4)
History
174(1)
Production and variety
175(1)
Scotch whisky
175(1)
Composition of whisky
175(2)
Health implications of whisky
177(1)
Summary of whisky
177(1)
Beer
178(3)
History
178(1)
Production and variety
178(1)
Composition of beer
179(1)
Health implications of beer
180(1)
Summary of beer
180(1)
Research recommendations
181(1)
Key points
181(2)
Plant and Plant-derived Lipids
183(27)
Professor Klaus Wahle
Dr David Lindsay
Dr Louise Bourne
Introduction
183(1)
Structure and function of lipids
183(1)
Classification of fatty acids
184(1)
Fatty acids and health
184(1)
Cholesterol
184(1)
Triacylglycerol
185(1)
LDL oxidation
185(1)
Monounsaturated fatty acids
185(3)
Olive oil
185(1)
History and production of olive oil
186(1)
Phenolic composition of olive oil
186(1)
Biological activities of olive oil phenolics
187(1)
Absorption and bioavailabilty of olive oil phenolics
187(1)
Summary of olive oil
187(1)
Polyunsaturated fatty acids
188(6)
Essential fatty acids
188(1)
α-Linolenic acid
188(1)
Linoleic acid
189(1)
Changes in intakes of ALNA and LA
189(1)
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosohexanoic acid (DHA)
190(1)
Synthesis of PUFA
190(1)
Eicosanoids
191(1)
Health effects of PUFA
192(2)
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and its isomers
194(5)
Occurrence of CLA
195(1)
Sources
195(1)
Intakes
195(1)
Effects of CLA on body composition
196(1)
Effects of CLA on atherosclerosis
196(1)
Effects on cancer
197(1)
Summary of CLA
198(1)
Sphingolipids
199(2)
Sources and intake
199(1)
Structure
199(1)
Metabolism
199(1)
Dietary sphingolipids as possible anti-cancer agents
200(1)
Plant sterols and stanols
201(6)
Introduction
201(1)
Structure
202(1)
Sources
202(1)
Intake
203(1)
Bioavailability
204(1)
Cholesterol-lowering effects
204(1)
Functional foods
205(2)
Other considerations
207(1)
Research recommendations
207(1)
Key points
208(2)
Miscellaneous Foods
210(16)
Mr Mike Saltmarsh
Dr Gail Goldberg
Chocolate (see also
Chapter 9, Section 9.5 on cocoa)
210(6)
Introduction
210(1)
Cultivation and variety
210(1)
Harvesting and production of cocoa
211(1)
Production of chocolate
211(1)
Composition of cocoa
212(2)
Bioavailability of cocoa polyphenols
214(1)
Health implications of cocoa and chocolate
214(2)
Herbs, spices and condiments
216(8)
Introduction
216(1)
Definitions of herbs, spices and condiments
217(1)
Constituents of plants used as herbs and spices and in condiments
218(1)
Essential oils and oleoresins
218(2)
Bioactive compounds found in herbs, spices and condiments
220(2)
Quantification of bioactive substances in herbs and spices
222(1)
Potential protective effects of herbs and spices
222(1)
Condiments
223(1)
Research recommendations
224(1)
Key points
225(1)
The Effect of Agronomy, Storage, Processing and Cooking on Bioactive Substances in Food
226(14)
Ms Claire Mac Evilly
Mrs Kirsti Peltola
Introduction
226(1)
Terpenoids
227(4)
Saponins
227(1)
Carotenoids
227(3)
Plant sterols
230(1)
Phenolic compounds
231(3)
Flavonoids
231(3)
Sulphur-containing compounds
234(1)
Protease inhibitors
234(1)
Vitamin C
234(2)
Vitamin E
236(1)
Folate
236(1)
Research recommendations
237(1)
Key points
237(3)
Appendix: definitions of different types of storage, processing and cooking techniques
238(1)
Factors determining the shelf-life of a product
238(1)
Storage
238(1)
Fresh storage
238(1)
Modified atmosphere storage/packaging
238(1)
Processing techniques
238(2)
Implications for Public Health
240(30)
Dr Judith Buttriss
Professor Martin Wiseman
Dr Barrie Margetts
Introduction
240(4)
Approaches to changing eating behaviour
240(4)
What is the target intake?
244(6)
To what extent are the plant food goals being achieved in the UK?
250(4)
Methodological issues
250(1)
Fruit and vegetables
251(2)
Other plant-derived foods
253(1)
Evidence for the effect of interventions
254(7)
Campaigns in the USA
254(4)
National UK campaigns
258(1)
Local initiatives in the UK
259(1)
Barriers to change
260(1)
Looking to the future
261(1)
Safety considerations
262(3)
Policy implications
265(2)
Addition of nutrients to foods
265(1)
Food labelling and claims
266(1)
Key players
267(1)
Conclusions
267(1)
Research recommendations
268(1)
Key points
268(2)
Conclusions of the Task Force
270(12)
Chapter 1
270(1)
Chapter 2
270(1)
Chapter 3
271(1)
Chapter 4
272(1)
Chapter 5
272(1)
Chapter 6
273(1)
Chapter 7
274(1)
Chapter 8
275(1)
Chapter 9
276(1)
Chapter 10
277(1)
Chapter 11
278(1)
Chapter 12
279(1)
Chapter 13
280(2)
Recommendations of the Task Force
282(4)
Priorities for future research
282(2)
Bioavailability
282(1)
Methodology including biomarkers, mechanistic studies and intervention studies
283(1)
Gastrointestinal influences
284(1)
General recommendations
284(2)
Recommendations to health professionals
284(1)
Recommendations to industry
284(1)
Recommendations to the media
285(1)
Recommendations to research funding bodies
285(1)
Recommendations to policy makers
285(1)
Plant Foods: Answers to Commonly Asked Questions
286(12)
Appendix
298(2)
Framework Programme 4 Projects
298(1)
Framework Programme 5 Projects
298(2)
Glossary 300(2)
References 302(35)
Index 337


Dr. Gail Goldberg is the editor of Plants: Diet and Health, published by Wiley.