Foreword |
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xiv | |
Dedication |
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xv | |
Terms of Reference |
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xvi | |
Task Force Membership |
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xvii | |
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Introduction: Plant Foods and Health |
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1 | (26) |
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1 | (1) |
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Definitions and terminology |
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2 | (3) |
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2 | (1) |
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Categorisation of plant-derived foods and drinks adopted in this report |
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2 | (2) |
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4 | (1) |
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Substances in food that have an effect on health |
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4 | (1) |
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Consumption patterns of plant-derived foods and drinks |
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5 | (6) |
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5 | (1) |
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Trends in household consumption in the UK |
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5 | (4) |
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Intakes in different age and gender groups in the UK |
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9 | (1) |
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Variations in intake within and between populations |
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9 | (2) |
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Sources, intakes and properties of constituents of plant-derived foods and drinks |
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11 | (13) |
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11 | (1) |
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Properties of antioxidants |
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11 | (8) |
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19 | (1) |
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Folate and other B vitamins |
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20 | (1) |
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Other vitamins and minerals |
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21 | (1) |
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21 | (1) |
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21 | (1) |
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22 | (1) |
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Other plant-derived bioactive substances |
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22 | (2) |
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Bioavailability and interactions |
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24 | (1) |
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Interactions between dietary constituents |
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24 | (1) |
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Interactions with other factors |
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24 | (1) |
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25 | (1) |
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26 | (1) |
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26 | (1) |
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Classification and Biosynthesis of Plants and Secondary Products: An Overview |
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27 | (22) |
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27 | (1) |
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Classification of phenolic compounds |
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27 | (3) |
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30 | (5) |
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30 | (1) |
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31 | (1) |
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31 | (2) |
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33 | (1) |
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34 | (1) |
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34 | (1) |
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35 | (2) |
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36 | (1) |
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36 | (1) |
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36 | (1) |
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37 | (7) |
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39 | (1) |
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39 | (1) |
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40 | (1) |
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40 | (1) |
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40 | (2) |
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42 | (2) |
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44 | (1) |
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Alkaloids and sulphur-containing compounds |
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44 | (2) |
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44 | (1) |
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Sulphur-containing compounds |
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45 | (1) |
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46 | (1) |
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47 | (2) |
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Epidemiology Linking Consumption of Plant Foods and their Constituents with Health |
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49 | (16) |
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Introduction and methodology |
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49 | (2) |
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Evidence for health effects of plant foods |
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51 | (1) |
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Coronary heart disease and stroke |
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52 | (5) |
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Risk factors for CVD and secondary prevention |
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52 | (1) |
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52 | (2) |
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54 | (1) |
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54 | (1) |
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54 | (1) |
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55 | (1) |
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Nutrients: vitamin E, vitamin C and carotenoids |
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55 | (1) |
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Other plant-derived substances |
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56 | (1) |
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Summary for CHD and stroke |
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57 | (1) |
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57 | (4) |
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Fruits and vegetables and breast cancer |
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58 | (1) |
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Fruits and vegetables and lung cancer |
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58 | (1) |
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Fruits and vegetables and colorectal cancer |
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59 | (1) |
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Fruits and vegetables and gastric cancer |
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59 | (1) |
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Fruits and vegetables and oesophageal cancer |
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59 | (1) |
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Fruits and vegetables and other cancers |
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59 | (1) |
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59 | (1) |
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60 | (1) |
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60 | (1) |
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Other plant-derived substances and cancer |
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60 | (1) |
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61 | (1) |
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Other age-related diseases |
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61 | (2) |
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61 | (1) |
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Age-related macular degeneration and cataract |
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61 | (1) |
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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |
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62 | (1) |
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Osteoporosis and bone health |
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63 | (1) |
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63 | (1) |
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64 | (1) |
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64 | (1) |
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Potential Mechanisms of Action of Bioactive Substances Found in Foods |
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65 | (11) |
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Professor Malcolm Jackson |
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65 | (1) |
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Potential mechanisms by which plant bioactive substances may help protect against cancer |
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66 | (3) |
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66 | (2) |
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Potential sites where plant bioactive compounds might act |
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68 | (1) |
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Specific examples of actions of plant bioactive compounds |
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68 | (1) |
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Potential mechanisms by which plant bioactive substances may protect against CVD |
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69 | (5) |
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The process of atherosclerosis |
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69 | (3) |
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Potential sites where plant-based bioactive compounds might act |
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72 | (1) |
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Specific examples of actions of plant-based bioactive compounds |
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72 | (2) |
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Other ageing-related disorders |
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74 | (1) |
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Age-related macular degeneration and cataract |
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74 | (1) |
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75 | (1) |
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75 | (1) |
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75 | (1) |
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Influence of the Gut Microflora |
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76 | (10) |
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76 | (1) |
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76 | (3) |
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76 | (1) |
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77 | (1) |
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77 | (1) |
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Substrates for fermentation |
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78 | (1) |
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79 | (1) |
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Protective factors, intraluminal metabolism and health |
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79 | (4) |
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80 | (1) |
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80 | (1) |
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81 | (1) |
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82 | (1) |
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83 | (1) |
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84 | (2) |
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Dietary Intake and Bioavailability of Plant Bioactive Compounds |
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86 | (21) |
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86 | (1) |
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Food composition databases |
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86 | (1) |
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87 | (1) |
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Methodological aspects in the assessment of bioavailability |
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87 | (3) |
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87 | (1) |
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Measurement in biological fluids |
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88 | (1) |
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Methods used to assess bioavailability |
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88 | (2) |
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Current intakes and bioavailability of flavonoids |
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90 | (6) |
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Estimations of dietary intakes |
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90 | (3) |
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93 | (2) |
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95 | (1) |
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Current intakes and bioavailability of phytoestrogens |
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96 | (2) |
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Absorption and metabolism of phytoestrogens |
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96 | (1) |
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97 | (1) |
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Current intakes and bioavailability of carotenoids |
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98 | (2) |
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Dietary sources of carotenoids |
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98 | (1) |
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Absorption of carotenoids |
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99 | (1) |
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Interactions between carotenoids |
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99 | (1) |
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100 | (1) |
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100 | (1) |
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101 | (1) |
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Hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives |
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102 | (5) |
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Enhancement of bioavailability |
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104 | (1) |
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104 | (1) |
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105 | (2) |
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107 | (27) |
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Professor Brian Ratcliffe |
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107 | (1) |
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Bioactive compounds found in fruits and vegetables |
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108 | (1) |
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109 | (1) |
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109 | (1) |
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Variability within and between plants |
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109 | (1) |
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Methodologies used and analysis of data |
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110 | (1) |
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110 | (11) |
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Root crops (e.g. carrots, turnips, swedes, parsnips) |
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110 | (1) |
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111 | (2) |
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Cabbage family and greens (e.g. Brussels sprouts, broccoli, cabbage) |
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113 | (3) |
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116 | (2) |
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Tomato and related plants (tomatoes, peppers, aubergines) |
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118 | (2) |
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120 | (1) |
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121 | (11) |
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121 | (7) |
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Soft fruits (e.g. berries and currants) |
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128 | (1) |
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128 | (4) |
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132 | (1) |
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133 | (1) |
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134 | (13) |
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134 | (1) |
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134 | (1) |
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135 | (1) |
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136 | (1) |
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Potentially bioactive substances in cereals, nuts and pulses |
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136 | (2) |
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137 | (1) |
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137 | (1) |
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138 | (2) |
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138 | (1) |
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139 | (1) |
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140 | (1) |
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140 | (1) |
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Absorption and metabolism of phytoestrogens |
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140 | (1) |
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Potential health effects of phytoestrogens |
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140 | (4) |
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141 | (1) |
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141 | (1) |
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142 | (1) |
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142 | (1) |
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143 | (1) |
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Effects of phytoestrogens in men |
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143 | (1) |
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144 | (1) |
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144 | (1) |
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145 | (1) |
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145 | (2) |
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147 | (36) |
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147 | (1) |
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Phenolic compounds in beverages |
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147 | (3) |
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Origin of phenolic compounds |
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147 | (2) |
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Effects in mammalian cells |
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149 | (1) |
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150 | (1) |
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150 | (1) |
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150 | (7) |
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150 | (1) |
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151 | (1) |
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152 | (2) |
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Health implications of tea |
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154 | (2) |
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Bioavailability of tea catechins |
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156 | (1) |
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157 | (1) |
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157 | (5) |
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157 | (1) |
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157 | (1) |
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157 | (3) |
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Health implications of coffee |
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160 | (2) |
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162 | (1) |
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162 | (4) |
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162 | (1) |
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163 | (1) |
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163 | (2) |
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Health implications of cocoa |
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165 | (1) |
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166 | (1) |
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166 | (8) |
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166 | (1) |
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166 | (1) |
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167 | (3) |
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Health implications of wine |
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170 | (2) |
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Bioavailability of wine polyphenols |
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172 | (2) |
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174 | (1) |
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174 | (4) |
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174 | (1) |
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175 | (1) |
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175 | (1) |
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175 | (2) |
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Health implications of whisky |
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177 | (1) |
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177 | (1) |
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178 | (3) |
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178 | (1) |
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178 | (1) |
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179 | (1) |
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Health implications of beer |
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180 | (1) |
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180 | (1) |
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181 | (1) |
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181 | (2) |
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Plant and Plant-derived Lipids |
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183 | (27) |
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183 | (1) |
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Structure and function of lipids |
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183 | (1) |
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Classification of fatty acids |
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184 | (1) |
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184 | (1) |
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184 | (1) |
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185 | (1) |
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185 | (1) |
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Monounsaturated fatty acids |
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185 | (3) |
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185 | (1) |
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History and production of olive oil |
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186 | (1) |
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Phenolic composition of olive oil |
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186 | (1) |
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Biological activities of olive oil phenolics |
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187 | (1) |
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Absorption and bioavailabilty of olive oil phenolics |
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187 | (1) |
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187 | (1) |
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Polyunsaturated fatty acids |
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188 | (6) |
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188 | (1) |
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188 | (1) |
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189 | (1) |
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Changes in intakes of ALNA and LA |
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189 | (1) |
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Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosohexanoic acid (DHA) |
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190 | (1) |
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190 | (1) |
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191 | (1) |
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192 | (2) |
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Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and its isomers |
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194 | (5) |
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195 | (1) |
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195 | (1) |
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195 | (1) |
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Effects of CLA on body composition |
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196 | (1) |
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Effects of CLA on atherosclerosis |
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196 | (1) |
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197 | (1) |
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198 | (1) |
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199 | (2) |
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199 | (1) |
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199 | (1) |
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199 | (1) |
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Dietary sphingolipids as possible anti-cancer agents |
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200 | (1) |
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Plant sterols and stanols |
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201 | (6) |
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201 | (1) |
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202 | (1) |
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202 | (1) |
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203 | (1) |
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204 | (1) |
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Cholesterol-lowering effects |
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204 | (1) |
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205 | (2) |
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207 | (1) |
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207 | (1) |
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208 | (2) |
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210 | (16) |
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Chocolate (see also Chapter 9, Section 9.5 on cocoa) |
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210 | (6) |
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210 | (1) |
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210 | (1) |
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Harvesting and production of cocoa |
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211 | (1) |
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211 | (1) |
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212 | (2) |
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Bioavailability of cocoa polyphenols |
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214 | (1) |
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Health implications of cocoa and chocolate |
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214 | (2) |
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Herbs, spices and condiments |
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216 | (8) |
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216 | (1) |
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Definitions of herbs, spices and condiments |
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217 | (1) |
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Constituents of plants used as herbs and spices and in condiments |
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218 | (1) |
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Essential oils and oleoresins |
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218 | (2) |
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Bioactive compounds found in herbs, spices and condiments |
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220 | (2) |
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Quantification of bioactive substances in herbs and spices |
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222 | (1) |
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Potential protective effects of herbs and spices |
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222 | (1) |
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223 | (1) |
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224 | (1) |
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225 | (1) |
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The Effect of Agronomy, Storage, Processing and Cooking on Bioactive Substances in Food |
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226 | (14) |
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226 | (1) |
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227 | (4) |
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227 | (1) |
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227 | (3) |
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230 | (1) |
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231 | (3) |
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231 | (3) |
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Sulphur-containing compounds |
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234 | (1) |
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234 | (1) |
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234 | (2) |
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236 | (1) |
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236 | (1) |
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237 | (1) |
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237 | (3) |
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Appendix: definitions of different types of storage, processing and cooking techniques |
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238 | (1) |
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Factors determining the shelf-life of a product |
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238 | (1) |
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238 | (1) |
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238 | (1) |
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Modified atmosphere storage/packaging |
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238 | (1) |
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238 | (2) |
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Implications for Public Health |
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240 | (30) |
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240 | (4) |
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Approaches to changing eating behaviour |
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240 | (4) |
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What is the target intake? |
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244 | (6) |
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To what extent are the plant food goals being achieved in the UK? |
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250 | (4) |
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250 | (1) |
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251 | (2) |
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Other plant-derived foods |
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253 | (1) |
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Evidence for the effect of interventions |
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254 | (7) |
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254 | (4) |
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258 | (1) |
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Local initiatives in the UK |
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259 | (1) |
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260 | (1) |
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261 | (1) |
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262 | (3) |
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265 | (2) |
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Addition of nutrients to foods |
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265 | (1) |
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Food labelling and claims |
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266 | (1) |
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267 | (1) |
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267 | (1) |
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268 | (1) |
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268 | (2) |
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Conclusions of the Task Force |
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270 | (12) |
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270 | (1) |
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270 | (1) |
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271 | (1) |
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272 | (1) |
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272 | (1) |
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273 | (1) |
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274 | (1) |
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275 | (1) |
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276 | (1) |
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277 | (1) |
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278 | (1) |
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279 | (1) |
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280 | (2) |
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Recommendations of the Task Force |
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282 | (4) |
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Priorities for future research |
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282 | (2) |
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282 | (1) |
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Methodology including biomarkers, mechanistic studies and intervention studies |
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283 | (1) |
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Gastrointestinal influences |
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284 | (1) |
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284 | (2) |
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Recommendations to health professionals |
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284 | (1) |
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Recommendations to industry |
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284 | (1) |
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Recommendations to the media |
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285 | (1) |
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Recommendations to research funding bodies |
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285 | (1) |
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Recommendations to policy makers |
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285 | (1) |
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Plant Foods: Answers to Commonly Asked Questions |
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|
286 | (12) |
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298 | (2) |
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Framework Programme 4 Projects |
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298 | (1) |
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Framework Programme 5 Projects |
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|
298 | (2) |
Glossary |
|
300 | (2) |
References |
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302 | (35) |
Index |
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337 | |