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El. knyga: Plastic Waste and Recycling: Environmental Impact, Societal Issues, Prevention, and Solutions

Edited by (Emeritus Professor, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa)
  • Formatas: EPUB+DRM
  • Išleidimo metai: 10-Mar-2020
  • Leidėjas: Academic Press Inc
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780128178812
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Plastic Waste and Recycling: Environmental Impact, Societal Issues, Prevention, and SolutionsDidesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: EPUB+DRM
  • Išleidimo metai: 10-Mar-2020
  • Leidėjas: Academic Press Inc
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780128178812
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Plastic Waste and Recycling: Environmental Impact, Societal Issues, Prevention, and Solutions begins with an introduction to the different types of plastic materials, their uses, and the concepts of reduce, reuse and recycle before examining plastic types, chemistry and degradation patterns that are organized by non-degradable plastic, degradable and biodegradable plastics, biopolymers and bioplastics. Other sections cover current challenges relating to plastic waste, explain the sources of waste and their routes into the environment, and provide systematic coverage of plastic waste treatment methods, including mechanical processing, monomerization, blast furnace feedstocks, gasification, thermal recycling, and conversion to fuel.

This is an essential guide for anyone involved in plastic waste or recycling, including researchers and advanced students across plastics engineering, polymer science, polymer chemistry, environmental science, and sustainable materials.

  • Presents actionable solutions for reducing plastic waste, with a focus on the concepts of collection, re-use, recycling and replacement
  • Considers major societal and environmental issues, providing the reader with a broader understanding and supporting effective implementation
  • Includes detailed case studies from across the globe, offering unique insights into different solutions and approaches
Contributors xv
Preface xix
Part 1 Introduction
1(64)
1 Introduction to plastic waste and recycling
3(10)
Trevor M. Letcher
1.1 Introduction
3(1)
1.2 Our dependence on things plastic
4(1)
1.3 Recycling
5(2)
1.4 What to do?
7(3)
1.5 The book
10(1)
References
11(2)
2 Production, use, and fate of synthetic polymers
13(20)
Roland Geyer
2.1 Introduction
13(2)
2.2 Primary production
15(2)
2.3 Use
17(3)
2.4 Waste generation
20(3)
2.5 Waste management
23(4)
2.6 Cumulative 1950-2017
27(1)
2.7 Projections to 2050
28(2)
References
30(3)
3 The geography and geology of plastics: their environmental distribution and fate
33(32)
Sarah Gabbott
Sarah Key
Catherine Russell
Yasmin Yohan
Jan Zalasiewicz
3.1 Plastics as geological materials?
33(2)
3.2 The beginning of the plastics cycle
35(1)
3.3 Release of plastics into the sedimentary environment
36(1)
3.4 Plastics trajectories in the environment
36(2)
3.5 Terrestrial environments: ice and soil
38(2)
3.6 Lakes and rivers
40(4)
3.7 Plastic in marine environments
44(1)
3.8 Plastics in beach and nearshore environments
45(1)
3.9 Plastics in the water column and the pelagic realm
45(2)
3.10 Plastic transport to the deep sea
47(1)
3.11 Plastic degradation in environmental settings
47(6)
3.12 Anthropocene strata and plastics as archeology and geology
53(1)
3.13 Conclusions
54(1)
References
55(10)
Part 2 Innovation in plastic materials
65(66)
4 Biobased plastics
67(30)
Stephan Kabasci
4.1 Introduction
67(1)
4.2 Definition of biobased plastics
68(3)
4.3 A brief history of biobased plastics
71(2)
4.4 Biobased plastics derived from natural polymers
73(11)
4.5 Biobased plastics polymerized from biobased monomers
84(5)
4.6 End-of-life options and environmental issues
89(3)
References
92(5)
5 Biodegradable plastics
97(34)
Maja Rujnic Havstad
5.1 Introduction
98(1)
5.2 Biodegradability
99(1)
5.3 Types of biodegradable plastics
99(11)
5.4 Processing of biodegradable plastics
110(1)
5.5 Application of biodegradable plastics
111(2)
5.6 Waste management options of biodegradable plastics
113(7)
5.7 Standards and certification
120(6)
5.8 Conclusion
126(1)
References
126(5)
Part 3 End of life problems for plastic waste
131(150)
6 Current industry position on plastic production and recycling
133(30)
Edward Kosior
Jonathan Mitchell
6.1 Plastic production overview
134(9)
6.2 Waste management: overview
143(5)
6.3 Systems for plastic recycling
148(5)
6.4 Economic issues relating to recycling
153(1)
6.5 Challenges and opportunities for improving plastic recycling
154(6)
References
160(3)
7 Plastic waste in the terrestrial environment
163(32)
Rachel Hurley
Alice Horton
Amy Lusher
Luca Nizzetto
7.1 Introduction
163(1)
7.2 Scales of environmental release
164(6)
7.3 Distribution, transport, and accumulation of plastic waste in the terrestrial environment
170(5)
7.4 Potential risks posed by plastic waste in the terrestrial environment
175(4)
7.5 Geographies of plastic waste
179(2)
7.6 Geographical trends in plastic waste handling and release
181(1)
7.7 Conclusion: toward solutions for plastic waste
182(1)
References
183(12)
8 The environmental impacts of plastic pollution
195(28)
Natalie A. Welden
8.1 What is plastic pollution?
195(1)
8.2 The scale of plastic pollution
196(1)
8.3 Where are plastics seen in the environment?
197(6)
8.4 Interactions between plastics and biota
203(10)
8.5 The prevention of environmental plastic pollution
213(2)
8.6 Conclusions
215(1)
References
215(8)
9 Microplastics: from origin to impacts
223(28)
Natalie A. Welden
Amy Lusher
9.1 Understanding microplastic pollution
223(1)
9.2 Classifying microplastics
224(2)
9.3 Origin of plastics
226(1)
9.4 Where and how have microplastics been observed?
227(7)
9.5 Interactions between microplastics and biota
234(3)
9.6 The impacts of interaction between microplastic and biota
237(5)
9.7 Human interactions and impacts
242(1)
9.8 Conclusions
242(1)
References
243(8)
10 Textiles production and end-of-life management options
251(30)
Andreas Bartl
10.1 Introduction
251(1)
10.2 Production of textiles
252(11)
10.3 Options for end-of-life textiles
263(10)
10.4 Conclusions and outlook
273(1)
References
274(7)
Part 4 Solutions for plastic waste
281(166)
11 Mechanical recycling of packaging waste
283(38)
Alexander Feil
Thomas Pretz
11.1 Introduction
284(1)
11.2 Structure of recycling chains for packaging wastes
285(3)
11.3 Technologies of the preenrichment level
288(16)
11.4 Refinement
304(13)
References
317(4)
12 Blast furnace feedstock and coke oven chemical feedstock
321(38)
Seiji Nomura
12.1 Introduction
322(2)
12.2 Background of waste plastic recycling in blast furnace and coke oven in Japan
324(1)
12.3 Blast furnace feedstock recycling of waste plastic
325(14)
12.4 Coke oven chemical feedstock recycling
339(13)
12.5 Present state and future outlook of waste plastic recycling in BF and coke oven
352(2)
References
354(5)
13 Chemical routes for recycling-dissolving, catalytic, and thermochemical technologies
359(26)
Maija Pohjakallio
Tommi Vuorinen
13.1 Introduction
360(1)
13.2 Depolymerization and leaching
361(8)
13.3 Thermochemical recycling of plastics waste
369(9)
13.4 Future prospects of chemical recycling
378(4)
References
382(3)
14 Conversion of plastic waste to fuel
385(16)
Mohanraj Chandran
Senthilkumar Tamilkolundu
Chandrasekar Murugesan
14.1 Introduction
385(4)
14.2 Reaction mechanism of polymer cracking
389(2)
14.3 Cracking
391(5)
14.4 Utilization of waste plastic oil on diesel engines
396(2)
14.5 Conclusion
398(1)
References
398(1)
Further reading
399(2)
15 The treatment of plastic in automobile shredder residue
401(14)
Alfons Buekens
Trevor M. Letcher
15.1 Introduction-our age
401(3)
15.2 Automotive shredder residue
404(3)
15.3 Plastic waste management
407(5)
15.4 Conclusions
412(1)
References
413(2)
16 Solutions to the plastic waste problem on land and in the oceans
415(32)
Edward Kosior
Irene Crescenzi
16.1 Introduction
415(2)
16.2 Overview of plastic in ocean
417(2)
16.3 What is the world doing to tackle the issue of plastics in ocean?
419(19)
16.4 The Honolulu Strategy
438(1)
16.5 UN environment clean seas campaign
439(1)
16.6 Agenda for action
440(3)
References
443(4)
Part 5 Plastics: society and the environment
447(82)
17 Plastics we cannot live without
449(18)
Sharon George
17.1 Introduction
449(2)
17.2 When we came to depend on plastics
451(2)
17.3 Essential applications for modern plastics
453(3)
17.4 Medicine and health
456(2)
17.5 Electronics
458(4)
17.6 Provision of vital supplies in cities
462(1)
17.7 Will we always need plastic?
463(1)
References
464(3)
18 Secondary plastic products-examples and market trends
467(14)
Maija Pohjakallio
18.1 Introduction
467(1)
18.2 Typical product markets for different recycled resins
468(3)
18.3 Case examples from companies
471(2)
18.4 Future market trends
473(5)
References
478(3)
19 Plastic waste in a circular economy
481(32)
John N. Hahladakis
Eleni lacovidou
Spyridoula Gerassimidou
19.1 Introduction
481(2)
19.2 Classification of plastics in the economy
483(5)
19.3 Framework for plastic waste management in a circular economy
488(4)
19.4 Plastic recycling and recovery processes: opportunities, challenges, and trade-offs
492(11)
19.5 Concluding remarks
503(2)
Nomenclature
505(1)
References
506(7)
20 Ecological and health issues of plastic waste
513(16)
Cayla R. Cook
Rolf U. Halden
20.1 Introduction
513(1)
20.2 Environmental impact of plastic litter
514(2)
20.3 Potential wildlife and human health impacts
516(3)
20.4 Sources of exposure
519(3)
20.5 Reducing exposure to plastics
522(2)
20.6 Conclusion
524(1)
References
524(5)
Part 6 Plastic waste around the world
529(106)
21 Policy responses to plastic pollution in Asia: summary of a regional gap analysis
531(38)
Lewis Akenji
Magnus Bengtsson
Yasuhiko Hotta
Mizuki Kato
Matthew Hengesbaugh
21.1 Introduction
532(2)
21.2 Challenges faced by developing Asia
534(5)
21.3 Current policy approaches in selected countries in Asia
539(19)
21.4 Recent regional policy initiatives
558(1)
21.5 Toward regional policy coordination and collaboration for transitioning to a circular economy for plastics
559(4)
Acknowledgments
563(1)
References
563(6)
22 The challenge of plastic pollution in Nigeria
569(16)
Emeka Dumbili
Lesley Henderson
22.1 Introduction
569(1)
22.2 Plastic pollution in Nigeria: sources and consequences
570(6)
22.3 Plastic pollution in Nigeria: toward potential solutions?
576(3)
22.4 Conclusion
579(1)
Acknowledgments
580(1)
References
580(5)
23 Plastic waste in the United Kingdom
585(16)
Libby Peake
23.1 Introduction
585(1)
23.2 Current plastic use in the United Kingdom
586(2)
23.3 Problems with a reliance on export markets
588(1)
23.4 Shortcomings of the current UK approach
589(1)
23.5 Rising concern around plastic use in the United Kingdom
590(1)
23.6 Promised actions from government
591(1)
23.7 Actions from businesses
592(2)
23.8 Ongoing research
594(1)
23.9 Continuing pressure from environmental groups
594(1)
23.10 Expected market changes
595(1)
23.11 Other improvements needed
596(1)
23.12 Future areas to target
597(2)
References
599(2)
24 European Union's plastic strategy and an impact assessment of the proposed directive on tackling single-use plastics items
601(34)
Tim Elliott
Hannah Gillie
Alice Thomson
24.1 Introduction
602(3)
24.2 Key elements of the strategy
605(5)
24.3 Policies not included the strategy
610(3)
24.4 Tipping the balance in favor of considering a SUPD
613(2)
24.5 Defining the scope of the directive
615(2)
24.6 Selecting policy measures for assessment
617(1)
24.7 What stakeholders thought of the measures
617(4)
24.8 Assessing the main impacts
621(2)
24.9 Additional elements of the SUPD
623(1)
24.10 The future of European policy on plastics
624(4)
24.11 A final reflection
628(1)
References
629(4)
Further reading
633(2)
Index 635
Professor Trevor Letcher is an Emeritus Professor at the University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, and living in the United Kingdom. He was previously Professor of Chemistry, and Head of Department, at the University of the Witwatersrand, Rhodes University, and Natal, in South Africa (1969-2004). He has published over 300 papers on areas such as chemical thermodynamic and waste from landfill in peer reviewed journals, and 100 papers in popular science and education journals. Prof. Letcher has edited and/or written 32 major books, of which 22 were published by Elsevier, on topics ranging from future energy, climate change, storing energy, waste, tyre waste and recycling, wind energy, solar energy, managing global warming, plastic waste, renewable energy, and environmental disasters. He has been awarded gold medals by the South African Institute of Chemistry and the South African Association for the Advancement of Science, and the Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics honoured him with a Festschrift in 2018. He is a life member of both the Royal Society of Chemistry (London) and the South African Institute of Chemistry. He is on the editorial board of the Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics, and is a Director of the Board of the International Association of Chemical Thermodynamics since 2002.
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