1. Focus on 20th century: In contrast to the 18th and 19th centuries the 20th century which this volume is focused on, has so far only gained minor interest in this rather new field of scholarly inquiry (history of language education). Yet it is a crucial period in which many of the foundations were laid which still influence today's language classrooms across the world. 2. Focus on practice: In contrast with other works on the history of language learning and teaching, this book is innovative in assigning a much more important role to practice and to the reciprocal relationship of policies and practice (rather than investigating top-down processes from policies to practice). 3. International scope, reaching beyond Europe: In contrast with comparable books the contributions in this volume offer a range of topics, languages taught and contexts investigated which have a focus on Europe but also move beyond and thus broaden the research perspective, moving away from a purely Euro-centric view which has dominated the field to date. In contrast with other works on the history of language learning and teaching, this book is innovative in assigning a much more important role to practice and to the reciprocal relationship of policies and practice (rather than investigating top.down processes from policies to practice). The 14 contributions highlight various contexts of language education in the 20th century, combining inside.out (emic) perspectives, drawing on teachers/learners experience within the classroom, and outside.in (etic) perspectives, looking at external factors such as the curriculum or education policies and considering how teachers and learners respond to these. Each chapter starts from one perspective, yet at the same time takes into account the reciprocal effects between the two directions of movement (inside.out / outside.in). This volume asks, how has the practice of language learning and teaching been influenced by policies and context and vice versa?
I INTRODUCTION
(Sabine Doff & Richard Smith) Valorizing practice in 20th-century language
learning and teaching
II CONTENT
(Stefan Kipf) Ovids Metamorphoses(Norman Ächtler)Teaching Schiller:
Philological discourse and educational practice at Schools of Higher
Education in the German Empire The example of Wallenstein
(Sabine Reh) Writing about literature. Examination and text forms in L1 in
the French zone of occupation, 1945-49
III METHOD
(Joanna Pfingsthorn) Practice escaping an ideological grip: How the CLT
agenda slipped through the cracks of error taxonomies
(Tim Giesler)Teachers may feel that they should Attempts to align the
intended and the taught curriculum in 1980s Bremen manuals for communicative
language teaching
(John Daniels)The quest for Communicative Competence in foreign language
learning in English schools, 1968-2010
(Laura Pinnavaia and Annalisa Zanola) Teaching English writing in the
twentieth century seen through handbooks for mother-tongue and foreign
speakers
IV AIMS
(Silvia Pireddu) Too much workload in technical schools!: Luigi Pavia and
the teaching of English in Italian schools on the threshold of the 20th
century
(Kohei Uchimaru)Yoshisaburō Okakura and the practical value of the study of
English in secondary schools in early twentieth-century Japan
(Shona Whyte)The British juggernaut: ESP practice and purpose in the 1970s
V CONTEXT
(Irmina Kotlarska)Sociocultural, political and educational aspects of
teaching English in Polish schools in the interwar period (1918-1939)
(Ekaterine Shaverdashvili & Nino Chkhikvdze) English as a foreign language in
Georgia: From past till present
(Sharon Harvey)Language teacher education improvements would valorise
practice: A recent history of intercultural language teaching in Aotearoa/New
Zealand
(Robert J. Fouser)Social attitudes toward school English in classroom
practice in South Korea from 1970 to the present .
Sabine Doff has been Full Professor of English Language Education at the Department of Language and Literary Studies, University of Bremen, Germany since 2009. Her main interests cover the historiography of language education in and beyond Europe, curriculum studies, culture and cultural learning in the language classroom, inclusive language education and content and language integrated learning. Richard Smith is a Professor of English Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics at the University of Warwick, UK. He is the founder and joint coordinator of the International Association of Applied Linguistics (AILA) Research Network on History of Language Learning and Teaching, and he has published widely in this field (including, with N. Mclelland, The History of Language Learning and Teaching (3 volumes, Legenda, 2018) and, with T. Giesler, Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching: Historical Perspectives (Benjamins, in press). Norman Ächtler works as lecturer (Akademischer Rat) at the Justus-Liebig_x0002_University in Gießen. He teaches Modern German Literature and Media Studies/Literature and Media Didactics. Recent publications include: Ächtler, Norman (ed.), Schulprogramme Höherer LehranstaltenInterdisziplinäre Perspektiven auf eine wiederentdeckte bildungs- und kulturwissenschftliche Quellengattung (Hannover: Wehrhahn, 2020); Ächtler, Norman et al. (ed.), GenerationalitätGesellschaftGeschichte: Schnittfelder in den deutschsprachigen Literatur- und Mediensystemen nach 1945. Festschrift für Carsten Gansel (Berlin: Verbrecher Verlag, 2021). Tim Giesler has been a lecturer for English language education since 2010. His main research interest is the historiography of language teaching in institutional context, a field in which he earned his PhD. Before 2010, he was a teacher of (mainly) English, history, and political education at several northern German schools. Stefan Kipf (born 1964) studied classical philology in Berlin (Freie Univer_x0002_sität) and Austin, TX, USA (19831990), and received his doctorate at the FU with a thesis on Herodotus as a school author. In 2005, he habilitated there with a study on the history of teaching classical languages in West Germany from 1945 to 2000. Since 2006, he has served as professor of Didactics of Greek and Latin at the Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin (HU); among other things, he was chairman of the German Association of Classical Philologists (20072011) and founding director of the Professional School of Education of the HU (20112016). He is currently dean of the faculty of Linguistics and Literary Studies. Irmina Kotlarska is assistant professor in the Linguistics Department of the Institute of Polish Philology of the University of Zielona Góra. Her research interests are sociolinguistics, educational discourse, Polish-English language contacts, the history of teaching English in Poland, and textbook analysis. She is the author of the monograph The intentionality of the statements in Home Teachers Diary (18141823) by Julian Antonowicz in the light of pragmatic and lexical analysis. Joanna Pfingsthorn is a researcher in the department of Foreign Language Education at the University of Bremen. Her main research interest is the intersection of inclusive education and foreign language teaching. She holds a PhD in Foreign Language Education from the University of Oldenburg, a M.Sc. in Cognitive Science from the University of Amsterdam, and a BA in Psychology from Jacobs University Bremen. Laura Pinnavaia (PhD) is full professor of English Language and Linguistics at the University of Milan (Italy). Her research interests in lexicology and lexicography have produced over forty articles and three authored mono_x0002_graphs: The Italian Borrowings in the OED: A Lexicographic, Linguistic and Cultural Analysis (2001); Introduzione alla Linguistica Inglese (2015); Food and Drink Idioms in English: A Little Bit More Sugar and Lots of Spice (2018). She is currently working on seventeenth-century travelogues and the history of writing instruction for mother tongue speakers of English. Annalisa Zanola (PhD) is full professor of English Language and Linguistics, director of the Language Teaching Centre, and Rectors Delegate for Language Teaching and Training at the University of Brescia (Italy). She represents her university at the European Language Council (ELC) meetings. Her current research interests include the epistemology of English phonetics and phonology and the most recent trends in public speaking and academic writing, English as an international language, and international English in business and health communication. She is a member of the board of the international doctoral program in Euro(pean)-Languages and Specialized Terminologies at the University of Naples Parthenope (Italy), in collaboration with Université dArtois, Arras (France). Silvia Pireddu received an MA in Modern Foreign Languages and Literature from Universitą degli Studi di Pavia (Italy), specializing in History of the English Language. She holds a PhD in English and American Cultures from IULM University, Milan, and worked with post-doctoral grants at Universitą degli Studi di Pavia on the history of translation. From 2005 to 2017, she taught seminars and courses at IULM and Universitą Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan. At present, she is an associate professor of English Language and Linguistics at Universitą di Torino. Her research interests include diachronic linguistics, the history of language learning and teaching, the history of translation, and stylistics, with special reference to the intersection of discourse, texts, and culture. Sabine Reh studied German literature and history, passed the state examina_x0002_tions for the teaching profession at grammar schools, and obtained her doctor_x0002_ate in Hamburg. After professorships in Freiburg, Münster, and Berlin, she is now Professor for the History of Education at the Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, heads the Research Library for the History of Education, and is Deputy Executive Director of the DIPF | Leibniz Institute for Educational Research and Information. Her research focuses on the history of school and teaching practices, especially of German literature, and the history of pedagogical knowledge in Germany after 1945. Recent publications include: Sabine Reh et al. (eds) (2021): Schülerauslese, schulische Beurteilung und Schülertests 18801980 (Bad Heilbrunn: Klinkhardt, 2021); Sabine Reh & Britta Eiben-Zach (2021): Das Bewerten von Literatur. Literarische Normen im fachdidaktischen Diskurs und in Abituraufsätzen der 1960er Jahre, in: Lydia Brenz et al. (eds.), Normativität und literarisches Verstehen (Berlin et al.: Peter Lang, 2021), 175196. Shona Whyte is professor of English at the Université Cōté dAzur where she teaches English as a foreign language (EFL), translation, second language learning and teaching, and applied linguistics.Her research interests include CALL (computer-assisted language learning), particularly classroom interaction and teacher integration of technologies, and she has participated in European projects on interactive language teaching with a variety of technologies. She has also published on teaching English for specific purposes (ESP) and co-founded a special interest group on language teacher education research (ESP didactics) within GERAS, the French scholarly society for ESP. Books include New Developments in ESP teaching and learning research (co-edited with Cédric Sarré, 2018); and Implementing and researching tech_x0002_nological innovation in language teaching: The case of interactive whiteboards for EFL in French schools (Palgrave 2015). She blogs on topics related to language research and teaching at shonawhyte.wordpress.com. Sharon Harvey recently joined the School of Education at Auckland University of Technology (AUT) as Associate Professor. From 20082019, she was Head of the School of Language and Culture at AUT, as well as Deputy Dean (Research) of the Faculty of Culture and Society. Sharon initiated and co-wrote the 2013 Royal Society of New Zealand paper Languages of Aotearoa New Zealand. The paper highlighted the plight of te reo Mori, as well as Pacific and other minority languages in Aotearoa. It also explained the educational achievement benefits that would accrue to students if they were able to maintain and extend their languages within the New Zealand education system. Sharons wider research and supervisory interests are focussed on language policy and planning and how this translates to practice, particularly in the education sector. Sharon has led several Ministry of Education evaluations of language teaching and learning in schools. Ekaterine Shaverdashvili is professor of Education at Ilia State University, Georgia, and the head of the Research Centre for Innovative Education. She is the author of three monographs and more than thirty-five scientific articles. Her research interests include language policy, didactics of foreign and second language, and the history of foreign language learning and teaching. Nino Chkhikvadze is a PhD candidate at Ilia State University, Georgia. The topic of her PhD is the historical research of English as a foreign language learning and teaching. Her research interests include FL acquisition, English language policy/practice, and didactics in the Soviet Union. Kohei Uchimaru is an associate professor in the faculty of Literature and Human Sciences at Osaka Metropolitan University. His recent articles include: Wisely, and slow. They stumble that run fast: Learner-Friendly Shakespeare in an EFL Classroom in Early Modern Culture Online 7 (2019); Education through the Study of English: Yoshisaburō Okakura as a Conserva_x0002_tive Reformer in Language & History 62.2 (2019); and Teaching Shakespeare in Early Twentieth-Century Japan: A Study of King Lear in Locally Produced EFL School Readers in Shakespeare Studies 56 (2018). He guest-edited Teach_x0002_ing Shakespeare 16 (British Shakespeare Association, 2018) and co-authored Shakespeare in East Asian Education (Palgrave, 2021). John Daniels worked for thirtyfive years as a language teacher in a Nortumberland middle school from 19712007 and for six years as headteacher. A concern to understand the development of language skills during a series of annual intensive programmes working with pupils aged 12 to 13 led to research at the School of Education at Durham University working with Professor Mike Byram and to an MA (1999) and PhD (2009). The research identified the concept of vocabulary dormancy, where the catalyst of the intensive experience led to words becoming activated that were only partially known through classroom learning. Since retiring in 2007, John has had time to reflect on his experiences as a middle school language teacher and a year working in a French college. He has produced a number of articles on this time, particularly on the intensive language initiatives which provided an important supplement to classroom based learning. His ambition is to write a book on language teaching based on this experience. He feels he owes the present generation of language teachers the chance to appreciate the potential of developing active language skills among their students, through intensive language work outside the classroom. Robert J. Fouser holds a PhD in applied linguistics from Trinity College, Dublin and an MA in applied linguistics, and a BA in Japanese language and literature, both from the University of Michigan. He has lectured on Korean language education at Seoul National University and, before that, on foreign language education at Kyoto University. He also developed the Korean language program at Kagoshima University in Japan. His early research interests were the learning of third languages (L3), particularly from a sociolinguistic perspective. During his years in Japan and Korea, he also researched e-learning and mobile learning applications in language teaching with a focus on English and Korean. His recent research interest is the influence of social context on the history of second language learning and teaching. He is also the author of Oegugeo Jeonpadam (The Spread of Foreign Languages, 2018), a history of foreign language learning and teaching that he wrote in Korean for general readership. He is currently based in Providence, Rhode Island as an independent scholar.
