Poverty Orientated Agricultural and Rural Development [Kietas viršelis]

Illustrations		xiii
Preface		xix
Abbreviations		xxiii
Part A Approaches to poverty reduction through agricultural development
Introduction		5
Summary		7
Part I Background to the problem: world food question		18
1 Overview		18
2 Demand		19
2.1 Population growth		19
2.2 Per capita income		21
2.3 Income elasticity of demand		21
2.4 Forecast of demand		21
3 Supply		22
3.1 Available arable land		22
3.2 Soil fertility in the tropics		22
3.3 Soil erosion		25
3.4 Land development on balance		26
3.5 Increase in yields and production forecast		27
4 Main development problem of the world food issue: poverty, hunger, undernourishment and malnutrition		30
4.1 Incidence of undernourishment		30
4.2 Disposable income, food consumption, undernourishment		31
5 Relevance of food prices to poverty		32
5.1 Reference level: domestic market		32
5.2 Reference level: world market		34
Part II Motive for the study: new urban bias in development cooperation		37
6 Neglect of the agricultural sector in development cooperation		37
6.1 The causes		39
6.2 Agricultural policy distortions: industrialized countries, world markets, developing countries		45
7 Neglect of agriculture in the sub-Saharan African countries		57
Part III Poverty reduction in the conceptual experience of agricultural development		60
8 Role of agriculture in the early-industrial phase of economic development		60
8.1 Excursus – towards an understanding of the subject matter		60
8.2 Agricultural contributions to economic development		63
8.3 Factor proportions theorem of agricultural development		66
9 Agricultural policy conceptions 1955-2000		69
9.1 Community development (1955-65)		69
9.2 Green revolution (1965-75)		71
9.3 Integrated rural development (1975-85)		79
9.4 Structural adjustment programmes (1985-95)		81
9.5 Sector investment programmes and capacity-building (1995–present)		83
9.6 A brief review of socio-political problems in decentralized rural development		86
Part IV Economic growth, agricultural development, poverty reduction		88
10 Economic and agricultural growth		89
10.1 Linkage through mutual demand		89
10.2 Urbanization		92
11 Driving forces behind agricultural growth		94
11.1 Empirical evidence at sectoral level		94
11.2 Microeconomic analysis and innovations		97
12 Growth and poverty reduction		101
12.1 Economic growth and poverty reduction		102
12.2 Agricultural development and poverty reduction		105
13 The problems posed by poverty-oriented agricultural policy		111
13.1 Price, market and trade policy		112
13.1.1 Agricultural prices and wages		114
13.1.2 Transport costs and market segmentation		117
13.2 Innovation policy		119
13.3 Land reform		122
13.3.1 Social and economic incentives for land reform		123
13.3.2 Systematics of reform projects		126
13.3.3 Land reforms in the twentieth century		127
13.3.4 Implementation difficulties and preconditions for success		127
13.3.5 'Successes' without land ownership being changed		129
13.3.6 Land reforms in Southern Africa		129
Part V Conclusions and recommendations		131
14 Conclusions		131
15 Recommendations		133
Notes		135
Bibliography		138
Appendix		149
Part B Institutional and organizational ways for rural communities of sub-Saharan Africa to reduce poverty
Introduction		179
Summary		182
Part I Global framework for sustainable and poverty-reducing agricultural and rural development		190
1 Agenda 21		190
1.1 Sustainable agricultural and rural development		190
1.2 Sustainable development of local communities		193
2 World food summit plan of action		194
2.1 Objectives		194
2.2 Framework for action		195
3 UN Convention to combat desertification		197
3.1 Evolution		197
3.2 Provisions of the convention		198
3.3 Regional implementation in Africa		199
4 UN Millennium Declaration and poverty reduction strategies		200
4.1 UN Millennium Declaration		200
4.2 Poverty reduction strategy of the IMF and World Bank		201
4.3 New World Bank strategy for reducing rural poverty		203
5 Effects of, difficulties with the implementation of and lessons to be learnt from the structural adjustment programmes		207
5.1 Effects		207
5.2 Implementation difficulties		208
5.3 Lessons		209
Part II Realistic problem-solving approaches		211
6 Requirements to be met by development cooperation		211
7 Focusing on key areas of development policy		212
8 Sequencing of development steps		214
9 Jettisoning of ballast inherent in development cooperation		216
10 Pooling human and financial resources and setting priorities		217
11 Donor coordination and international division of labour		219
12 Performance of multifunctional agricultural and rural development tasks through decentralization		223
12.1 Rural development as a cross-section task		223
12.2 Rural development as a joint task		225
12.3 Rural development as a national task		227
Part III Importance for development policy of, preconditions for and effects of decentralization		229
13 Decentralization as a recurrent challenge to development policy		229
14 Importance for broad-based socio-economic development		232
15 Effects on and risks for development policy		234
16 Importance of fiscal decentralization for development		237
17 Opportunities for development cooperation to promote decentralization		240
Part IV Decentralization and development cooperation priorities		242
18 Cooperation between the private and public sectors		242
18.1 Functionality and efficiency		242
18.2 Dysfunctional ities and weaknesses		243
18.3 Problem-solving approaches		245
19 Integration of intersectoral programmes into poverty reduction strategies		247
19.1 National government tasks (The case of Zambia)		248
19.2 Local government tasks		251
19.2.1 Integration into the state as a whole (The case of South Africa)		251
19.2.2 Planning the development of local government (The case of South Africa)		254
19.2.3 Steering local development (The case of Zimbabwe)		255
19.3 Requirements and opportunities for private-sector development		258
19.3.1 Requirements and starting conditions		258
19.3.2 Obstacles to private-sector development		261
19.3.3 Overcoming the obstacles: examples from Malawi, Zambia and Zimbabwe		262
19.3.4 Local government's role in local economic development		263
19.4 Local implementation of Agenda 21 (The case of Zimbabwe)		266
Part V Institutional and organizational implementation options		268
20 Attempt at a conceptual approach		268
21 Poverty reduction through agriculturally based rural development		269
21.1 Sectoral integration		269
21.2 Graduated development based on a division of labour		271
21.3 Integrated local development		273
21.3.1 Expansion of fiscal autonomy		273
21.3.2 Enlargement of the basis for local development financing		274
21.3.3 Integration into government as a whole		276
21.3.4 Medium-term financial planning		279
21.3.5 Local development management		280
22 New ways for development cooperation support		282
22.1 Financial requirements for poverty-oriented rural development		282
22.2 Budget aid		284
22.3 Joint financing as an interim solution		285
Part VI Conclusions and recommendations		287
23 Conclusions		287
24 Recommendations		288
Notes		290
Bibliography		295
Appendix		303
Index		337

Hartmut Brandt began his professional education with three years of farming practice (1960-62) and continued with eight years of academic study and research in agricultural sciences and economics at Kiel University, Technical University of Berlin and Makerere University College, Kampala. Thereafter, followed thirty-two years of applied research, consulting work and postgraduate training based at the German Development Institute (GDI). Dr Brandt retired in 2002 but continues his consultative activities.

Uwe Otzen is senior research fellow at the German Development Institute (GDI). He studied international agricultural science at the Technical University of Berlin, where he obtained his PhD in 1973. He worked four years in Malawi as agricultural consultant and project manager for a regional development project of the GTZ, the German Agency for Technical Cooperation, before he joined the German Development Institute in 1977, where he worked as research fellow in the Africa Department. Between 1982 and 1986 he spent four years in Zimbabwe as agricultural and rural development advisor to the Ministry of Lands, Resettlement and Rural Development in Harare.