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El. knyga: Power Plant Instrumentation and Control Handbook: A Guide to Thermal Power Plants

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(Founder and Chief Executive, Systems and Controls, Kolkata, India), (Chief Executive, Systems and Controls, Control and Instrumentation Engineering and Consulting Kolkata, India)
  • Formatas: PDF+DRM
  • Išleidimo metai: 09-Jun-2019
  • Leidėjas: Academic Press Inc
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780081028056
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Power Plant Instrumentation and Control Handbook: A Guide to Thermal Power PlantsDidesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: PDF+DRM
  • Išleidimo metai: 09-Jun-2019
  • Leidėjas: Academic Press Inc
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780081028056
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Power Plant Instrumentation and Control Handbook, Second Edition, provides a contemporary resource on the practical monitoring of power plant operation, with a focus on efficiency, reliability, accuracy, cost and safety. It includes comprehensive listings of operating values and ranges of parameters for temperature, pressure, flow and levels of both conventional thermal power plant and combined/cogen plants, supercritical plants and once-through boilers. It is updated to include tables, charts and figures from advanced plants in operation or pilot stage. Practicing engineers, freshers, advanced students and researchers will benefit from discussions on advanced instrumentation with specific reference to thermal power generation and operations.

New topics in this updated edition include plant safety lifecycles and safety integrity levels, advanced ultra-supercritical plants with advanced firing systems and associated auxiliaries, integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) and integrated gasification fuel cells (IGFC), advanced control systems, and safety lifecycle and safety integrated systems.

  • Covers systems in use in a wide range of power plants: conventional thermal power plants, combined/cogen plants, supercritical plants, and once through boilers
  • Presents practical design aspects and current trends in instrumentation
  • Discusses why and how to change control strategies when systems are updated/changed
  • Provides instrumentation selection techniques based on operating parameters. Spec sheets are included for each type of instrument
  • Consistent with current professional practice in North America, Europe, and India
  • All-new coverage of Plant safety lifecycles and Safety Integrity Levels
  • Discusses control and instrumentation systems deployed for the next generation of A-USC and IGCC plants
Preface xv
Acknowledgments xvii
1 Introduction
1 Introduction
1(1)
2 Fundamental Knowledge About Basic Process
1(32)
2.1 Ideas Within and Outside the System
1(4)
2.2 Recapitulation: Various Cycles: Carnot, Rankine, Regenerative, and Reheat
5(4)
2.3 Regenerative Cycle/Heater/Extraction System
9(3)
2.4 Reheat Cycles in Utility Boiler---Hot and CRH Lines
12(2)
2.5 Gas Turbine Types (Framesl/Black Startup
14(14)
2.6 Recovery Boilers: Introduction
28(1)
2.7 Process Boiler: Steam Supply at Different Pressures Compared With Steam Turbine Operation for Utility Purposes
29(2)
2.8 Pressure-Reducing and Desuperheating Station: Purpose and Importance for Process Boilers/Initial Heating Up and Other Purposes
31(1)
2.9 Vacuum and Dump Condenser
32(1)
3 Process Parameters and Ranges
33(9)
3.1 Purpose of Parameter Measurements
36(1)
3.2 Type of Instruments and Their Selection: Discussion
37(2)
Bibliography
39(3)
2 Main Equipment
1 Overview of Main Equipment Types, Function, and Description
42(3)
1.1 Boiler
42(1)
1.2 Turbine
42(2)
1.3 Condenser
44(1)
1.4 Boiler Feed Pumps
44(1)
1.5 Generator and Exciter
44(1)
2 Steam Generator: Boiler
45(32)
2.1 Boiler/Steam Generator Subsystems
45(1)
2.2 Deaerator
46(2)
2.3 Soot Blowing System
48(1)
2.4 Boiler Circulating Water System
48(1)
2.5 Mills and Pulverizers
48(1)
2.6 Pumps and Heating Units
48(1)
2.7 Fans
48(1)
2.8 Fans: Functions of ID, FD FANS, Effect on Control System, Control Devices
48(2)
2.9 Air Flue Gas Path Equipment
50(4)
2.10 Firing System
54(15)
2.11 Boiler Drum, Pressure Parts With Locations
69(6)
2.12 Miscellaneous Boiler Equipment
75(2)
3 Turbine Type
77(27)
3.1 Steam Turbines: Turbine Types and Classification
77(3)
3.2 Basic Turbine Type: HP, IP, LP Cylinders
80(2)
3.3 Turbine Oil Systems
82(2)
3.4 Extraction and Gland Sealing System
84(1)
3.5 Condenser and Evacuation System
85(3)
3.6 Start-Up and Thermal Stress
88(3)
3.7 Miscellaneous Turbine Auxiliaries
91(10)
3.8 Turbine Supervisory Instrumentation
101(3)
4 Generator
104(6)
4.1 Basic Generator Details
105(4)
4.2 Generator Excitation: Types With Advantages and Disadvantages
109(1)
5 Boiler Feed Pump And Condensate Extraction Pump: Associated Measurements
110(4)
5.1 Boiler Feed Pumps
112(2)
5.2 Condensate Extraction Pumps
114(1)
6 Deaerators and Heaters
114(5)
6.1 Deaerator
114(3)
6.2 Regenerative Feed Water Heaters
117(2)
7 CW and ACW System Function and Description
119(4)
7.1 Circulating Water System
119(3)
7.2 Auxiliary Cooling Water and Closed Cooling Water Systems
122(1)
7.3 CW Make-Up and Treatment System
122(1)
7.4 CW Make-Up and Treatment System Using Seawater
123(1)
7.5 Instrumentation Requirement for a CW System
123(1)
7.6 Auxiliary and Associated Subsystems of a CW/ACW/CCW System
123(1)
8 Demineralizing (DM) Plant Function and Description
123(11)
8.1 Necessity of a DM Plant and System Requirements
125(1)
8.2 Inlet Water Quality Requirement for DM Plant Operation
125(1)
8.3 Requirement of DM Water for Other Systems
125(1)
8.4 System Operation of DM Plant
125(8)
8.5 Expected Quality of Various Components
133(1)
8.6 Controls and Instrumentation
133(1)
9 Coal Handling: Basic System Function and Description
134(5)
9.1 Influencing Factors of CHP Concept Design
134(1)
9.2 Unloading
135(1)
9.3 Coal Crushing
136(1)
9.4 Coal Stacker and Reclaimer at Stockyard
137(1)
9.5 Dust Control System and Ventilation System
137(1)
9.6 Other Important Accessories
137(1)
9.7 Instrumentation and Control
138(1)
9.8 Brief Details of Conveyor Safety Switches
139(1)
10 Ash Handling: Basic System Function and Description
139(11)
10.1 Properties of Ash
141(1)
10.2 Influencing Factors of AHP Concept Design
141(1)
10.3 Mode of Ash Disposal
141(3)
10.4 Fly Ash Handling System
144(1)
10.5 Ash Water System
145(1)
10.6 Ash Disposal System
146(1)
Bibliography
147(3)
3 Plant P&ID (Process) Discussions
1 Introduction (P&ID Process)
150(3)
1.1 P&ID Basics
150(1)
1.2 Instrumentation Symbols in P&ID
150(1)
1.3 Piping Representation in P&ID
150(1)
1.4 Process Parameter in P&ID
150(1)
1.5 Equipment in P&ID
150(1)
1.6 Discussion on P&ID
150(1)
1.7 Redundancies for Transmitters (Sensor)
150(3)
1.8 Analytical Instruments and Control
153(1)
2 Main Steam (P&ID)
153(6)
2.1 Objective and Function of the System
153(1)
2.2 System Description---Main Steam
153(1)
2.3 Major System Equipment---Main Steam
154(2)
2.4 Major Parameters in Main Steam (MS)
156(2)
2.5 Controls in---Main Steam
158(1)
2.6 Redundancy in Measurement---Main Steam
159(1)
2.7 Miscellenous Points---Main Steam
159(1)
3 Reheat Steam (P&IDs): Cold and Hot Reheat
159(6)
3.1 Reheat Steam System
159(1)
3.2 Cold Reheat Steam System
159(3)
3.3 Hot Reheat Steam System
162(3)
4 Extraction Steam (P&IDs): Bleed Steam
165(4)
4.1 Extraction Steam System
165(1)
4.2 Objectives and Functions of the System
166(1)
4.3 System Description---Extraction Steam
166(1)
4.4 Major System Equipment---Extraction Steam
166(2)
4.5 Major Parameter Monitoring in--- Extraction Steam
168(1)
4.6 Controls in---Extraction Steam
169(1)
4.7 Redundancy in Measurement--- Extraction Steam
169(1)
4.8 Miscellaneous Points---Extraction Steam
169(1)
5 Auxiliary Steam (P&IDs)
169(6)
5.1 Auxiliary Steam System
169(1)
5.2 Objectives and Functions of the System
169(1)
5.3 System Description---Auxiliary Steam
169(5)
5.4 Major System Equipment---Auxiliary Steam
174(1)
5.5 Major Process Parameters and Measuring Monitoring in---AS
175(1)
5.6 Controls in---Auxiliary Steam
175(1)
5.7 Redundancy in Measurement--- Auxiliary Steam
175(1)
5.8 Micellenous Points---Auxiliary Steam
175(1)
6 Feed Water Steam (P&IDs)
175(12)
6.1 Feed Water (FW) System
175(1)
6.2 Objectives and Functions of the System
176(1)
6.3 System Description---Feed Water (FW) System Variations
176(8)
6.4 Major System Equipment---Feed Water System
184(1)
6.5 Major Parameter Measuring Monitoring in---Feed Water
184(2)
6.6 Controls in---Feed Water System
186(1)
6.7 Redundancy in Measurement---Feed Water System
186(1)
6.8 Miscellaneous Points---Feed Water System
187(1)
7 Condensate System (P&IDs)
187(8)
7.1 Condensate System
187(1)
7.2 Objectives and Functions of the System
187(1)
7.3 System Description---Condensate System
187(5)
7.4 Major System Equipment---Condensate System
192(1)
7.5 Major Parameter Measuring Monitoring in---Condensate
193(2)
7.6 Controls in---Condensate System
195(1)
7.7 Redundancy in Measurement--- Condensate System
195(1)
7.8 Miscellaneous Points---Condensate System
195(1)
8 Heater Drain and Vent (P&IDs)
195(5)
8.1 Heater Drain and Vent System
195(1)
8.2 Objectives and Functions of the System
195(1)
8.3 System Description---Heater Drain and Vent System
196(2)
8.4 Major System Equipment---Heater Drain and Vent System
198(1)
8.5 Major Parameter Measuring Monitoring in---Heater Drain and Vent System
198(2)
9 Air and Flue Gas System (P&IDs) (Outline of Pulverizer Instrumentation)
200(16)
9.1 Air and Flue Gas System
200(1)
9.2 Objectives and Functions of the System
200(1)
9.3 System Description---Air and Flue Gas
201(10)
9.4 Major System Equipment---Air and Flue Gas Path
211(2)
9.5 Major Parameter Measuring Monitoring in---Air and Flue Gas
213(2)
9.6 Controls in---Air and Flue Gas System
215(1)
9.7 Redundancy in Measurement
216(1)
9.8 Miscellaneous Points---Air and Flue Gas System
216(1)
10 Cogeneration P&ID (Gas Turbine HRSG)
216(9)
10.1 Cogeneration/Combined Cycle Plants
216(1)
10.2 Objectives and Functions of the System
217(2)
10.3 System Description
219(3)
10.4 Gas Turbine Control System
222(1)
10.5 Major Parameter Measuring Monitoring in---Cogeneration Plant---Gas Turbine
222(2)
10.6 Redundancy in---Gas Turbines
224(1)
10.7 Single-Shaft Combined-Cycle Configuration
224(1)
11 Misc. Other Systems
225(19)
11.1 Turbogenerator-Related P&IDs
225(13)
11.2 Steam Generator Related P&IDs
238(6)
12 Trends in Power Generation Process
244(7)
12.1 Increased Pressure, Temperature Operation
244(3)
12.2 Various Ways for Reducing Emissions and Increasing Efficiency
247(1)
12.3 Carbon Capture and Storage and Oxyfuel Combustion
247(1)
12.4 CFBC Technology
248(1)
Bibliography
249(2)
4 General Instruments
1 Introduction
251(4)
1.1 Pressure Measurements
251(1)
1.2 Temperature Gauges and Switches
252(1)
1.3 Elements for Remote Pressure Transmitters
252(1)
1.4 Elements for Remote Temperature Transmitters
252(1)
1.5 Temperature Transmitters
253(1)
1.6 Flow Measurement
253(1)
1.7 Level Measurement
254(1)
2 Pressure Measurement: Various Measuring Points and Range Selection
255(7)
2.1 Pressure Transmitter: Working Principle, Specification, Supplier, and Special Features
255(4)
2.2 Pressure Switch: Working Principle, Specification, Supplier, and Special Features
259(2)
2.3 Pressure Gauge: Working Principle, Specification, Supplier, and Special Features
261(1)
3 Temperature Measurement: Various Measuring Points and Range Selection
262(16)
3.1 Temperature Element: Types and Classification, Immersion Length, and Connection Type
262(12)
3.2 Temperature Transmitter: Working Principle, Specification, Supplier, and Special Features
274(1)
3.3 Temperature Switches
275(2)
3.4 Temperature Gauges
277(1)
4 Flow Measurement, Various Measuring Points, Various Types, and Range Selection
278(29)
4.1 Units of Measurement
279(3)
4.2 Flow Elements: Selection and Sizing
282(12)
4.3 Flow Transmitters and Meters
294(7)
4.4 Flow Switch: Working Principle
301(3)
4.5 Flow Gauge
304(3)
5 Level Measurement
307(14)
5.1 Level Transmitters: Working Principle
307(4)
5.2 Level Switch: Working Principle
311(2)
5.3 Level Gauge: Working Principle
313(3)
5.4 Magnetostrictive and Guided Wave Radar Level Instruments
316(4)
Bibliography
320(1)
5 Special Instrument
1 Special Instruments: Introduction
321(1)
1.1 General
321(1)
1.2 Vibration Measurement
322(1)
1.3 Turbovisory Instruments
322(1)
1.4 Gas Analysis
322(1)
1.5 Steam and Water Analysis
322(1)
1.6 Sample Conditioning
322(1)
1.7 Blowdown and Dosing Control System
322(1)
1.8 Pollution-Related Analysis
322(1)
2 Vibration and Turbovisory Instruments
322(26)
2.1 General IDEA of Vibration
322(1)
2.2 Importance of Vibration Measurement
323(1)
2.3 Basic Building Blocks for Vibration Measuring System
323(1)
2.4 Vibration Measurement Points (Turbine Discussed Separately)---Condition Monitoring
323(1)
2.5 Turbovisory Instruments: Measuring Points
323(3)
2.6 Vibration and Turbovisory Measurement Issues
326(8)
2.7 Frequency Range
334(1)
2.8 Measuring Sensor/Transducers
334(1)
2.9 Factors Influencing Vibration Measurements
335(1)
2.10 Interpretation of Vibration Measurements
335(1)
2.11 Vibration Measurement
335(10)
2.12 Other Turbovisory Instruments
345(3)
3 Gas Analyzers
348(24)
3.1 Gas Analysis Requirements and Types
348(5)
3.2 Analyzer Selection Criteria
353(1)
3.3 Component and Analysis Types
353(1)
3.4 Absorption Principle for Analysis
353(3)
3.5 Chemiluminescence Type Analysis System
356(1)
3.6 Paramagnetic and Thermo Magnetic Oxygen Detection System
357(2)
3.7 Zirconia Oxygen Detection System
359(1)
3.8 Thermal Conductivity Gas Detection System---Katharometer
359(1)
3.9 Combustible Analyzer
360(1)
3.10 Gas Chromatograph
360(1)
3.11 Extractive Multianalysis System
361(1)
3.12 In Situ (Modified) Multianalysis System
362(1)
3.13 In Situ Multichannel Analysis System
363(1)
3.14 Opacity/Particulate Monitoring
363(2)
3.15 Ammonia (in Flue Gas) Analyzer
365(1)
3.16 Mercury in Stack Gas Analyzer
365(2)
3.17 Oxygen Analyzers
367(1)
3.18 CO Analyzer
368(1)
3.19 C02 Analyzer
369(1)
3.20 H2 (Purity) Gas Analyzer in TG
369(1)
3.21 Discussions on Flue Gas Measurements
369(3)
4 Steam and Water Analysis System
372(27)
4.1 Basics of Steam and Water Chemistry With Measurements and Controls (Normal Utility Station/Boiler)
372(4)
4.2 SWAS---HRSG
376(4)
4.3 Condensate Polishing Unit
380(1)
4.4 SWAS Measurement Systems
381(18)
5 Sample Conditioning System
399(7)
5.1 Primary and Secondary Sample Condition Devices
400(1)
5.2 Primary Sampling P&ID
401(1)
5.3 Secondary Sample Conditioning P&ID
402(1)
5.4 Sample Conditioning Components
402(3)
5.5 Sample Pipes, Tubes, and Fittings (Typical)
405(1)
5.6 Complete SWAS Rack/Panels
405(1)
6 Blow Down and Dosing Control
406(4)
6.1 Blowdown
406(2)
6.2 Dosing Control
408(2)
7 Analyzers for Air Pollution Monitoring & Control (NOx Control)
410(1)
7.1 Pollution Control
410(1)
8 Oxygenated Treatment Discussions
411(6)
8.1 Basic Discussions on Treatment Issue
411(2)
Bibliography
413(4)
6 Final Control Element
1 Valves and Actuators
417(19)
1.1 Introduction
417(1)
1.2 Control Valve and Actuator: General
417(1)
1.3 Control Valve Sizing
418(5)
1.4 Control Valve Characteristics
423(3)
1.5 Seat Leakage Classification
426(1)
1.6 Actuator and its Sizing
426(3)
1.7 Materials of Construction and Associated Tables for Pressure and Temperature Ratings
429(2)
1.8 Special Considerations
431(1)
1.9 Control Valve Noise
431(3)
1.10 End Connection for Control Valve
434(1)
1.11 Control Valve Face-to-Face Dimension
435(1)
1.12 Nominal Pipe Size and Pressure Rating
436(1)
2 Control Valve Types
436(13)
2.1 Introduction
436(13)
3 Dampers and Miscellaneous Other Final Control Elements
449(5)
3.1 Introduction
449(5)
4 Actuators
454(9)
4.1 Introduction
454(9)
5 Accessories
463(14)
5.1 Introduction
463(12)
Bibliography
475(2)
7 Intelligent Control System
1 Basics (Discussion on Intelligent/Smart Network System)
477(43)
1.1 Preamble
477(43)
2 Programmable Logic Control (PLC) System
520(36)
2.1 Introduction
520(19)
2.2 PLC Types
539(2)
2.3 PLC (OLCS) IN BMS
541(4)
2.4 PLC (OLCS) in ATRS Turbine Protection and ATT
545(3)
2.5 PLC (OLCS) in Electrical System--- SCADA
548(4)
2.6 PLCS (OLCS) Offsite
552(4)
3 Annunciation and Sequence of Evente (SOE)
556(3)
3.1 Preamble
556(1)
3.2 Alarm Annunciator
556(2)
3.3 Sequence of Events
558(1)
4 Integrated DCS-DDC MIS
559(23)
4.1 Preamble (Explanation)
559(6)
4.2 DCS Configuration (OLCS/CLCS Discussions)
565(14)
4.3 Standalone Controller Unit (SCU) and its Integration With DCS
579(3)
5 Man-Machine Interface and Recording
582(34)
5.1 Introduction
582(17)
5.2 Display Types
599(8)
5.3 Log Types
607(2)
5.4 Configuration and Communication
609(7)
6 Management Information System
616(17)
6.1 MIS Characteristics
617(1)
6.2 MIS Position and Functionality
617(2)
6.3 Performance Calculation and Optimization
619(10)
6.4 Gas Turbine Performance and Optimization
629(1)
Bibliography
629(4)
8 Boiler Control System
1 Basic Control Requirement
633(1)
1.1 Introduction
633(1)
1.2 Transmitter Selection
634(1)
2 Steam Pressure Control With Load Index
634(3)
2.1 Objective
635(1)
2.2 Discussion
635(1)
2.3 Control Loop Description
636(1)
3 Air Flow Control
637(7)
3.1 Objective
638(1)
3.2 Discussion
638(1)
3.3 Control Loop Description
638(6)
4 Fuel Flow Control
644(7)
4.1 Objective
644(1)
4.2 Discussion
644(1)
4.3 Control Loop Description
644(3)
4.4 Fuel Flow Controls for Tangential Tilt Burner Boilers
647(4)
5 Coal Mill Control---Mill Air Flow Control (for TT Boiler)
651(13)
5.1 General
651(1)
5.2 Mill Temperature Control
652(5)
5.3 Mill Control (Ball-Tube Mill)
657(7)
6 Furnace Draft Control
664(4)
6.1 Objective
665(1)
6.2 Discussion
665(1)
6.3 Control Loop Description
665(3)
7 Drum Level Control, Feed Water Control
668(7)
7.1 Objective
668(1)
7.2 Discussion
668(1)
7.3 Control Loop Description
669(6)
8 Superheater Temperature Control
675(6)
8.1 Objective
676(1)
8.2 Discussion
676(1)
8.3 Control Loop Description
677(4)
9 Reheat Temperature Control
681(8)
9.1 Objective
682(1)
9.2 Discussion
682(1)
9.3 Control Loop Description
683(6)
9.4 Other Reheat Steam Temperature Controls
689(1)
10 Miscellaneous Boiler Controls Including Overfire Air Damper
689(20)
10.1 General
689(1)
10.2 Objective
689(1)
10.3 Discussion
689(1)
10.4 Auxiliary Steam (BAS)
690(4)
10.5 Soot Blowing Steam PR and SCAPH Pressure Control
694(2)
10.6 SOx and NOx Control
696(12)
10.7 Fuel Oil Pressure Control
708(1)
11 HP-LP Bypass System
709(11)
11.1 Objective
711(1)
11.2 Discussion
712(1)
11.3 Control Loop Description
713(7)
12 Boiler OLCS: Introduction to Interlock and Protection of Boiler BMS, SADC, SB Control
720(23)
12.1 Boiler OLCS
720(2)
12.2 OLCS in SADC
722(1)
12.3 OLCS in Soot Blower (SB) Control
722(1)
12.4 Burner Management System (BMS/FSSS)
723(10)
12.5 Secondary Air Damper Control
733(2)
12.6 Soot Blowing System
735(5)
Bibliography
740(3)
9 Turbo Generator Control System
1 Introduction
743(2)
1.1 Subsystems or Functional Subgroups
744(1)
1.2 Testing Process by ATT
744(1)
2 Electro Hydraulic Governor Control System
745(8)
2.1 General Introduction
745(1)
2.2 Task of the EHG
745(1)
2.3 Duty Assigned to the Electronic Part of EHG
746(1)
2.4 EHG Control Philosophy
746(5)
2.5 Selection of Controller Outputs
751(1)
2.6 Selection of Hydraulic Signals
751(1)
2.7 Functional Description of Electro Hydraulic Converter
751(2)
2.8 Operational Mode of the Electro Hydraulic Converter
753(1)
3 Turbine Protection System
753(4)
3.1 General Introduction
753(1)
3.2 Turbine Tripping Input Signals
754(3)
3.3 Generator Protection
757(1)
3.4 Unit Protection
757(1)
4 ATRS
757(5)
4.1 Subgroups Involved in Automatic Run Up
757(1)
4.2 TG system
757(2)
4.3 Warmup Process
759(1)
4.4 Startup and Thermal Stress
759(1)
4.5 Sequential Operation of the Subgroups for ATRS
760(2)
5 ATT System
762(6)
5.1 Testing Process by ATT Systems
762(1)
5.2 Scope of ATT
763(4)
5.3 Scope of ATT
767(1)
6 Thermal Stress Evaluator
768(2)
6.1 General Causes of Turbine Stress
769(1)
6.2 TSE
769(1)
7 LPBP System
770(3)
7.1 Purpose of LPBP System
770(1)
7.2 Components of a Turbine LPBP System
770(3)
8 Turbine Controls: Seal Steam Pressure Control System
773(2)
8.1 Seal Steam Pressure Control: Background
773(1)
8.2 Control System
774(1)
8.3 Control Loop
774(1)
9 Hydrogen Seal Oil System and Differential Pressure Control
775(6)
9.1 Hydrogen System
775(1)
9.2 Seal Oil System
775(1)
9.3 Description of Seal Oil Flow Diagram
775(4)
9.4 Hydrogen and Air Removal From Seal Oil
779(1)
9.5 Discussions on and Problems With Hydrogen and Seal Oil Systems
780(1)
10 Generator Control System
781(4)
10.1 Generator Voltage Control by AVR
781(1)
10.2 Effect of Excitation Control on Power System Stability
781(1)
10.3 AVR by Rotor Excitation Control `
782(2)
10.4 Deexcitation System of the Rotor
784(1)
10.5 Generator Protection System
784(1)
10.6 Instrumentation System
784(1)
11 Condenser Level and Deaerator Level Control System
785(3)
11.1 Condenser Hotwell Level Control
785(2)
11.2 Deaerator Level Control
787(1)
12 Various TG Options and Miscellaneous TG Controls
788(9)
12.1 Steam Turbines
788(3)
12.2 TGs
791(2)
12.3 Miscellaneous TG Control Loops
793(2)
Bibliography
795(2)
10 Coordinated Control System
1 Introduction
797(2)
1.1 Basic Operating Modes in Coordinated Control System
797(2)
1.2 Startup Control Mode
799(1)
1.3 Base Control Mode
799(1)
1.4 Manual Control Mode
799(1)
2 Coordinate Control Mode
799(6)
2.1 Selection of Basic Modes
799(6)
3 Turbine Follow Mode
805(1)
3.1 Turbine Follow Mode: Steam Pressure Control Mode
805(1)
3.2 Turbine Follow Mode Under Coordinated Control System
806(1)
4 Boiler Follow Mode
806(2)
4.1 Boiler Follow Mode: Master Steam Pressure Control Mode
806(1)
4.2 Boiler Follow Mode Under Coordinated Control System
807(1)
5 Run Back System
808(1)
6 Discussions and Explanations
808(9)
6.1 Demand From LDC
812(1)
6.2 Boiler Turbine Balance
812(1)
6.3 The Concept of Heat Release
813(2)
Bibliography
815(2)
11 Balance of Plant Control System
1 Balance of Plant: Introduction
817(1)
1.1 Introduction
817(1)
2 BFP Recirculation Control
818(3)
2.1 General
818(1)
2.2 Control Loop Description
818(3)
2.3 Control Loop Operation
821(1)
2.4 Control Loop Interlock
821(1)
2.5 Control Valve Considerations
821(1)
3 CEP Recirculation Control
821(3)
3.1 General
821(1)
3.2 Control Loop Description
821(2)
3.3 Control Loop Operation
823(1)
3.4 Control Loop Interlock
824(1)
3.5 Control Valve. Considerations
824(1)
4 GSC Minimum Flow Control
824(1)
4.1 General
824(1)
4.2 Control Loop Description
825(1)
4.3 Control Loop Operation
825(1)
4.4 Control Loop Interlock
825(1)
4.5 Control Valve Considerations
825(1)
5 Deaerator (Pressure) Control
825(4)
5.1 General
825(1)
5.2 Control Loop Description
826(3)
5.3 Control Loop Operation
829(1)
5.4 Control Loop Interlock
829(1)
5.5 Fixed Setpoint Interlock
829(1)
6 LP Heater Level Control
829(3)
6.1 General Discussion on Heater Drain
829(1)
6.2 Control Loop Description
830(1)
6.3 Control Loop Operation
831(1)
6.4 Control Loop Interlock
831(1)
6.5 Control Valve Consideration
832(1)
7 HP Heater Level Control
832(1)
7.1 General
832(1)
7.2 Control Loop Description
833(1)
7.3 Control Loop Operation
833(1)
7.4 Control Loop Interlock
833(1)
7.5 Control Valve Consideration
833(1)
8 Ejector Control and TAS
833(6)
8.1 General
833(2)
8.2 Control Loop Description
835(1)
8.3 Control Loop Operation
836(1)
8.4 Control Loop Interlock
836(1)
8.5 Control Valve Consideration
837(1)
8.6 Use of Auxiliary Steam in Turbine
837(1)
8.7 Ejector Control
837(1)
Bibliography
838(1)
12 Installation Practices
1 Introduction
839(11)
1.1 A Source Point for Pressure Tapping
843(1)
1.2 Source Point for Temperature Tapping
844(3)
1.3 Source Connection for Flow Measurements
847(3)
1.4 Source Point Connection for Level Measurement
850(1)
2 Pipe Valve Fitting (PVF) Specification Ratings
850(2)
3 Mechanical Installation of Instruments
852(18)
3.1 General
852(2)
3.2 Pressure Instrument Installations
854(8)
3.3 Flow (DP Type) Instrument Installations
862(1)
3.4 Level Instrument Installations
862(7)
3.5 Transmitter Mounting and Transmitter Enclosure
869(1)
4 Electrical Installation of Instruments
870(23)
4.1 General
870(5)
4.2 Grounding/Earthing
875(5)
4.3 Instrument Cables and Wiring Practices
880(3)
4.4 Segregation/Separation Requirements
883(2)
4.5 Cable Installation and Termination
885(1)
4.6 Brief Specification of Some Basic Items
886(5)
Bibliography
891(2)
13 Advanced Ultrasupercritical Thermal Power Plant and Associated Auxiliaries
1 Overview of Electrical Power Generation Scenario
893(2)
2 Share of Supercritical and Ultrasupercritical Plants in Global Thermal Power Production
895(1)
2.1 Leading the World
896(1)
3 Development in Power Generation
896(8)
4 International Developments
904(15)
4.1 Development in the European Union (EU)
905(6)
4.2 Development in the United States
911(4)
4.3 Development in Japan
915(2)
4.4 Development in China
917(2)
4.5 Development in Russia
919(1)
4.6 Development in India
919(1)
5 Leakages and Losses in Thermal Power Plant Causing Reduction in Efficiency
919(9)
5.1 Boiler Tube
920(1)
5.2 Flue Gas Path
920(2)
5.3 Vacuum Sealing System Around Condenser
922(1)
5.4 Hydrogen Sealing and Cooing System
923(3)
5.5 Valve Leakage and Losses
926(2)
6 Evolution Toward Advanced Ultrasupercritical Thermal Power Plant Boilers
928(10)
6.1 Modification and Developments in Modern Efficient Boilers
928(1)
6.2 Different Features of Modern Boilers
928(4)
6.3 Optimized Combustion System
932(1)
6.4 Fuel Flexibility and Cocombustion
932(1)
6.5 Controlled Safety Pressure Relief Systems (CSPRS)
932(2)
6.6 Increasing Overall Plant Efficiency by Increased Steam Parameter
934(1)
6.7 Materials for Advanced Ultrasupercritical Boiler Selection of Metals
934(2)
6.8 Changes in Technology, Parameters, and Controls
936(2)
7 Modern AUSC Plant Turbines and Developments
938(3)
7.1 Rise of Steam Turbine Output and Efficiency With Steam Parameters
938(2)
7.2 USC Boiler-Turbine Load Cycling Capability
940(1)
8 Redesigning/Optimization of Steam Cycle
941(7)
8.1 Master Cycle With Double Reheat
943(1)
8.2 Echelon Cycle With Double Reheat
944(1)
8.3 Double Reheat With Outer Coolers
944(1)
8.4 Double RH With Regenerative Heating
944(4)
9 Boiler and Turbine Configuration
948(14)
9.1 Configuration of a Tower Boiler With Master Cycle
948(1)
9.2 Compact Design Boiler
948(1)
9.3 Partially Underground (U/G) Tower Type Boiler
948(1)
9.4 Cross Compound at High/Low Position Arrangement (CCHLPA)
948(1)
9.5 B&W AUSC Conceptual Design-Modified Tower
949(3)
9.6 Downdraft Inverted Tower Type A-USC Boiler
952(2)
9.7 Two-Pass AUSC Boiler
954(3)
9.8 Horizontal (Vertical Tube) Boiler
957(3)
9.9 M-Type Boiler Arrangement
960(2)
9.10 T-Type Boiler Arrangements
962(1)
10 Various Turbine Control Systems
962(16)
10.1 Thermal Stress Controlled Loading of Steam Turbine Generators
962(6)
10.2 Improved Turbine Control by Supervisory Controller and EHC
968(10)
11 Fuel Cells and Integrated Gasifier Fuel Cells
978(11)
11.1 Principle of Operation and Basic Structure of Fuel Cells
979(2)
11.2 Fuel Cell Developments
981(3)
11.3 Fuel Cell Power Systems
984(3)
Bibliography
987(2)
14 Plant Safety Lifecycle and Safety Integrated Level
1 Preamble
989(1)
2 General Discussions
990(15)
2.1 Definitions and Explanation of a Few Related Terms
991(2)
2.2 Discussions on BPCS and SIS
993(1)
2.3 Hazard Analysis Issues
994(4)
2.4 Consequence, Vulnerability, and ALARP
998(3)
2.5 Fault and Failure Discussions
1001(4)
3 Discussions on Risk and Risk Assessments
1005(6)
3.1 Risk Frequency
1005(1)
3.2 Severity
1006(1)
3.3 Risk Level (Based on Action and Time)
1006(1)
3.4 Control Measure and Risk Target
1006(1)
3.5 Risk Analysis and Assessment
1007(2)
3.6 Risk Graph
1009(2)
4 Safety Lifecycle
1011(7)
4.1 Safety Lifecycle Approach
1011(1)
4.2 Failure Types and Safety Lifecycle
1011(1)
4.3 Safety Lifecycle Stages
1012(1)
4.4 IEC 61508 Safety Lifecycle
1012(1)
4.5 IEC 61511 Safety Lifecycle
1013(5)
5 SIF SIL and SIS
1018(4)
5.1 Safety Integrity Level (SIL) Discussions
1020(1)
5.2 SIL Determination Techniques
1021(1)
6 Alarm System
1022(13)
6.1 BASICS of Alarm Management
1024(1)
6.2 Alarm Management Benefits
1025(1)
6.3 Standards for Alarm Systems
1025(1)
6.4 Basics of Alarm Systems
1025(2)
6.5 Alarm Features and Performance Indicators
1027(2)
6.6 Alarm System Discussions
1029(1)
6.7 Alarm Philosophy, Rationalization, and Lifecycle Discussions
1029(6)
7 SIS-Field Devices
1035(2)
7.1 SIS---Field Sensors
1035(1)
7.2 SIS---Final Control Element
1035(2)
8 SIS-Logic Solver
1037(4)
8.1 General Discussions
1038(2)
8.2 Logic Solver Types and SIL
1040(1)
8.3 Controller Requirements and Redundancy
1041(1)
9 Enclosure Protection Ratings
1041(4)
Bibliography
1043(2)
Appendix A Process and Mechanical Standard Table
1045(12)
Appendix B Electrical Data and Tables
1057(10)
Appendix C International Society of Automation, (ISA), Standard, Materials, Human Engineering, and Control Room
1067(8)
Appendix D Network Control and Communication
1075(8)
Appendix E Supercritical/Ultra-Supercritical Power Plants
1083(14)
Appendix F Integrated Gasifier and Combined Cycle Plant (Pollution Control)
1097(8)
Appendix G A Few Operational Features of the Unit
1105(10)
Index 1115
Swapan Basu is the founding member and retired Chief Executive of Systems & Controls Kolkata India. Basu is a senior member of Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE- USA) and Instrumentation and measurement society and also Senior member of International society of Automation (ISA USA). He brings over 45 years of international professional engineering experience in instrumentation and controls systems for subcritical, super critical thermal power plants Off shore installations and other process plants. Since 1979, he has been leading teams of engineers in India, Jordan, Singapore, South Korea, Syria, and USA Ajay Kumar Debnath is Chief Executive, Systems and Controls, Control and Instrumentation Engineering and Consulting Kolkata, India. He has practiced both electrical and C&I system in power plants and textile and fertilizer plants. He has over 43 years of experience and has worked in India, France, and the United States in fossil fuel power plants from 30 MW up to 660 MW Supercritical Power Plants and co-generation as well as in combined cycle plants with gas, bagasse, and tar as fuel.
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