Preface and Acknowledgments |
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xiii | |
Part I: Introduction |
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1 | (8) |
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3 | (6) |
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1.01 Bridging the Gap between Law School and Real Estate Practice |
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3 | (2) |
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5 | (1) |
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1.03 The Mechanics of a Transaction: Drafting, Negotiation, and Revision |
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5 | (1) |
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1.04 Gathering Information and Allocating Risk |
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6 | (1) |
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7 | (2) |
Part II: Purchase and Sale Transactions |
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9 | (202) |
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Chapter 2 The Purchase and Sale Agreement |
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11 | (126) |
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2.01 The Need for a Purchase and Sale Agreement |
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11 | (2) |
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13 | (1) |
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2.03 Seller's Perspective |
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14 | (1) |
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2.04 Relative Bargaining Strength |
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15 | (1) |
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16 | (1) |
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2.06 Form: Letter of Intent |
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17 | (1) |
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17 | (2) |
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2.08 Form: Purchase and Sale Agreement |
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19 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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20 | (1) |
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2.11 Identity of Property |
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21 | (2) |
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2.12 Agreement to Buy and Sell the Property |
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23 | (1) |
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23 | (1) |
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2.14 Portion to Be Paid by Assumption of Existing Debt |
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24 | (2) |
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2.15 Portion to Be Paid by Amount Borrowed from a Third-Party Lender |
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26 | (1) |
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2.16 Portion to Be Paid by Seller Financing |
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26 | (1) |
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27 | (3) |
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2.18 Escrow for Earnest Money |
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30 | (1) |
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2.19 Sale or Removal of Personal Property |
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31 | (1) |
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2.20 Seller's Representations, Warranties, Covenants, and Indemnities |
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32 | (6) |
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2.21 Due Organization of Seller |
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38 | (1) |
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2.22 Authority of Seller; No Approvals Required; No Violations of Other Agreements |
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39 | (1) |
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40 | (2) |
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2.24 Condition of Property and Improvements |
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42 | (2) |
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2.25 Maintenance and Operation of Property until Closing |
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44 | (1) |
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2.26 Seller's Title and Permitted Encumbrances |
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44 | (2) |
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2.27 Schedule of Tenant Leases; Status of Tenant Leases |
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46 | (2) |
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2.28 No Brokerage Commissions on Leases |
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48 | (1) |
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2.29 Access to the Property |
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48 | (2) |
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50 | (1) |
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2.31 Certificates of Occupancy and Other Permits |
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51 | (1) |
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52 | (1) |
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53 | (1) |
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2.34 Claims and Litigation |
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54 | (1) |
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2.35 Environmental Matters |
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55 | (1) |
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2.36 Employment Matters; Service Contracts |
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56 | (1) |
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2.37 Covenants, Servitudes, Easements, and Reciprocal Easements |
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57 | (2) |
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2.38 Licenses and Franchises |
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59 | (1) |
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2.39 Trademarks; Copyrights; Visual Artists' Rights |
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59 | (1) |
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60 | (1) |
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61 | (1) |
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62 | (1) |
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2.43 Real Property Taxes and Assessments |
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63 | (1) |
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64 | (1) |
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65 | (1) |
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2.46 Buyer's Representations, Warranties, and Covenants |
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66 | (1) |
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2.47 Due Organization of Buyer |
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67 | (1) |
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2.48 Authority of Buyer; No Approvals Required; No Violations of Other Agreements |
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68 | (1) |
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2.49 Survival of Representations, Warranties, Covenants, and Indemnities; Relationship to Due Diligence |
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68 | (3) |
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2.50 Conditions Precedent to Buyer's Obligation to Close |
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71 | (2) |
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73 | (1) |
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2.52 Continuing Accuracy of Seller's Representations and Warranties; Performance of Covenants |
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74 | (4) |
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2.53 Buyer's Access to the Property during Due Diligence Period |
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78 | (1) |
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79 | (3) |
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82 | (1) |
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2.56 Condition of Property and Improvements |
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83 | (2) |
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85 | (1) |
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2.58 Title Insurance Policy |
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86 | (3) |
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2.59 Affidavit to Title Company |
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89 | (1) |
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90 | (1) |
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91 | (1) |
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2.62 Assignment of Seller's Interest in Leases |
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92 | (1) |
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92 | (2) |
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2.64 Form: Tenant Estoppel Certificate |
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94 | (1) |
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94 | (1) |
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2.66 Delivery of Security Deposits |
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95 | (1) |
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2.67 Assignment of Seller's Interest in All Other Property and Agreements |
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96 | (1) |
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97 | (1) |
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2.69 Form: FIRPTA Affidavit |
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97 | (1) |
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2.70 Permits, Certificates, Plans, Warranties, and Keys |
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97 | (1) |
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2.71 Conditions Precedent to Seller's Obligation to Close |
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98 | (1) |
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2.72 Payment of Purchase Price |
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99 | (1) |
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2.73 Continuing Accuracy of Buyer's Representations and Warranties; Performance of Covenants |
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100 | (1) |
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101 | (1) |
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2.75 Waiver of Closing Conditions |
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101 | (2) |
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2.76 Casualty or Condemnation before Closing |
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103 | (1) |
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2.77 Closing Date, Time, Location, and Mechanics |
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104 | (1) |
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2.78 Defaults and Remedies |
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105 | (2) |
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107 | (1) |
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2.80 Transfer Taxes, Gains Taxes, and Sales Taxes |
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108 | (1) |
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2.81 Apportionments, Prorations, and Adjustments |
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109 | (3) |
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2.82 Brokerage Commissions |
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112 | (1) |
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2.83 Recording of Purchase Agreement |
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113 | (1) |
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114 | (2) |
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2.85 Time Is of the Essence |
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116 | (1) |
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2.86 Assignment of Purchase Agreement |
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116 | (2) |
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2.87 Miscellaneous Sections of the Purchase Agreement |
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118 | (1) |
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119 | (1) |
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2.89 Integration, Merger, and Waiver |
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119 | (2) |
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2.90 Choice of Law; Choice of Forum |
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121 | (1) |
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121 | (1) |
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2.92 Other Miscellaneous Provisions |
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122 | (1) |
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2.93 Counterparts and Multiple Originals |
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123 | (1) |
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2.94 Signature Lines; Date |
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123 | (2) |
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2.95 Legal Description and Other Exhibits |
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125 | (12) |
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137 | (74) |
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3.01 What Is Due Diligence? Gathering Information, Reviewing Information, and Addressing Problems |
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137 | (1) |
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3.02 Due Diligence and the Purchase Agreement |
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138 | (1) |
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3.03 Contract Remedies for Problems Unearthed during Due Diligence |
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139 | (2) |
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3.04 Checklist: Due Diligence and Closing Checklist |
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141 | (1) |
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3.05 Title and Survey Matters |
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141 | (1) |
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3.06 The Title Commitment |
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142 | (4) |
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3.07 The Form Title Insurance Policy |
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146 | (3) |
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3.08 Real Property Taxes and Assessments |
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149 | (3) |
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3.09 Covenants, Servitudes, Easements, and Reciprocal Easements |
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152 | (3) |
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155 | (1) |
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3.11 Tenant Leases and Parties in Possession |
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156 | (3) |
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159 | (1) |
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160 | (2) |
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3.14 Judgments and Lis Pendens |
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162 | (1) |
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3.15 State and Federal Tax Liens |
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163 | (1) |
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3.16 Air Rights and Development Rights; Mineral Rights |
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164 | (1) |
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3.17 Permitted Encumbrances |
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165 | (2) |
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167 | (1) |
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3.19 Checklist: Title Endorsements |
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167 | (1) |
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3.20 Zoning and Subdivision Laws |
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168 | (2) |
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3.21 Coinsurance and Reinsurance |
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170 | (1) |
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170 | (4) |
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3.23 Access to the Property |
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174 | (1) |
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175 | (1) |
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3.25 Torrens Registration |
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175 | (1) |
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3.26 Lease Review and Estoppels |
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176 | (1) |
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3.27 Obtaining Tenant Leases |
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177 | (1) |
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3.28 Reviewing Tenant Leases |
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178 | (1) |
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3.29 Form: Lease Review Summary |
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179 | (1) |
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3.30 Permitted Uses; Radius Restrictions; Covenants of Continuous Operation |
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180 | (1) |
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181 | (1) |
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182 | (1) |
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183 | (1) |
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183 | (1) |
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3.35 Purchase Options; Rights of First Refusal; Rights of First Offer |
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184 | (2) |
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3.36 Assignment and Subletting Rights |
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186 | (2) |
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188 | (1) |
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189 | (1) |
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3.39 Landlord's Construction Obligations; Improvements by Tenants |
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190 | (1) |
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191 | (1) |
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192 | (3) |
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3.42 Form: Tenant Estoppel Certificate |
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195 | (1) |
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3.43 Subordination, Nondisturbance, and Attornment Agreements |
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195 | (4) |
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3.44 Form: Subordination, Nondisturbance, and Attornment Agreement |
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199 | (1) |
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3.45 Condition of Property and Improvements |
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199 | (1) |
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3.46 Suitability for Intended Use |
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200 | (1) |
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3.47 Suitability for Construction |
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200 | (1) |
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3.48 Availability of Necessary Permits |
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201 | (1) |
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3.49 Environmental Matters |
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202 | (1) |
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3.50 Assignability of Contracts and Licenses to Buyer |
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203 | (1) |
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3.51 Corporate, Partnership, and Limited Liability Entity Matters |
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204 | (1) |
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3.52 Due Organization of Parties |
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204 | (1) |
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3.53 Authority of Parties |
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205 | (2) |
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207 | (4) |
Part III: Loan Transactions |
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211 | (104) |
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Chapter 4 The Loan Commitment |
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213 | (34) |
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4.01 The Need for a Loan Commitment |
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213 | (3) |
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4.02 Comparing the Loan Commitment to the Purchase Agreement |
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216 | (2) |
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4.03 Lender's Perspective |
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218 | (2) |
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4.04 Borrower's Perspective |
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220 | (1) |
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4.05 Terms of the Loan Commitment |
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220 | (3) |
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4.06 Form: Loan Agreement |
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223 | (1) |
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4.07 Tenant Leases; Lease Priorities |
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223 | (2) |
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4.08 Environmental Matters |
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225 | (1) |
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226 | (3) |
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4.10 Assignability of Contracts and Licenses |
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229 | (2) |
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4.11 Real Property Taxes and Assessments |
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231 | (1) |
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232 | (1) |
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233 | (1) |
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4.14 Creditworthiness Matters |
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234 | (1) |
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4.15 Loan Guarantees and Other Forms of Credit Enhancement |
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234 | (2) |
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4.16 Opinion of Borrower's Counsel |
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236 | (1) |
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4.17 Nonrecourse Provision |
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236 | (2) |
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238 | (1) |
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238 | (1) |
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4.20 Preferred Equity and Mezzanine Financing: Introduction and Purposes |
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239 | (2) |
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4.21 Preferred Equity and Mezzanine Financing: Documentation |
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241 | (6) |
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Chapter 5 Post-Loan Commitment Due Diligence |
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247 | (22) |
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5.01 Due Diligence and the Loan Commitment |
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247 | (2) |
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5.02 Loan Commitment Remedies for Problems Unearthed during Due Diligence |
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249 | (1) |
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5.03 Title and Survey Matters |
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250 | (2) |
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5.04 The Title Commitment to Lender and the Form Title Insurance Policy |
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252 | (1) |
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253 | (2) |
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255 | (1) |
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5.07 Renewal, Expansion, Contraction, and Termination Options |
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255 | (2) |
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5.08 Purchase Options and Rights of First Refusal |
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257 | (1) |
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5.09 Landlord's Construction Obligations |
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258 | (1) |
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259 | (1) |
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5.11 Subordination, Nondisturbance, and Attornment Agreements |
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260 | (1) |
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5.12 Creditworthiness Matters |
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261 | (1) |
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5.13 Environmental Matters |
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262 | (1) |
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262 | (1) |
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5.15 Contracts and Licenses |
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263 | (2) |
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265 | (1) |
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266 | (3) |
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269 | (46) |
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6.01 Document Preparation |
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269 | (2) |
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271 | (1) |
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6.03 Form: Promissory Note |
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272 | (1) |
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273 | (1) |
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6.05 Similarities to and Differences from the Loan Commitment |
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274 | (1) |
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6.06 Form: Mortgage and Security Agreement |
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275 | (1) |
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275 | (1) |
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276 | (2) |
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278 | (1) |
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6.10 Yield Maintenance and Defeasance |
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279 | (1) |
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6.11 Limitations on Junior Financing |
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280 | (3) |
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283 | (2) |
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6.13 Maintaining the Property |
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285 | (1) |
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286 | (2) |
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6.15 Pre-Foreclosure Remedies |
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288 | (1) |
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289 | (3) |
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6.17 Nonrecourse Provision |
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292 | (2) |
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6.18 Releases and Partial Releases |
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294 | (2) |
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6.19 Escrows for Payment of Taxes and Insurance |
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296 | (1) |
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297 | (1) |
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298 | (2) |
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300 | (1) |
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6.23 Assignment of Leases and Rents |
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301 | (1) |
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6.24 Form: Assignment of Leases and Rents |
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302 | (1) |
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6.25 Security Agreements and Financing Statements; Fixture Filings |
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302 | (2) |
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304 | (2) |
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6.27 Form: Environmental Indemnity Agreement |
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306 | (1) |
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6.28 Form: Nonrecourse Carveout Guarantee |
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306 | (1) |
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6.29 Participation Agreements |
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306 | (1) |
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307 | (1) |
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6.31 Assumption of Existing Financing |
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308 | (2) |
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6.32 Acquisition Subject to Existing Financing |
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310 | (1) |
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311 | (4) |
Part IV: The Closing |
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315 | (50) |
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Chapter 7 Preparing for the Closing |
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317 | (30) |
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7.01 The Need for a Closing |
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317 | (1) |
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7.02 The Closing Checklist |
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318 | (2) |
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7.03 Checklist: Due Diligence and Closing Checklist |
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320 | (1) |
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7.04 Document Preparation |
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320 | (1) |
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321 | (3) |
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7.06 Corporate, Partnership, and Limited Liability Entity Documents; Power of Attorney |
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324 | (2) |
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7.07 Form: Certificate of Secretary, with Attached Resolutions |
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326 | (1) |
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326 | (2) |
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328 | (1) |
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328 | (2) |
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7.11 Payoff Letters and Satisfactions of Existing Mortgages |
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330 | (2) |
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332 | (1) |
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333 | (1) |
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334 | (1) |
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7.15 Leases, Employment Agreements, Service Contracts, Licenses, and Other Agreements |
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335 | (1) |
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7.16 Permits, Certificates, Plans, Warranties, and Keys |
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336 | (1) |
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337 | (1) |
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7.18 Calculating Closing Apportionments, Proration, and Adjustments |
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338 | (1) |
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7.19 Calculating Fees, Commissions, Taxes, and Other Closing Costs |
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339 | (2) |
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341 | (1) |
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7.21 The Walk-Through and the Post-Closing Agreement |
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342 | (1) |
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7.22 Form: Post-Closing Agreement |
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343 | (1) |
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7.23 The Closing Statement |
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343 | (4) |
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Chapter 8 Running the Closing |
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347 | (12) |
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8.01 Structure of a Typical Closing |
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347 | (1) |
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8.02 The Table, or New York-Style, Closing |
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348 | (1) |
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349 | (2) |
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8.04 Following the Closing Checklist |
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351 | (1) |
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8.05 Form: Closing Instruction Letter from Buyer |
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352 | (1) |
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352 | (1) |
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8.07 Execution and Acknowledgment of Documents |
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353 | (2) |
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355 | (2) |
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8.09 Delivery and Distribution of Funds |
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357 | (2) |
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Chapter 9 Post-Closing Matters |
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359 | (6) |
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9.01 Recordation of Documents |
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359 | (1) |
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9.02 Distribution of Documents |
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360 | (1) |
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361 | (1) |
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362 | (3) |
Appendices |
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365 | (242) |
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Appendix A: Form of Letter of Intent |
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365 | (3) |
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Appendix B: Form of Purchase and Sale Agreement |
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368 | (49) |
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Appendix C: Form of Due Diligence and Closing Checklist |
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417 | (14) |
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Appendix D: Checklist of Title Endorsements |
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431 | (2) |
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Appendix E: Lease Review Summary Form |
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433 | (7) |
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Appendix F: Form of Subordination, Nondisturbance, and Attornment Agreement |
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440 | (7) |
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Appendix G: Form of Loan Agreement |
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447 | (65) |
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Appendix H: Form of Promissory Note |
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512 | (5) |
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Appendix I: Form of Mortgage and Security Agreement |
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517 | (29) |
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Appendix J: Form of Assignment of Leases and Rents |
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546 | (14) |
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Appendix K: Form of Environmental Indemnity Agreement |
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560 | (16) |
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Appendix L Form of Nonrecourse Carveout Guarantee |
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576 | (15) |
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Appendix M Form of Certificate of Secretary, with Attached Resolutions |
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591 | (4) |
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Appendix N Form of Post-Closing Agreement |
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595 | (6) |
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Appendix O Form of Closing Instruction Letter |
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601 | (6) |
About the Authors |
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607 | (2) |
Index |
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609 | |