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El. knyga: Practical Guide to Construction Adjudication

  • Formatas: PDF+DRM
  • Išleidimo metai: 22-Oct-2015
  • Leidėjas: Wiley-Blackwell
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781118717936
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  • Formatas: PDF+DRM
  • Išleidimo metai: 22-Oct-2015
  • Leidėjas: Wiley-Blackwell
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781118717936
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In the United Kingdom, adjudication is available as a right for parties to a construction contract, following the enactment of the Housing Grants Construction and Regeneration Act 1996. In general, within a comparatively short period of time, parties in dispute will have a decision from an adjudicator, which, except in limited circumstances, the courts will enforce. Adjudication has become the number one method of dispute resolution in the construction industry.

The short timescale means that a party needs to know what to do, when to do it and be able to check that the other party and the adjudicator are following the right steps.A Practical Guide to Construction Adjudication gives parties the necessary information to achieve this. It provides a straightforward overview of the process and procedure of adjudication by reference to legislation and case law, augmented with practical guidance including suggestions on what to do or not to do, drafting tips and checklists. Separate chapters for Scotland and Northern Ireland identify and explain the differences in procedure and judicial interpretation between those jurisdictions and England and Wales, and further detailed explanations of the adjudication regimes in Australia, Ireland, Malaysia, New Zealand and Singapore are included. Each of the chapters on jurisdictions outside England and Wales has been written by senior experts in those jurisdictions to ensure the content is accurate and insightful.

There are a range of helpful appendices including a bank of model form adjudication documents and tabulated detailed comparisons of the Scheme for Construction Contracts, the other major adjudication rules, the major adjudicator nominating bodies and the UK and international regimes. Readers will particularly appreciate the most comprehensive index of adjudication cases available, sorted into 260 subject headings providing immediate access to all the reported cases on any adjudication topic.

Recenzijos

"If one had to name a single outstanding feature of the text, it would be its structure as a formidable practice tool. I share the sentiments of The Honourable Mr Justice Edwards-Stuart, expressed in the book's foreword, that it sets out not to rival existing works (such as the leading adjudication text by Mr Justice Coulson), but to complement them. This book does not dwell in the dominion of academic debate. It is instead structured around the questions that inevitably arise in the conduct of every-day construction business and, of course, when payment disputes arise. Its answers to these questions are concise, accurate, and commercially acute. It is well-suited for any adviser or decision-maker in the construction industry, to whom I would recommend this book strongly." Professor Doug S Jones AO, International Construction Law Review, Part 3 July 2016  



"The name of Pickavance is a well-known one in dispute circles, and James is a chip off the old block. It seems a fair bet that through this very practical but at the same time scholarly work he will become as well known and regarded as his father and uncle. The book could perfectly well serve as a key resource for lawyers, construction claims consultants and adjudicators. It will certainly be a book I turn to for guidance on knotty adjudication issues." Jeremy Winter, FCInstCES, Adjudicator, Civil Engineering Surveyor 05.16



From the foreword

Part 1 of this book, whilst fully supported by references to decided cases, is very much directed towards the practitioner who has to advise his or her client on a construction dispute and then conduct or defend proceedings brought by way of adjudication. To this end it provides a clear route map together with helpful checklists at the conclusion of each chapter. It is this different approach that I think readers will find so helpful. The guidance in relation to insolvency and administration is particularly valuable. As an added benefit, there is Part 2 which deals with adjudication in other jurisdictions. I know of no other similarly comprehensive guide and it is a fascinating and illuminating source of reference. This book does not set out to be a rival to existing works but to complement them. That is a role that I have no doubt that readers will find that it amply fulfils. The Hon Mr Justice Edwards-Stuart



Solicitor James Pickavance has really come up to snuff. He has gone for a practical guide to adjudication. Pickavance is a partner at Eversheds: The firm can be proud of the book. He tells the reader what to do and when and how and why. yes it is a must for the representative lawyers/consultants yes for the adjudicators yes especially for you contractors. Pickavances book style is practical too. I do like his In a Nutshell paragraphs. Tony Bingham, Building Magazine, 04.12.15 This book certainly lives up to its name the reader is navigated through adjudication with each chapter starting with an overview of the subject matter which is then addressed by individual topics initially caught by an in a nutshell paragraph followed by excellent discussion with clear signposting to the relevant case law. It is evident throughout that the focus of this text is on practicality, a key theme which flows throughout the entirety of the book, offering sound advice to parties at all stages of the process including before and after the adjudication itself. Finally the book provides a comparison of UK and international statutory regimes something no one else has published to date as far as I am aware which ensures the subject of statutory adjudication is well and truly covered in one book! The author is to be congratulated on the practical and strategic guidance offered to those involved in the process at various levels this book certainly delivers it will prove a very useful tool. Janey L. Milligan, Construction Law

the author is to be commended for producing an interesting, informative and a very detailed analysis of the Adjudication process. There is a comprehensive analysis of various cases, and the author has provided an interesting case index by subject matter, which is extremely helpful I have no doubt that this extensive publication will be of interest to future Adjudicators and party representatives, and it is crammed with helpful commentaries on the practical aspects of Construction Adjudication. It is without doubt, in my view, that this textbook will be an essential addition to the library of the practitioner, and is a very useful reference point, and is also very reasonably priced as well. Len Bunton, Chartered Institute of Arbitrators

The author has produced a clear and sensible guide to the subject. The guide is thorough and well-researched. The authors discussions are generally lucid and helpful and he has wisely avoided the temptation to go into too much academic debate. I particularly liked his use of nutshell introductions and shaded checklists at the end of lengthier sections. I warmly recommend this book to the construction industry, adjudicators and lawyers alike. Mr Pickavance clearly has a wise head on his relatively young shoulders and he and his publisher deserve to be congratulated on this achievement: kudos! Nick Lane, Construction News

Foreword v
Acknowledgements vii
Part I The United Kingdom
1 Introduction
3(6)
1.1 Overview
3(1)
1.2 Background to statutory adjudication in the UK
4(1)
1.3 Statutory adjudication regimes
5(1)
1.4 Use of case law in this part
6(3)
2 Adjudication in a nutshell
9(4)
3 Deciding to adjudicate
13(30)
3.1 Overview
13(1)
3.2 Do I have a claim?
14(1)
3.3 Is it worth it?
15(3)
3.3.1 In a nutshell
15(1)
3.3.2 Amount in dispute
15(1)
3.3.3 Likely recovery
16(1)
3.3.4 Professional fees
16(1)
3.3.5 Resources
17(1)
3.3.6 Relationships
17(1)
3.4 Is adjudication the right forum?
18(6)
3.4.1 In a nutshell
18(1)
3.4.2 Advantages
18(3)
3.4.3 Disadvantages
21(3)
3.4.4 Statistics
24(1)
3.5 Other forms of 'rapid' dispute resolution
24(6)
3.5.1 In a nutshell
24(1)
3.5.2 Early neutral evaluation
24(1)
3.5.3 Expert determination
25(1)
3.5.4 Mediation
26(1)
3.5.5 Fast-track arbitration
27(2)
3.5.6 Statutory demand or winding-up petition
29(1)
3.5.7 Part 8 claim
29(1)
3.5.8 Summary judgment
29(1)
3.6 Adjudication on behalf of, or against, an insolvent party
30(10)
3.6.1 In a nutshell
30(1)
3.6.2 Why do it?
30(1)
3.6.3 Trigger for insolvency
31(2)
3.6.4 Liquidation
33(4)
3.6.5 Voluntary or compulsory administration
37(1)
3.6.6 Administrative receivership
38(1)
3.6.7 A company voluntary arrangement (CVA)
38(1)
3.6.8 Bankruptcy
39(1)
3.6.9 Individual voluntary arrangement (IVA)
39(1)
3.6.10 Problems enforcing the adjudicator's decision
39(1)
3.7 Who to involve
40(2)
3.7.1 In a nutshell
40(1)
3.7.2 In-house lawyers
40(1)
3.7.3 External lawyers
41(1)
3.7.4 Claims consultants
41(1)
3.7.5 Experts
41(1)
3.7.6 Project team
42(1)
3.8 Checklist: considering whether or not to adjudicate
42(1)
4 Statutory adjudication
43(32)
4.1 Overview
43(1)
4.2 Old or new act
44(1)
4.3 Existence and terms of a contract
44(5)
4.3.1 In a nutshell
44(1)
4.3.2 Contract formation and terms
45(1)
4.3.3 Contract terminated
46(1)
4.3.4 Void or voidable contract
46(1)
4.3.5 Choice of terms
47(1)
4.3.6 Incorporation of terms
47(2)
4.4 Construction contract
49(6)
4.4.1 In a nutshell
49(1)
4.4.2 Carrying out, arranging, providing labour for construction operations (Acts. 104(1))
49(1)
4.4.3 Consultants and advisers (Acts. 104(2))
50(1)
4.4.4 Contracts of employment (Acts. 104(3))
50(1)
4.4.5 Construction operations and other matters (Acts. 104(5))
50(1)
4.4.6 Application of the Act to contracts (Acts. 104(6))
51(1)
4.4.7 Ancillary agreements
52(3)
4.5 Construction operations
55(3)
4.5.1 In a nutshell
55(1)
4.5.2 Definition of construction operations (Acts. 105(1))
55(3)
4.6 Excluded construction operations
58(4)
4.6.1 In a nutshell
58(1)
4.6.2 Approach to interpreting the exclusion provisions at section 105(2) of the Act
59(1)
4.6.3 Court's approach to applying the exclusions at subsection 105(2)
59(1)
4.6.4 Drilling and extraction (Acts. 105(2)(a) and (b))
60(1)
4.6.5 Assembly, installation, erection, demolition in connection with certain activities (Acts. 105(2)(c))
60(2)
4.6.6 Manufacture, delivery, installation (Acts. 105(2)(d))
62(1)
4.7 Excluded agreements
62(4)
4.7.1 Ina nutshell
62(1)
4.7.2 Residential occupier (Acts. 106(1)(a) and (2))
63(1)
4.7.3 Exclusion Order (2009 Act, s. 106A; 1996 Act, s. 106(1)(b))
64(2)
4.8 Contract in writing
66(8)
4.8.1 Ina nutshell
66(1)
4.8.2 2009 Act
67(1)
4.8.3 1996 Act only applies to agreements in writing (1996 Act s. 107(1))
68(1)
4.8.4 'In writing' (1996 Act s. 107(2))
68(1)
4.8.5 An agreement made 'otherwise than in writing' (1996 Acts. 107(3))
69(1)
4.8.6 An agreement 'evidenced in writing' (1996 Acts. 107(4))
70(1)
4.8.7 An exchange of written submissions in adjudication proceedings' (1996 Acts. 107(5))
70(1)
4.8.8 Scenarios
71(3)
4.9 Checklist: What form of adjudication am I subject to?
74(1)
5 Contractual and ad hoc adjudication
75(8)
5.1 Overview
75(1)
5.2 Contractual adjudication
75(4)
5.2.1 In a nutshell
75(1)
5.2.2 What is a contractual adjudication?
76(1)
5.2.3 Treatment of contractual adjudications by the court
77(2)
5.3 Ad hoc adjudication
79(4)
5.3.1 Ina nutshell
79(1)
5.3.2 Ad hoc adjudication by choice
79(1)
5.3.3 Ad hoc jurisdiction by mistake
80(2)
5.3.4 Ad hoc jurisdiction on issues
82(1)
6 Adjudication procedure
83(14)
6.1 Overview
83(1)
6.2 Scheme
84(4)
6.2.1 In a nutshell
84(1)
6.2.2 Does the Scheme apply and the failure to comply with section 108(1)-(4) (Act s. 108(5) and 114(4))
84(2)
6.2.3 Why choose the Scheme?
86(1)
6.2.4 Scheme variants
87(1)
6.3 Contractual procedures
88(8)
6.3.1 Ina nutshell
88(1)
6.3.2 JCT
89(1)
6.3.3 ICE/ICC
90(1)
6.3.4 IChemE
91(1)
6.3.5 NEC
92(1)
6.3.6 TeCSA
93(1)
6.3.7 CIC
94(1)
6.3.8 CEDR Solve
95(1)
6.3.9 Bespoke rules
96(1)
6.4 Checklist: What adjudication procedure am I subject to?
96(1)
7 Preconditions and restrictions to statutory adjudication
97(26)
7.1 Overview
97(1)
7.2 Is there a dispute?
98(10)
7.2.1 In a nutshell
98(1)
7.2.2 Court's approach
98(1)
7.2.3 A claim must have been made
99(1)
7.2.4 The meaning of 'dispute' (Act s.108(1))
100(2)
7.2.5 The point at which to assess whether or not there is a dispute
102(1)
7.2.6 Time period following a claim until a dispute is formed
102(2)
7.2.7 Ambush
104(1)
7.2.8 Scenarios
104(4)
7.3 More than one dispute
108(3)
7.3.1 Ina nutshell
108(1)
7.3.2 More than one dispute (Acts. 108(1))
109(2)
7.3.3 The Scheme (Scheme p. 8)
111(1)
7.4 Substantially the same dispute (Scheme p. 9)
111(4)
7.4.1 Ina nutshell
111(1)
7.4.2 Substantially the same dispute
112(3)
7.5 Does the dispute arise 'under' the contract (Act s. 108(1))?
115(2)
7.5.1 Ina nutshell
115(1)
7.5.2 Meaning of 'under' the contract
115(2)
7.6 More than one contract
117(2)
7.6.1 In a nutshell
117(1)
7.6.2 More than one contract (Acts. 108(1))
118(1)
7.6.3 Scheme (Scheme p. 8(2))
119(1)
7.7 Commencing an adjudication 'at any time'
119(4)
7.7.1 Ina nutshell
119(1)
7.7.2 Act (Acts. 108(2)(a))
119(2)
7.7.3 Conclusivity clauses
121(1)
7.7.4 Statutory limitation
122(1)
7.7.5 Insolvent party
122(1)
8 Adjudication strategy
123(21)
8.1 Overview
123(1)
8.2 Commencing the adjudication process
123(2)
8.2.1 Choosing the right time to start
123(1)
8.2.2 Getting in there first
124(1)
8.3 More than one adjudication
125(1)
8.3.1 Multiple adjudications during the project
125(1)
8.3.2 Concurrent adjudications
125(1)
8.4 Choosing the dispute to refer
126(13)
8.4.1 Appropriate expertise
126(1)
8.4.2 Pecuniary and declaratory claims
127(1)
8.4.3 Contractual interpretation
128(1)
8.4.4 'Smash and grab'
129(7)
8.4.5 'cherry-picking'
136(1)
8.4.6 Large-scale adjudications
137(2)
8.4.7 Without prejudice correspondence
139(1)
8.5 Deploying arguments
139(2)
8.5.1 Save the best until last
139(1)
8.5.2 Reverse ambush
140(1)
8.6 Assessing the other party's willingness and ability to pay
141(1)
8.6.1 Securing assets before the adjudication
141(1)
8.6.2 Can the other party pay?
142(1)
8.7 Removing procedural uncertainty
142(2)
8.7.1 Taking a jurisdiction point early
142(2)
9 Initiating the adjudication
144(29)
9.1 Overview
144(1)
9.2 A precis on jurisdiction and natural justice
145(1)
9.3 Notice of adjudication
146(5)
9.3.1 In a nutshell
146(1)
9.3.2 The Scheme (Scheme p. 1(2) and (3))
147(1)
9.3.3 Practical considerations
147(4)
9.4 Checklist: Before serving the notice of adjudication - referring party
151(1)
9.5 Checklist: On receiving the notice of adjudication - responding party
151(1)
9.6 Appointing the adjudicator
152(19)
9.6.1 Ina nutshell
152(1)
9.6.2 Timing (Acts. 108(2)(b), Scheme p. 7)
152(1)
9.6.3 Appointment procedure (Scheme p. 2, 3, 5 and 6)
153(2)
9.6.4 Inoperable procedure or defective appointment
155(1)
9.6.5 Appointment by an ANB
156(2)
9.6.6 Choosing the right ANB where one is not specified
158(2)
9.6.7 Forum shopping
160(1)
9.6.8 Appointment of an individual named in the contract
161(1)
9.6.9 Nominated or appointed adjudicator too busy, unwilling or unable to act
162(1)
9.6.10 Natural person and no conflict of interest (Scheme, p. 4)
163(1)
9.6.11 Objections to the appointed adjudicator (Scheme, p. 10)
163(1)
9.6.12 A party's assessment of an adjudicator's capability
164(2)
9.6.13 The prospective adjudicator's assessment of whether he should accept the appointment
166(1)
9.6.14 Post appointment before the dispute is referred
167(1)
9.6.15 Adjudicator's agreement
167(3)
9.6.16 Revoking the adjudicator's appointment (Scheme p. 11)
170(1)
9.7 Checklist: Appointing the adjudicator - referring party
171(1)
9.8 Checklist: Appointing the adjudicator - responding party
171(1)
9.9 Checklist: Accepting the appointment - adjudicator
172(1)
10 The adjudication
173(41)
10.1 Overview
173(1)
10.2 Referral notice
174(7)
10.2.1 In a nutshell
174(1)
10.2.2 Timing (Acts. 108(2)(b))
174(1)
10.2.3 Scheme (Scheme p. 7)
175(2)
10.2.4 Practical considerations and strategy
177(3)
10.2.5 Actions for the adjudicator once the dispute is referred
180(1)
10.3 Response
181(3)
10.3.1 In a nutshell
181(1)
10.3.2 Timing
182(1)
10.3.3 Practical considerations and strategy
182(2)
10.4 Reply, rejoinder and sur-rejoinder
184(2)
10.4.1 In a nutshell
184(1)
10.4.2 Practical considerations and strategy
184(2)
10.4.3 Parallel correspondence
186(1)
10.5 Meetings
186(2)
10.6 Other matters
188(13)
10.6.1 Ina nutshell
188(1)
10.6.2 Communicating with the other party and with the adjudicator during the adjudication
189(1)
10.6.3 Pressure from the parties or the adjudicator
190(1)
10.6.4 Set-off and abatement
191(3)
10.6.5 Dropping a head of claim during the adjudication
194(1)
10.6.6 Withdrawing from the adjudication entirely
195(1)
10.6.7 Privilege
195(3)
10.6.8 Disclosure of documents
198(1)
10.6.9 Settlement offers
199(1)
10.6.10 Staying adjudication proceedings
199(1)
10.6.11 Confidential nature of adjudication (Scheme p. 18)
200(1)
10.6.12 Service of documents and notices (Acts. 115)
200(1)
10.6.13 Reckoning of time (Acts. 116)
201(1)
10.7 Adjudicator's powers and duties
201(11)
10.7.1 Ina nutshell
201(1)
10.7.2 Duty to act impartially (Acts. 108(2)(e) and Scheme p. 12(a))
201(1)
10.7.3 Power to take the initiative (Acts. 108(2)(f) and Scheme p. 13)
202(2)
10.7.4 Power to make requests or directions (Scheme p. 14 and 15)
204(1)
10.7.5 Power to seek assistance (Acts. 108(2)(f) and Scheme p. 13(f))
205(1)
10.7.6 Duty to consider relevant information and provide it to the parties (Scheme p. 17)
206(1)
10.7.7 Scope of what the adjudicator can decide (Scheme p. 20(a) and (b))
207(1)
10.7.8 Power to award interest (Scheme p. 20(c))
208(1)
10.7.9 Power to award damages
209(1)
10.7.10 Adjudicator's immunity (Acts. 108(4), Scheme p. 26)
209(1)
10.7.11 Adjudicator resignation (Scheme p. 9)
210(2)
10.8 Checklist: Managing the adjudication - the adjudicator
212(2)
11 The decision
214(13)
11.1 Overview
214(1)
11.2 What is the adjudicator required to do?
214(4)
11.2.1 In a nutshell
214(1)
11.2.2 Purpose and nature of the decision
215(1)
11.2.3 Structure, format and content of the decision
216(1)
11.2.4 Reasons
217(1)
11.3 On receiving the decision
218(1)
11.4 Timing
219(4)
11.4.1 Ina nutshell
219(1)
11.4.2 Act and Scheme (Acts. 108(2)(c) and (d) and Scheme p.19)
219(3)
11.4.3 Rigidity of the time limit
222(1)
11.4.4 Decision made and decision communicated
222(1)
11.4.5 Responding to the adjudicator's request for an extension
223(1)
11.5 Effect and compliance
223(4)
11.5.1 Ina nutshell
223(1)
11.5.2 Temporary finality (Acts. 108(3), Scheme p. 23)
224(1)
11.5.3 Compliance with the decision (Scheme p. 21)
225(1)
11.5.4 Delaying compliance by contract
225(1)
11.5.5 Insurance claims
226(1)
12 Post decision
227(22)
12.1 Overview
227(1)
12.2 Adjudicator's costs
228(5)
12.2.1 Ina nutshell
228(1)
12.2.2 2009 Act and 2011 Scheme (2009 Acts. 108A; 2011 Scheme p. 25)
228(1)
12.2.3 1996 Act and 1998 Scheme (1998 Scheme p. 25)
228(1)
12.2.4 Liability for fees
229(2)
12.2.5 Reasonableness of fees and expenses
231(1)
12.2.6 Lien on the decision
232(1)
12.2.7 Payment of fees when the decision is in breach of natural justice
232(1)
12.2.8 Award of adjudicator's costs
232(1)
12.2.9 Payment of fees on paying party's insolvency
233(1)
12.3 Parties' costs
233(4)
12.3.1 In a nutshell
233(1)
12.3.2 2009 Act (s. 108A)
233(1)
12.3.3 1996 Act
234(1)
12.3.4 The Late Payment of Commercial Debt (Interest) Act 1998
235(2)
12.4 Apportioning costs
237(2)
12.4.1 In a nutshell
237(1)
12.4.2 Timing
237(1)
12.4.3 Assessment
238(1)
12.5 Correcting errors in the decision
239(2)
12.5.1 Ina nutshell
239(1)
12.5.2 The 2009 Act and 2011 Scheme (2009 Acts. 108(3)(A); 2011 Scheme p. 22A)
239(1)
12.5.3 The 1996 Act and 1998 Scheme
240(1)
12.6 Setting off against the decision
241(8)
12.6.1 Ina nutshell
241(1)
12.6.2 General rule and exceptions
241(2)
12.6.3 Contractual right to set off
243(1)
12.6.4 Later interim or final certificate
244(1)
12.6.5 Issuing a withholding or pay less notice
244(1)
12.6.6 Setting off liquidated damages
245(1)
12.6.7 Set off permitted but not quantified in the decision
246(1)
12.6.8 Set-off not formulated before the adjudication
247(1)
12.6.9 Adjudication rules prevent set-off in enforcement proceedings
247(1)
12.6.10 Multiple adjudications
247(1)
12.6.11 Litigation on foot
248(1)
12.6.12 Arbitration award
248(1)
12.6.13 Other arguments for set-off
248(1)
13 Enforcement: options and procedure
249(36)
13.1 Overview
249(1)
13.2 Key statements of principle and the court's policy
249(3)
13.2.1 Principles of enforcement
249(3)
13.2.2 Enforcement for contractual adjudications
252(1)
13.3 TCC summary enforcement procedure
252(24)
13.3.1 In a nutshell
252(1)
13.3.2 Nature of summary judgment applications in adjudication
253(3)
13.3.3 Options for commencing the claim
256(1)
13.3.4 Commencing the claim
256(4)
13.3.5 Directions
260(1)
13.3.6 Responding to the claim
260(1)
13.3.7 Submission of cost budgets
261(1)
13.3.8 Hearing bundle and skeletons
261(1)
13.3.9 Extent of the evidence to be submitted
262(1)
13.3.10 Judgment in default and setting aside
262(1)
13.3.11 Representation
263(1)
13.3.12 Timetable to a decision
264(1)
13.3.13 The decision
264(1)
13.3.14 The effect of the court's decision
265(1)
13.3.15 Setting aside a summary judgment
266(1)
13.3.16 Costs: basis of assessment
266(3)
13.3.17 Costs: assessment of the bill of costs
269(3)
13.3.18 Costs: ATE insurance and conditional fee arrangements
272(1)
13.3.19 Costs: interest
272(1)
13.3.20 Costs: settlement reached before summary judgment
273(1)
13.3.21 Appealing a judgment of the court
273(1)
13.3.22 Staying enforcement proceedings where there is an arbitration agreement (s. 9 Arbitration Act 1996)
274(2)
13.4 Other procedures for enforcement
276(4)
13.4.1 In a nutshell
276(1)
13.4.2 Pre-emptory order (Scheme p. 23(1) and 24)
276(1)
13.4.3 Mandatory injunction
277(1)
13.4.4 Statutory demand
278(2)
13.4.5 Scotland
280(1)
13.5 Complying with an order of the court
280(4)
13.5.1 Ina nutshell
280(1)
13.5.2 Time for payment
280(1)
13.5.3 Extending the time for payment
281(1)
13.5.4 Failing to comply
281(3)
13.6 Checklist: Avoiding the consequences of an adjudicator's decision
284(1)
14 Enforcement: insolvency, stay and severability
285(19)
14.1 Overview
285(1)
14.2 Insolvency avoids summary judgment
286(4)
14.2.1 In a nutshell
286(1)
14.2.2 Liquidation
287(1)
14.2.3 Administration
287(2)
14.2.4 Administrative receivership
289(1)
14.2.5 CVA
289(1)
14.2.6 Individual insolvency or bankruptcy
290(1)
14.3 Stay of execution
290(14)
14.3.1 In a nutshell
290(1)
14.3.2 Court's discretion to order a stay of execution
291(2)
14.3.3 Insolvency proceedings pending or not concluded
293(3)
14.3.4 Financial difficulty
296(2)
14.3.5 Imminent resolution of other proceedings
298(1)
14.3.6 Manifest injustice
299(1)
14.3.7 Other circumstances in which an application for a stay has failed
299(1)
14.3.8 Partial stay
300(1)
14.3.9 Conditions imposed on granting the stay
301(1)
14.3.10 Severability
301(3)
15 Final determination
304(15)
15.1 Overview
304(1)
15.2 Finalising the adjudicator's decision
305(2)
15.2.1 In a nutshell
305(1)
15.2.2 Adjudicator's decision made final by contract
305(1)
15.2.3 Adjudicator's decision made final by agreement
306(1)
15.2.4 Adjudicator's decision made final by the passing of time
306(1)
15.3 Adjudication and other proceedings
307(5)
15.3.1 In a nutshell
307(1)
15.3.2 Final determination at the same time as enforcement proceedings
307(1)
15.3.3 Final determination at the same time as adjudication
308(1)
15.3.4 Final determination without complying with the adjudicator's decision
309(1)
15.3.5 Final determination in breach of the contractual dispute resolution procedure (including an agreement to adjudicate)
309(3)
15.4 Commencement, onus of proof and costs
312(7)
15.4.1 In a nutshell
312(1)
15.4.2 Cause of action and limitation period for commencing final proceedings
312(2)
15.4.3 Delaying the final determination
314(1)
15.4.4 Onus of proof in subsequent proceedings
315(1)
15.4.5 Final decision different to adjudicator's decision
315(1)
15.4.6 Recovery of adjudication costs as part of the costs of a final determination
315(4)
16 The adjudicator's jurisdiction
319(43)
16.1 Overview
319(1)
16.2 When to think about jurisdiction
319(1)
16.3 Options when a jurisdictional issue arises
320(11)
16.3.1 In a nutshell
320(1)
16.3.2 Option 1: Determination from the court
321(3)
16.3.3 Option 2: Determination by the adjudicator
324(2)
16.3.4 Option 3: Determination from another adjudicator
326(1)
16.3.5 Option 4: Reserve the position and proceed with the adjudication
327(1)
16.3.6 Option 5: Withdraw
328(1)
16.3.7 Option 6: Injunction
329(2)
16.4 Losing the right to challenge the adjudicator's jurisdiction
331(7)
16.4.1 Ina nutshell
331(1)
16.4.2 Waiver
332(1)
16.4.3 No reservation or late reservation
333(1)
16.4.4 Abandoning the reservation
334(1)
16.4.5 Initial consent before objection
335(1)
16.4.6 Approbation and reprobation
335(3)
16.4.7 Consequence of losing the right: ad hoc jurisdiction
338(1)
16.5 Threshold jurisdiction challenges
338(4)
16.5.1 In a nutshell
338(1)
16.5.2 No contract
339(1)
16.5.3 Contract is not a construction contract
339(1)
16.5.4 Construction contract is not in writing
340(1)
16.5.5 No dispute
340(1)
16.5.6 More than one dispute
341(1)
16.5.7 Substantially the same dispute
341(1)
16.5.8 Dispute not under the contract
342(1)
16.6 Process jurisdiction challenges
342(7)
16.6.1 Ina nutshell
342(1)
16.6.2 Incorrect parties named
343(1)
16.6.3 Adjudicator not correctly appointed
344(3)
16.6.4 Referral notice served out of time
347(1)
16.6.5 Arguments outside the scope of the dispute
347(1)
16.6.6 Defective service
348(1)
16.6.7 New material during the adjudication
348(1)
16.6.8 Other procedural improprieties
349(1)
16.7 Decision based jurisdiction challenges
349(11)
16.7.1 In a nutshell
349(1)
16.7.2 Lien over the decision
350(1)
16.7.3 Failure to reach the decision within the required timescale
350(1)
16.7.4 Signing the decision
351(1)
16.7.5 Sufficiency of written reasons
351(2)
16.7.6 Scope of the decision
353(4)
16.7.7 Errors
357(3)
16.7.8 Correcting minor errors in the decision
360(1)
16.8 Checklist: Jurisdiction - the parties
360(1)
16.9 Checklist: Jurisdiction - the adjudicator
361(1)
17 Natural justice
362(38)
17.1 Overview
362(2)
17.1.1 What is it?
362(1)
17.1.2 Materiality
363(1)
17.2 When to think about natural justice
364(1)
17.3 Options when a natural justice point arises
364(2)
17.4 Bias and apparent bias
366(12)
17.4.1 Ina nutshell
366(1)
17.4.2 Actual bias
367(1)
17.4.3 Apparent bias
368(1)
17.4.4 Prior involvement in the project or in a separate dispute
369(1)
17.4.5 Appointment of the same adjudicator
370(1)
17.4.6 Communication between the adjudicator and one party: pre-appointment
371(2)
17.4.7 Communication between the adjudicator and one party: post-appointment
373(1)
17.4.8 Evidence
373(2)
17.4.9 Failure to make information available to the parties
375(1)
17.4.10 Failure to carry out a site visit
375(1)
17.4.11 Organisation of meetings and hearings
376(1)
17.4.12 Quasi-mediator
376(1)
17.4.13 Without prejudice communications
377(1)
17.4.14 Preliminary view
377(1)
17.5 Procedural fairness
378(21)
17.5.1 In a nutshell
378(1)
17.5.2 Referring party's conduct pre-adjudication
379(1)
17.5.3 Abuse of process
380(1)
17.5.4 Ambush/no opportunity or insufficient opportunity to respond
380(2)
17.5.5 Christmas claims
382(1)
17.5.6 Dispute is too large or complex
382(2)
17.5.7 Failing to address an issue, part of a submission or evidence
384(5)
17.5.8 Failure to permit a further submission or information
389(1)
17.5.9 Failure to follow the agreed procedure
390(1)
17.5.10 Adjudicator's timetable unfair
391(1)
17.5.11 Documents received late or not at all
391(1)
17.5.12 Failure to inform the parties about an approach taken or methodology used
392(3)
17.5.13 Failure to inform the parties about advice from a third party
395(1)
17.5.14 Failure to inform the parties about use of own knowledge and expertise
395(2)
17.5.15 Failure to inform the parties about preliminary view
397(1)
17.5.16 Sufficiency of reasons
398(1)
17.6 Checklist: Natural justice - the parties and the adjudicator
399(1)
18 Further grounds for resisting enforcement
400(6)
18.1 Overview
400(1)
18.2 Fraud or deceit
401(1)
18.3 Duress
402(1)
18.4 UTCCR
403(1)
18.5 Human Rights Act
404(2)
19 Scotland: Tony Jones
406(21)
19.1 Overview
406(2)
19.2 Differences between the Scheme and the Scottish Scheme
408(3)
19.2.1 1998 Scheme and 1998 Scottish Scheme
408(2)
19.2.2 2011 Scheme and 2011 Scottish Scheme
410(1)
19.3 Enforcement of an adjudicator's award
411(7)
19.3.1 Ina nutshell
411(1)
19.3.2 Enforcement procedure
412(2)
19.3.3 Counterclaims
414(1)
19.3.4 The Scottish courts' approach to jurisdictional challenges
415(1)
19.3.5 The Scottish courts' approach to natural justice challenges
416(1)
19.3.6 Miscellaneous points
417(1)
19.4 Issues of divergence between England and Wales and Scotland
418(9)
19.4.1 In a nutshell
418(1)
19.4.2 Failure to comply with subsections 108(1)-(4) of the Act
418(1)
19.4.3 Adjudicator's decision out of time
419(1)
19.4.4 Parties' costs under the 1996 Act
419(1)
19.4.5 Insolvency
420(2)
19.4.6 Approbation and reprobation
422(1)
19.4.7 The size and nature of the claim
422(1)
19.4.8 Abuse of process
423(1)
19.4.9 The adjudicator taking advice from a third party or using his own knowledge
424(1)
19.4.10 Human Rights Act
425(2)
20 Northern Ireland: Michael Humphreys QC
427(16)
20.1 Overview
427(2)
20.2 Enforcement of adjudicators' awards
429(5)
20.2.1 The writ of summons
430(1)
20.2.2 The application for summary judgment
431(1)
20.2.3 The hearing of the application
432(1)
20.2.4 Incidence of costs
433(1)
20.2.5 Taxation of costs
433(1)
20.2.6 Enforcement of judgments
434(1)
20.3 An alternative remedy - declaratory relief
434(1)
20.4 Judicial consideration
435(11)
20.4.1 In a nutshell
435(1)
20.4.2 No construction contract
435(1)
20.4.3 No dispute
436(1)
20.4.4 Setting off against an adjudicator's decision
437(1)
20.4.5 Financial difficulty of the paying party
437(2)
20.4.6 Insufficient time to respond
439(1)
20.4.7 Abuse of process
439(4)
Part II International
21 Introduction
443(3)
22 Australia: Peter Wood and Phillip Greenham
446(15)
22.1 Overview
446(3)
22.1.1 Initial introduction in NSW
446(1)
22.1.2 Rollout across the remaining states
447(1)
22.1.3 East-west coast divide
448(1)
22.1.4 Consequences of the divide
448(1)
22.2 Requirements for commencing an adjudication
449(4)
22.2.1 Construction contract
449(1)
22.2.2 Construction work
450(1)
22.2.3 Claimable variations and excluded amounts in Victoria
451(1)
22.2.4 Reference date
451(1)
22.2.5 Time limits
452(1)
22.2.6 Who may refer a dispute under a construction contract to adjudication?
453(1)
22.3 Adjudication process
453(3)
22.3.1 Appointment of the adjudicator
453(2)
22.3.2 Conduct of the adjudication
455(1)
22.4 Determination, effect and costs
456(2)
22.4.1 Form of the decision
456(1)
22.4.2 Effect of the decision
456(1)
22.4.3 Costs
457(1)
22.5 Enforcement
458(3)
22.5.1 Process for enforcement
458(1)
22.5.2 Express rights of appeal
458(1)
22.5.3 Judicial review of adjudication determinations
459(2)
23 Ireland: Dermot McEvoy
461(12)
23.1 Overview
461(1)
23.2 Requirements for commencing an adjudication
462(2)
23.3 Adjudication process
464(5)
23.3.1 Notice of adjudication
464(1)
23.3.2 Appointment of an adjudicator
465(2)
23.3.3 Powers and duties of an adjudicator
467(2)
23.4 Determination, effect and costs
469(1)
23.5 Enforcement
470(1)
23.6 Conclusion
471(2)
24 Malaysia: Philip Koh
473(14)
24.1 Overview
473(1)
24.2 Requirements for commencing the adjudication process
474(4)
24.2.1 What contracts are caught by the 2012 Act?
474(4)
24.2.2 Retrospective effect of the 2012 Act
478(1)
24.3 Adjudication process
478(3)
24.3.1 Step 1: Payment claim
479(1)
24.3.2 Step 2: Initiation of adjudication
479(1)
24.3.3 Step 3: Appointment
479(1)
24.3.4 Step 4: Submissions
480(1)
24.3.5 Step 5: The adjudicator
480(1)
24.4 Administration of the adjudication
481(1)
24.5 Determination, effect and costs
482(2)
24.5.1 Form and timing of the decision
482(1)
24.5.2 Effect of the decision
482(1)
24.5.3 Costs
483(1)
24.6 Enforcement
484(1)
24.6.1 Suspension or a reduction in the pace of work
484(1)
24.6.2 Secure direct payment from principal
485(1)
24.7 Conclusion
485(2)
25 New Zealand: Tomas Kennedy-Grant QC
487(14)
25.1 Overview
487(1)
25.2 Requirements for commencing an adjudication
488(2)
25.3 Adjudication process
490(3)
25.4 Determination, effect and costs
493(3)
25.4.1 Rights of a non-respondent owner
496(1)
25.5 Enforcement
496(4)
25.5.1 Judicial review
499(1)
25.6 Proposed amendments
500(1)
26 Singapore: Steven Cannon
501(22)
26.1 Overview
501(1)
26.2 Requirements for commencing an adjudication
502(2)
26.2.1 What contracts are caught by the 2004 Act?
502(1)
26.2.2 Contracting out, the date of execution of the contract and contracts made in writing
503(1)
26.3 Payment regime
504(4)
26.3.1 The right to progress payments
504(1)
26.3.2 The payment regime
504(3)
26.3.3 The crystallisation of a dispute and the dispute settlement period
507(1)
26.4 Adjudication process
508(7)
26.4.1 The role of the Singapore Mediation Centre
508(1)
26.4.2 Notice of an intention to adjudicate
508(1)
26.4.3 The adjudication application
509(3)
26.4.4 The role of the adjudicator
512(3)
26.5 Determination, effect and costs
515(3)
26.5.1 The adjudicator's determination
515(1)
26.5.2 The costs of the adjudication
516(1)
26.5.3 Adjudication review applications
517(1)
26.5.4 The effect of an adjudicator's determination
517(1)
26.6 Enforcement
518(2)
26.6.1 Enforcement of the adjudicator's determination
518(1)
26.6.2 Setting aside the adjudicator's determination
518(2)
26.7 Conclusion
520
Appendices
Appendix 1 The 1996 Act as amended
523(7)
Appendix 2 The 1998 Scheme as amended
530(8)
Appendix 3 Glossary (UK only)
538(4)
Appendix 4 Model forms
542(19)
Appendix 5 Summary comparison of UK adjudication rules
561(9)
Appendix 6 Details of UK adjudicator nominating bodies
570(8)
Appendix 7 Comparison of UK and international statutory regimes
578(6)
Appendix 8 Case index: by subject matter
584(94)
Appendix 9 Alphabetical case index
678(31)
Index 709
James Pickavance is a partner in the construction and engineering practice of Eversheds LLP, specialising in dispute resolution. He has experience of all forms of dispute resolution, in particular contractual and statutory adjudication, domestic and international arbitration, expert determination, mediation and litigation, and advises public bodies, governments, international corporations and private clients on domestic and international, single or multi-jurisdictional disputes across a range of industry sectors in over 20 jurisdictions.