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Practical Guide to Diagnostic Parasitology 3rd edition [Minkštas viršelis]

(UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA)
  • Formatas: Paperback / softback, 592 pages, aukštis x plotis x storis: 252x178x28 mm, weight: 1225 g
  • Serija: ASM Books
  • Išleidimo metai: 03-Jun-2021
  • Leidėjas: American Society for Microbiology
  • ISBN-10: 1683670396
  • ISBN-13: 9781683670391
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
  • Formatas: Paperback / softback, 592 pages, aukštis x plotis x storis: 252x178x28 mm, weight: 1225 g
  • Serija: ASM Books
  • Išleidimo metai: 03-Jun-2021
  • Leidėjas: American Society for Microbiology
  • ISBN-10: 1683670396
  • ISBN-13: 9781683670391
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
"As we move forward into the 21st century, the field of diagnostic medical parasitology continues to see some dramatic changes, including newly recognized pathogens, changing endemicity of familiar pathogens, disease control challenges, geographic and climate changes that support the spread of parasitic disease, new methodologies, expansion of diagnostic testing, and an ongoing review of the approach to and clinical relevance of this type of diagnostic testing on patient care within the managed care environment, as well as the world as a whole. The third edition of the Practical Guide to Diagnostic Parasitology is organized to provide maximum help to the user, particularly from the bench use perspective. New aspects of the field have been addressed in these sections, and many new figures and plates have been added, including extensive color images. Section 1 on the philosophy and approach to diagnostic parasitology has been expanded to include discussions on neglected tropical diseases, the impact of global climate change, population movements, potential outbreak testing, the development of laboratory test menus, and the risk management issues related to "stat" testing. The Section 2 discussion of organism classification and relevant tables has been expanded and updated to provide the user with current information related to changes in nomenclature and overall importance of the various parasite categories to human infection"--

In the 21st century the field of diagnostic medical parasitology continues to see dramatic changes, including newly recognized pathogens and the changing endemicity and classification of familiar organisms; neglected tropical diseases and the impact of global climate change; and new methodologies and risk management issues. This classic clinical laboratory parasitology reference, now in its third edition, has been extensively revised and updated in a new full-color format. Still organized to provide maximum help to the user, particularly from the bench perspective, every section has been expanded with new images and discussion.

Specimen collection, preservation, and testing options are thoroughly discussed, from the routine ova and parasite examination to blood films, fecal immunoassays, and the newer molecular test panels. Specific test procedures, laboratory methods and reagents, and algorithms are provided. The ever-helpful “FAQ” section of commonly asked questions now offers expanded information on stool specimen fixatives and testing, thorough coverage of new techniques, and advice on reporting and commenting on results.

The heart of the Guide, covering identification of individual pathogens, has been expanded with more discussion and comparison of organisms and dozens of new color images. An entirely new section has been added that uses extensive figures and new tables to illustrate common problems with differentiating organisms from one another and from possible microscopic artifacts. The final section has been reorganized to include identification keys and dozens of tables summarizing organism characteristics to assist the bench microbiologist with routine diagnostic testing methods.
Preface xix
About the Author xxiii
Section 1 Philosophy and Approach to Diagnostic Parasitology 1(18)
Neglected Tropical Diseases
2(1)
Why Perform Diagnostic Parasitology Testing?
3(2)
Travel
3(1)
Population Movements
3(1)
Control Issues
4(1)
Climate Change
4(1)
Epidemiologic Considerations
4(1)
Compromised Patients; Potential Sex Bias Regarding Infection Susceptibility; Aging
4(1)
Approach to Therapy
5(1)
Who Should Perform Diagnostic Parasitology Testing?
5(1)
Laboratory Personnel
5(1)
Nonlaboratory Personnel
5(1)
Where Should Diagnostic Parasitology Testing Be Performed?
6(1)
Inpatient Setting
6(1)
Outpatient or Referral Setting
6(1)
Decentralized Testing
6(1)
Physician Office Laboratories
6(1)
Over-the-Counter (Home Care) Testing
7(1)
Field Sites
7(1)
What Factors Should Precipitate Testing?
7(1)
Travel and Residence History
7(1)
Immune Status of the Patient
7(1)
Clinical Symptoms
7(1)
Documented Previous Infection
7(1)
Contact with Infected Individuals
8(1)
Potential Outbreak Testing
8(1)
Occupational Testing
8(1)
Therapeutic Failure
8(1)
What Testing Should Be Performed?
8(2)
Routine Tests
8(1)
Special Testing and Reference Laboratories
9(1)
Specialized Referral Test Options-DPDx and Other Sites
9(1)
Other (Nonmicrobiological) Testing
10(1)
What Factors Should Be Considered in Development of Test Menus?
10(1)
Physical Plant
10(1)
Client Base
10(1)
Customer Requirements and Perceived Levels of Service
10(1)
Personnel Availability and Level of Expertise
10(1)
Equipment
10(1)
Budget
11(1)
Risk Management Issues Associated with Stat Testing
11(7)
Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis
11(3)
Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis and Amebic Keratitis
14(1)
Request for Blood Films
15(1)
Automated Instrumentation
15(1)
Patient Information
16(1)
Conventional Microscopy
16(2)
Table 1.1 Common features of the neglected tropical diseases
18(1)
Section 2 Parasite Classification and Relevant Body Sites 19(24)
Protozoa (Intestinal)
20(4)
Amebae, Stramenopiles
20(2)
Flagellates
22(1)
Ciliates
22(1)
Apicomplexa (Including Coccidia)
23(1)
Microsporidia (Now Classified with the Fungi)
23(1)
Protozoa (Other Body Sites)
24(2)
Amebae
24(1)
Flagellates
24(1)
Apicomplexa (Including Coccidia)
24(1)
Microsporidia (Now Classified with the Fungi)
25(1)
Protozoa (Blood and Tissue)
26(3)
Apicomplexa (Including Sporozoa)
26(1)
Flagellates
26(3)
Nematodes (Intestinal)
29(1)
Nematodes (Tissue)
29(1)
Nematodes (Blood and Tissue)
30(1)
Cestodes (Intestinal)
31(1)
Cestodes (Tissue)
32(1)
Trematodes (Intestinal)
33(1)
Trematodes (Liver and Lungs)
33(2)
Trematodes (Blood)
35(1)
Pentastomids
35(1)
Acanthocephala
36(1)
Table 2.1 Classification of human parasites
37(2)
Table 2.2 Cosmopolitan distribution of common parasitic infections
39(1)
Table 2.3 Body sites and possible parasites recovered
40(3)
Section 3 Collection Options 43(26)
Safety
44(1)
Collection of Fresh Stool Specimens
44(4)
Collection Method
44(1)
Number of Specimens To Be Collected
45(2)
Collection Times
47(1)
Posttherapy Collection
47(1)
Specimen Type, Stability, and Need for Preservation
47(1)
Preservation of Stool Specimens
48(8)
Overview of Preservatives
48(1)
Formalin
49(1)
Sodium Acetate-Acetic Acid-Formalin (SAF)
50(1)
Schaudinn's Fluid
51(1)
Schaudinn's Fluid containing PVA (Mercury Base)
52(1)
Schaudinn's Fluid containing PVA (Copper Base, Zinc Base)
52(1)
Single-Vial Collection Systems (Other than SAF)
53(1)
Universal Fixative (Total-Fix)
54(1)
Quality Control for Preservatives
54(1)
Procedure Notes for Use of Preservatives (Stool Fixative Collection Vials)
55(1)
Procedure Limitations for Use of Preservatives (Stool Fixative Collection Vials)
55(1)
Collection of Blood
56(1)
Collection and Processing
56(1)
Stat Test Requests and Risk Management Issues
57(1)
Collection of Specimens from Other Body Sites
57(1)
Table 3.1 Fecal specimens for parasites: options for collection and processing
58(3)
Table 3.2 Approaches to stool parasitology: test ordering
61(1)
Table 3.3 Preservatives and procedures commonly used in diagnostic parasitology (stool specimens)
62(2)
Table 3.4 Advantages of thin and thick blood films
64(1)
Table 3.5 Advantages and disadvantages of bully coat films
64(1)
Table 3.6 Potential problems of using EDTA anticoagulant for the preparation of thin and thick blood films
65(1)
Table 3.7 Body sites and possible parasites recovered (trophozoites, cysts, oocysts, spores, adults, larvae, eggs, amastigotes, and trypomastigotes)
66(3)
Section 4 Specimen Test Options: Routine Diagnostic Methods and Body Sites 69(26)
Ova and Parasite Examination of Stool Specimens
70(2)
Other Diagnostic Methods for Stool Specimens
72(2)
Culture of Larval-Stage Nematodes
72(1)
Estimation of Worm Burdens through Egg Counts
73(1)
Hatching Test for Schistosome Eggs
73(1)
Screening Stool Samples for Recovery of a Tapeworm Scolex
74(1)
Testing of Other Intestinal Tract Specimens
74(3)
Examination for Pinworm
74(1)
Sigmoidoscopy Material
75(1)
Duodenal Drainage Material
76(1)
Duodenal Capsule Technique (Entero-Test)
76(1)
Urogenital Tract Specimens
77(1)
Sputum
77(1)
Aspirates
78(1)
Biopsy Specimens
78(1)
Blood
79(2)
Thin Blood Films
79(1)
Thick Blood Films
80(1)
Blood Staining Methods
80(1)
Buffy Coat Films
80(1)
QBC Microhematocrit Centrifugation Method
80(1)
Knott Concentration
81(1)
Membrane Filtration Technique
81(1)
Culture Methods
81(1)
Animal Inoculation and Xenodiagnosis
82(1)
Antibody and Antigen Detection
82(4)
Antibody Detection
82(2)
Antigen Detection, Nucleic Acid-Based Tests, and Molecular Panels
84(1)
Intradermal Tests
84(1)
UV Autofluorescence
84(2)
Table 4.1 Body sites, procedures and specimens, recommended methods and relevant parasites, and comments
86(8)
Table 4.2 Serologic, antigen, and probe tests used in the diagnosis of parasitic infections
94(1)
Section 5 Specific Test Procedures and Algorithms 95(122)
Microscopy
96(3)
Calibration Of The Microscope
96(3)
Ova And Parasite Examination
99(1)
Direct Wet Fecal Smear
99(5)
Concentration (Sedimentation And Flotation)
104(10)
Sedimentation Concentration (Formalin-Ethyl Acetate)
105(4)
Sedimentation Concentration Using The Universal Fixative (Total-Fix)
109(1)
Flotation Concentration (Zinc Sulfate)
110(4)
Permanent Stained Smear
114(2)
Stains Used In The Permanent Stained Smear
116(16)
Trichrome Stain (Wheatley's Method)
116(6)
Iron Hematoxylin Stain (Spencer-Monroe Method)
122(5)
Iron Hematoxylin Stain (Tompkins-Miller Method)
127(1)
Modified Iron Hematoxylin Stain (Incorporating The Carbol Fuchsin Step)
128(3)
Chlorazol Black E Stain
131(1)
Specialized Stains For Coccidia And Microsporidia
132(18)
Kinyoun's Acid-Fast Stain (Cold Method)
132(4)
Modified Ziehl-Neelsen Acid-Fast Stain (Hot Method)
136(3)
Carbol Fuchsin Negative Stain For Cryptosporidium (W. L. Current)
139(1)
Rapid Safranin Method For Cryptosporidium (D. Baxby)
139(1)
Rapid Safranin Method For Cyclospora, Using A Microwave Oven (Govinda Visvesvara)
139(1)
Auramine O Stain For Aplicomplexa (Including Coccidia) (Thomas Hanscheid)
140(4)
Modified Trichrome Stain For Microsporidia (Weber, Green Counterstain)
144(2)
Modified Trichrome Stain For Microsporidia (Ryan, Blue Counterstain)
146(3)
Modified Trichrome Stain For Microsporidia (Evelyn Kokoskin, Hot Method)
149(1)
Fecal Immunoassays For Intestinal Protozoa
150(3)
Entamoeba Histolytica
150(1)
Cryptosporidium Spp.
151(1)
Giardia Lamblia
151(1)
Kits Under Development
151(1)
Comments On The Performance Of Fecal Immunoassays
151(1)
Enzyme Immunoassays (Antigen Detection, No Centrifugation Recommended)
152(1)
Fluorescence (Visual Identification Of The Organisms, Centrifugation Recommended)
152(1)
Lateral-Flow Cartridges (Antigen Detection, No Centrifugation Recommended)
153(1)
Larval Nematode Culture
153(8)
Harada-Mori Filter Paper Strip Culture
153(2)
Baermann Concentration
155(3)
Agar Plate Culture For Strongyloides Stercoralis
158(3)
Other Methods For Gastrointestinal Tract Specimens
161(10)
Examination For Pinworm (Cellulose Tape Preparations)
161(2)
Sigmoidoscopy Specimens (Direct Wet Smear)
163(3)
Sigmoidoscopy Specimens (Permanent Stained Smear)
166(2)
Duodenal Aspirates
168(3)
Methods for Urogenital Tract Specimens
171(10)
Receipt Of Dry Smears
171(1)
Direct Saline Mount
171(3)
Permanent Stained Smear
174(2)
Urine Concentration (Centrifugation)
176(3)
Urine Concentration (Nuclepore Membrane Filter)
179(2)
Preparation of Blood Films
181(9)
Thin Blood Films
182(2)
Thick Blood Films
184(2)
Combination Thick-Thin Blood Films
186(1)
Risk Management Issues Associated With Blood Films
187(1)
Use Of A Reference Laboratory For Parasite Blood Diagnostic Testing
188(1)
Blood Film Reporting With Additional Report Comments
189(1)
Buffy Coat Blood Films
189(1)
Blood Stains
190(4)
Stain Options
190(1)
Giemsa Stain
190(4)
Blood Concentration
194(7)
Buffy Coat Concentration
194(1)
Knott Concentration
195(2)
Membrane Filtration Concentration
197(4)
Algorithm 5.1 Procedure for processing fresh stool for the O&P examination
201(1)
Algorithm 5.2 Procedure for processing liquid specimens for the O&P examination
202(1)
Algorithm 5.3 Procedure for processing preserved stool for the O&P examination-two-vial collection kit
203(1)
Algorithm 5.4 Procedure for processing SAF-preserved stool for the O&P examination
204(1)
Algorithm 5.5 Procedure for the use of Total-Fix (universal fixative, single-vial system) (this fixative contains no mercury, no PVA, and no formalin)
205(2)
Alternate Method For Smear Preparation Directly From Vial
206(1)
Algorithm 5.6 Use of various fixatives and their recommended stains
207(1)
Algorithm 5.7 Ordering algorithm for laboratory examination for intestinal parasites
208(1)
Algorithm 5.8 Procedure for processing blood specimens for examination
209(1)
Table 5.1 Body sites, specimens, and recommended stains
210(4)
Table 5.2 Approaches to stool parasitology: test ordering
214(1)
Table 5.3 Laboratory test reports: notes and optional comments
215(1)
Table 5.4 Parasitemia determined from conventional light microscopy: clinical correlation
216(1)
Section 6 Commonly Asked Questions about Diagnostic Parasitology 217(48)
Stool Parasitology
218(11)
Specimen Collection
218(3)
Specimen Processing
221(1)
Diagnostic Methods
222(5)
Stool Immunoassay Options
227(2)
Molecular Test Panels (FDA Cleared)
229(16)
A APTIMA Trichomonas vaginalis Assay
230(1)
B Affirm VPIII Microbial Identification Test
231(1)
C Cepheid Xpert TV Assay for Trichomonas vaginalis from Men and Women
232(1)
D BD MAX Enteric Parasite Panel
233(1)
E BioFire FilmArray Gastrointestinal Panel
234(2)
F Luminex (Verigene II GI Flex Assay; Includes Parasites)
236(2)
G Other Pending Molecular Tests
238(1)
Organism Identification
238(4)
Reporting
242(3)
Proficiency Testing
245(1)
Tissues or Fluids
245(1)
Blood
246(19)
Specimen Collection
246(2)
Specimen Processing
248(1)
Diagnostic Methods
249(5)
Organism Identification
254(2)
Reporting
256(1)
Proficiency Testing
257(1)
General Questions
258(7)
Section 7 Parasite Identification 265(200)
Protozoa
Amebae (Intestinal)
266(29)
Entamoeba histolytica
266(4)
Entamoeba histolytica/Entamoeba dispar
270(3)
Comments on Entamoeba moshkovskii and Entamoeba bangladeshi
273(1)
Entamoeba bangladeshi
274(1)
Entamoeba hartmanni
275(3)
Entamoeba coli
278(3)
Entamoeba gingivalis
281(2)
Entamoeba polecki
283(1)
Endolimax nana
284(3)
lodamoeba bdtschlii
287(3)
Blastocystis spp. (formerly Blastocystis hominis)
290(5)
Flagellates (Intestinal) Giardia lamblia (G. duodenalis, G. intestinalis)
295(15)
Dientamoeba fragilis
298(4)
Chilomastix mesnili
302(2)
Pentatrichomonas hominis
304(3)
Enteromonas hominis, Retortamonas intestinalis
307(3)
Ciliates (Intestinal)
310(5)
Balantidium coli
310(5)
Apicomplexa (Intestinal)
315(4)
Cryptosporidium spp.
315(4)
Coccidia (Intestinal)
319(7)
Cyclospora cayetanensis
319(4)
Cystoisospora (formerly Isospora) belli
323(3)
Microsporidia (Intestinal)
326(8)
Enterocytozoon bieneusi
326(3)
Encephalitozoon intestinalis, Encephalitozoon spp.
329(5)
Sporozoa (Blood and Tissue)
334(34)
Plasmodium vivax
334(5)
Plasmodium falciparum
339(4)
Plasmodium malariae
343(3)
Plasmodium ovale wallickeri, Plasmodium ovale curtisi
346(4)
Plasmodium knowlesi
350(3)
Malaria
353(2)
Babesia spp. (Babesia microti, B. duncani, B. divergens, B. venatorum)
355(4)
Toxoplasma gondii
359(9)
Flagellates (Blood and Tissue)
368(13)
Leishmania spp.
368(4)
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (West), I brucei rhodesiense (East)
372(4)
Trypanosoma cruzi
376(5)
Amebae (Other Body Sites)
381(8)
Naegleria fow/eri
381(4)
Acanthamoeba spp., Balamuthia mandrillaris, Sappinia diploidea
385(4)
Flagellates (Other Body Sites)
389(3)
Trichomonas vaginalis
389(3)
Nematodes
392(33)
Intestinal
392(15)
Ascaris lumbricoides
392(3)
Trichuris trichiura, Capillaria philippinensis
395(3)
Necator americanus, Ancylostoma duodenale, Ancylostoma ceylanicum (Hookworms); Trichostrongylus spp.
398(3)
Strongyloides stercoralis
401(3)
Enterobius vermicularis
404(3)
Tissue
407(12)
Ancylostoma braziliense, Ancylostoma caninum, Uncinaria stenocephala (Dog and Cat Hookworms)
407(3)
Toxocara canis, Toxocara cati (Dog and Cat Ascarid Worms)
410(3)
Dracunculus medinensis
413(3)
Trichinella spiralis
416(3)
Blood and Tissue
419(6)
Filarial Worms
419(6)
Cestodes
425(23)
Intestinal
425(18)
Taenia saginata
425(3)
Taenia solium
428(4)
Diphyllobothrium la turn
432(3)
Hymenolepis (Rodentolepis) nana
435(3)
Hymeno/epis diminuta
438(2)
Dipylidium caninum
440(3)
Tissue
443(5)
Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis, Echinococcus vogeli, Echinococcus oligarthrus
443(5)
Trematodes
448(17)
Intestinal
448(3)
Fasciolopsis buski
448(3)
Liver and Lungs
451(9)
Paragonimus westermani, Paragonimus mexicanus, Paragonimus kellicotti
451(3)
Fasciola hepatica
454(3)
Clonorchis (Opisthorchis) sinensis (Chinese liver fluke)
457(3)
Blood
460(30)
Schistosoma spp. (Schistosoma mansoni, S. haematobium, S. japonicum, S. mekongi, S. malayensis, S. intercalatum)
460(5)
Section 8 Common Problems in Parasite Identification 465(24)
Table 8.1 Entamoeba sp. trophozoites versus macrophages
486(1)
Table 8.2 Entamoeba sp. cysts versus PMNs
486(1)
Table 8.3 Entamoeba histolytica versus Entamoeba coli precysts and cysts
487(1)
Table 8.4 Endolimax nana versus Dientamoeba fragilis
488(1)
Section 9 Identification Aids 489(58)
Diagnostic Considerations
490(5)
Table 9.1 Rapid diagnostic procedures
490(1)
Table 9.2 Diagnostic characteristics for organisms in wet mounts (direct or concentration sediment)
491(1)
Table 9.3 Diagnostic characteristics for organisms in permanent stained smears (e.g., Wheatley's trichrome, iron-hematoxylin)
491(1)
Identification Key 9.1 Identification of intestinal amebae (permanent stained smear)
491(1)
Identification Key 9.2 Identification of intestinal flagellates
492(1)
Identification Key 9.3 Identification of helminth eggs
493(1)
Identification Key 9.4 Identification of microfilariae
494(1)
Protozoa
495(17)
Table 9.4 Intestinal protozoa: trophozoites of common amebae
495(2)
Table 9.5 Intestinal protozoa: cysts of common amebae
497(2)
Table 9.6 Intestinal protozoa: trophozoites of less common amebae
499(1)
Table 9.7 Intestinal protozoa: cysts of less common amebae
499(1)
Table 9.8 Morphologic criteria used to identify Blastocystis spp.
500(1)
Table 9.9 Intestinal protozoa: trophozoites of flagellates
501(1)
Table 9.10 Intestinal protozoa: cysts of flagellates
502(1)
Table 9.11 Intestinal protozoa: ciliate (Balantidium colt)
503(1)
Table 9.12 Apicomplexa
503(1)
Table 9.13 Microsporidia (related to the Fungi): general information
504(1)
Table 9.14 Microsporidia: recommended diagnostic techniques
505(1)
Table 9.15 Comparison of Naegleria fowleri, Acanthamoeba spp., Balamuthia mandrillaris, and Sappinia dip/oidea
506(1)
Table 9.16 Characteristics of Trichomonas vaginalis
507(1)
Table 9.17 Key characteristics of intestinal tract and urogenital system protozoa
508(4)
Helminths
512(20)
Table 9.18 Normal life spans of the most common intestinal nematodes
512(1)
Table 9.19 Characteristics of the most common intestinal nematodes
513(2)
Table 9.20 Tissue nematodes
515(2)
Table 9.21 Trichinella spiralis: life cycle stages and clinical conditions
517(1)
Table 9.22 Characteristics of human microfilariae
518(1)
Table 9.23 Characteristics of cestode parasites (intestinal)
519(2)
Table 9.24 Tissue cestodes
521(2)
Table 9.25 Characteristics of intestinal trematodes
523(1)
Table 9.26 Characteristics of liver and lung trematodes
524(2)
Table 9.27 Human paragonimiasis
526(1)
Table 9.28 Characteristics of blood trematodes
527(1)
Table 9.29 Key characteristics of helminths
528(4)
Blood Parasites
532(15)
Table 9.30 Malaria characteristics with fresh blood or EDTA-blood
532(1)
Table 9.31 Potential problems with using EDTA anticoagulant for the preparation of thin and thick blood films
533(1)
Table 9.32 Plasmodia in Giemsa-stained thin blood smears
534(3)
Table 9.33 Relevant issues for handling requests for identification of infectious blood parasites
537(3)
Table 9.34 Features of human leishmanial infections
540(1)
Table 9.35 Characteristics of American trypanosomiasis
541(1)
Table 9.36 Characteristics of East and West African trypanosomiasis
541(1)
Table 9.37 Key characteristics of blood parasites
541(6)
Index 547