Atnaujinkite slapukų nuostatas

Practical Rock Mechanics [Minkštas viršelis]

(Hencher Associates, UK)
  • Formatas: Paperback / softback, 378 pages, aukštis x plotis: 254x178 mm, weight: 620 g, 34 Tables, black and white; 31 Illustrations, color; 317 Illustrations, black and white
  • Serija: Applied Geotechnics
  • Išleidimo metai: 18-Sep-2015
  • Leidėjas: CRC Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 1482217260
  • ISBN-13: 9781482217261
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Practical Rock MechanicsDidesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: Paperback / softback, 378 pages, aukštis x plotis: 254x178 mm, weight: 620 g, 34 Tables, black and white; 31 Illustrations, color; 317 Illustrations, black and white
  • Serija: Applied Geotechnics
  • Išleidimo metai: 18-Sep-2015
  • Leidėjas: CRC Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 1482217260
  • ISBN-13: 9781482217261
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Pastovi nuoroda: https://www.kriso.lt/db/9781482217261.html
Raktažodžiai:
An Ideal Source for Geologists and Others with Little Background in Engineering or MechanicsPractical Rock Mechanics provides an introduction for graduate students as well as a reference guide for practicing engineering geologists and geotechnical engineers. The book considers fundamental geological processes that give rise to the nature of rock masses and control their mechanical behavior. Stresses in the earth’s crust are discussed and methods of measurement and prediction explained. Ways to investigate, describe, test, and characterize rocks in the laboratory and at project scale are reviewed. The application of rock mechanics principles to the design of engineering structures including tunnels, foundations, and slopes is addressed. The book is illustrated throughout with simple figures and photographs, and important concepts are illustrated by modern case examples. Mathematical equations are kept to the minimum necessary and are explained fully—the book leans towards practice rather than theory.This text:Addresses the principles of rock mechanics as it applies to both structural geology and engineering practiceDemonstrates the importance of and methods of geological characterisation to rock engineeringExamines the standard methods of rock mechanics testing and measurement as well as interpretation of data in practiceExplains connections between main parameters both empirically as well as on the basis of scientific theoryProvides examples of the practice of rock mechanics to major engineering projectsPractical Rock Mechanics teaches from first principles and aids readers’ understanding of the concepts of stress and stress transformation and the practical application of rock mechanics theory. This text can help ensure that ground models and designs are correct, realistic, and produced cost-effectively.

Recenzijos

"in my opinion, the great strength of this book, and the feature that distinguishes it from any other book that I am familiar with in the field of rock mechanics and rock engineering, is its emphasis on (these) basic geological factors and their influence, often their over-riding influence, on the design and performance of engineering projects constructed in and on rock. I know of no other book that explains as thoroughly or as well the centrally important relationship between the geological history and the resulting geological features of a site on the one hand, and the investigation, design, construction and performance on an engineering project on the other." Professor Edwin T Brown AC, Senior Consultant, Golder Associates Pty Ltd, Brisbane, Australia, Emeritus Professor, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, President, International Society for Rock Mechanics, 1983-87

"Steve Hencher's book has an Earth scientists approach to practical rock mechanics and his in-depth knowledge of geological structures and mechanical properties of rock material offer an excellent introduction to rock mechanics and rock engineering. excellent case studies from civic works, mines and underground constructions. written so that students with a basic knowledge in geology can follow the more mechanistic parts and apply the knowledge to rock engineering problems and field cases. Ove Stephansson, GFZ Potsdam, Germany and SRC Berlin

" gives very good description of the rock materials and rock mass. It is very suitable for civil engineers." Jian Zhao, Monash University

Preface xv
Acknowledgements xvii
Specific permissions xix
Author xxi
1 Introduction to rock mechanics 1(20)
1.1 Introduction
1(1)
1.2 Differentiating between soil and rock
1(1)
1.3 Mechanics of failure
2(1)
1.4 Classification of intact rock
2(1)
1.5 Compressive strength of weak rock
3(1)
1.6 Origins of shear strength in intact rock
4(1)
1.7 Shear strength parameters for the sample in Figure 1.3
5(1)
1.8 Stability of a cut slope in weak rock
5(2)
1.9 Discontinuities in rock masses
7(3)
1.9.1 Introduction and relationship to geological history
7(1)
1.9.2 Fracture development
7(2)
1.9.3 Joints
9(1)
1.9.4 Faults
10(1)
1.10 The importance of discontinuities to stability
10(4)
1.11 Early lessons and the relevance of rock mechanics
14(1)
1.12 Application of rock mechanics
14(1)
1.13 History of the subject area
14(1)
1.14 Rock mechanics as a scientific discipline
14(4)
1.15 Load changes
18(3)
2 Fundamental mechanics 21(22)
2.1 Definitions
21(4)
2.1.1 Force and load
21(1)
2.1.2 Stress
21(2)
2.1.3 Stress transformation
23(2)
2.2 Mohr circle representation of stress state
25(3)
2.3 Stress concentration in underground openings
28(2)
2.4 Stresses below foundations
30(1)
2.5 Effective stress
30(1)
2.6 Rock deformation and behaviour
30(7)
2.6.1 Elastic behaviour and Young's modulus
30(1)
2.6.2 Rock behaviour
31(12)
2.6.2.1 Brittle fracture and Griffith crack theory
32(1)
2.6.2.2 Failure of rock
33(3)
2.6.2.3 Plasticity
36(1)
2.6.2.4 Poisson's ratio
37(1)
2.7 Direct shear
37(1)
2.8 Simple shear and associated rock structures
38(2)
2.9 Surface features on rock fractures
40(2)
2.10 Conclusions to this section
42(1)
3 Geological processes and the nature of rock masses 43(62)
3.1 Introduction
43(1)
3.2 Earth stresses
43(3)
3.2.1 Plate tectonics
43(2)
3.2.2 Earth stresses: Prediction, measurement and significance to engineering projects
45(1)
3.2.3 Measurement of stress
45(1)
3.3 Faults
46(8)
3.3.1 Significance of faults to ground engineering
46(1)
3.3.2 General
47(1)
3.3.3 Normal faults
47(2)
3.3.4 Thrust faulting
49(1)
3.3.5 Reverse faults and inversion tectonics
50(1)
3.3.6 Strike-slip faults
50(2)
3.3.7 Fault rocks
52(1)
3.3.8 Earthquake occurrence and prediction
53(1)
3.4 Folding
54(2)
3.5 Rock textures, fabrics and effect on properties
56(15)
3.5.1 Introduction
56(1)
3.5.2 Cooling of igneous rock
57(1)
3.5.3 Sedimentary rock
58(3)
3.5.3.1 Sandstone
58(2)
3.5.3.2 Mudstone
60(1)
3.5.3.3 Limestone
61(1)
3.5.4 Metamorphic rock
61(2)
3.5.S Hydrothermal alteration
63(3)
3.5.6 Weathering
66(5)
3.5.6.1 General
66(1)
3.5.6.2 Disintegration
67(2)
3.5.6.3 Mass weathering features
69(2)
3.6 Rock joints and other discontinuities
71(18)
3.6.1 Introduction
71(1)
3.6.2 Need for a change of approach and increased geological input in characterising fracture networks
72(1)
3.6.3 Starting point for dealing with rock discontinuities
73(1)
3.6.4 Primary joints
73(7)
3.6.4.1 Cooling (extrusive and shallow intrusive)
73(5)
3.6.4.2 Cooling and emplacement joints (plutonic)
78(2)
3.6.4.3 Sedimentary
80(1)
3.6.5 Secondary, tectonic joints
80(6)
3.6.5.1 General
80(2)
3.6.5.2 Regional joints developed as tensile fractures
82(1)
3.6.5.3 Hybrid joints
83(1)
3.6.5.4 Cleavage
84(2)
3.6.6 Tertiary joints
86(2)
3.6.7 Joint development in geological and engineering time
88(1)
3.6.8 Shape and extent of joints
89(1)
3.7 Major geological structures
89(16)
3.7.1 Evidence from the past
89(2)
3.7.2 Evidence in the present
91(6)
3.7.2.1 Slow processes
92(3)
3.7.2.2 Climatic change
95(2)
3.7.3 Faster changes
97(8)
3.7.3.1 Rapid events
97(1)
3.7.3.2 Rapid natural events
97(5)
3.7.3.3 Reflections
102(3)
4 Hydrogeology of rock masses 105(22)
4.1 Introduction
105(1)
4.2 Fundamental concepts and definitions
105(3)
4.2.1 Porosity
105(3)
4.3 Hydraulic conductivity and permeability
108(3)
4.4 Measuring hydraulic conductivity
109(2)
4.4.1 Difficulties
109(1)
4.4.2 Water tests in boreholes
109(1)
4.4.3 Lugeon testing
109(1)
4.4.4 Pumping tests
110(1)
4.5 Typical parameters
111(1)
4.6 Unconfined and confined aquifers and storage
111(2)
4.6.1 Unconfined conditions
111(1)
4.6.2 Confined conditions
112(1)
4.7 Compartmentalisation, aquicludes and aquitards
113(1)
4.8 Flow paths
113(5)
4.8.1 Flow paths in rock (unweathered)
113(3)
4.8.2 Preferential flow paths in weathered rock
116(1)
4.8.3 Establishing hydrogeological conditions in weathered rock profiles
117(1)
4.9 Characterisation and prediction of hydrogeological conditions for projects
118(6)
4.9.1 Slopes
118(1)
4.9.2 Underground openings
119(4)
4.9.2.1 Setting limits for inflow
120(1)
4.9.2.2 Predicting inflow into an underground opening
121(1)
4.9.2.3 Experience of inflow
121(1)
4.9.2.4 Mining
122(1)
4.9.2.5 Nuclear waste repositories
122(1)
4.9.3 Oil and gas
123(1)
4.9.3.1 Dual porosity and well testing
123(1)
4.10 Grouting
124(1)
4.10.1 Purpose of grouting
124(1)
4.10.2 Options and methods
124(1)
4.11 Hydrogeological modelling
125(2)
4.11.1 Modelling geology as isotropic
125(1)
4.11.2 Anisotropic flow models
125(2)
5 Characterising rock for engineering purposes 127(58)
5.1 Introduction
127(1)
5.2 Initial stages of site investigation
127(1)
5.3 Field mapping
128(2)
5.4 Trial excavations
130(1)
5.5 Discontinuity surveys
131(5)
5.6 Remote measurement
136(4)
5.7 Interpretation
140(1)
5.8 Rose diagrams
140(1)
5.9 Stereographic interpretation
141(7)
5.9.1 Introduction
141(2)
5.9.2 Stereonets
143(1)
5.9.3 Plotting data
143(10)
5.9.3.1 Step 1: Plot a plane
144(1)
5.9.3.2 Stage 2: Plotting a second plane and measuring the intersecting wedge
145(1)
5.9.3.3 Plotting large amounts of data
145(3)
5.10 Roughness measurement
148(5)
5.11 Ground investigation techniques
153(8)
5.11.1 Introduction
153(6)
5.11.1.1 Geophysics
153(1)
5.11.1.2 Rock drilling
154(5)
5.11.2 Sampling and storage
159(2)
5.12 Description and classification of rocks
161(6)
5.12.1 Introduction
161(1)
5.12.2 Order of description
161(1)
5.12.3 Strength
162(1)
5.12.4 Joints and discontinuities
162(2)
5.12.5 Rock quality designation
164(3)
5.12.5.1 RQD in three dimensions
167(1)
5.13 Rock material and mass classification
167(8)
5.13.1 Introduction
167(1)
5.13.2 Weathering classification
167(3)
5.13.2.1 Material-weathering classifications
168(1)
5.13.2.2 Mass weathering classifications
168(2)
5.13.3 Other rock mass classifications
170(5)
5.13.3.1 Introduction
170(1)
5.13.3.2 Rock mass rating
171(2)
5.13.3.3 Q System
173(1)
5.13.3.4 RMi
173(1)
5.13.3.5 Geological strength index
173(2)
5.13.3.6 Application of GSI
175(1)
5.14 Interpreting ground conditions and reporting
175(4)
5.14.1 Design interpretation of ground conditions
175(2)
5.14.2 Fracture network modelling
177(2)
5.15 Contracts for construction
179(3)
5.15.1 Introduction
179(1)
5.15.2 Unexpected ground conditions
179(1)
5.15.3 Geotechnical baseline reports
180(2)
5.15.3.1 Introduction
180(1)
5.15.3.2 Contents of a baseline report
181(1)
5.15.3.3 Other considerations
181(1)
5.16 Instrumentation and monitoring
182(3)
5.16.1 Water pressure
182(1)
5.16.2 Displacement measurement
183(1)
5.16.3 Load cells
184(1)
6 Properties and parameters for design 185(34)
6.1 Introduction
185(1)
6.2 Sampling
185(1)
6.3 Role of index testing
186(1)
6.4 Basic characterisation
186(3)
6.4.1 Introduction
186(1)
6.4.2 Suitability of aggregates
186(1)
6.4.3 Age determination
187(1)
6.4.4 Abrasivity
188(1)
6.4.5 Durability
188(1)
6.5 Rock strength and its measurement
189(6)
6.5.1 General
189(1)
6.5.2 Tensile strength
189(1)
6.5.3 Compressive strength
190(5)
6.5.3.1 Uniaxial test
190(2)
6.5.3.2 Point load test
192(1)
6.5.3.3 Schmidt hammer
192(3)
6.5.3.4 Shore scleroscope
195(1)
6.5.4 Rock strength at the mass scale
195(1)
6.6 Rock de formability
195(5)
6.6.1 Small scale
195(1)
6.6.2 Mass scale
196(3)
6.6.3 Prediction from GSI
199(1)
6.7 Rock shear strength at mass scale
200(17)
6.7.1 Classes of problem
200(1)
6.7.2 Class 1: Isotropic masses
201(1)
6.7.2.1 Direct shear testing of intact material
201(1)
6.7.2.2 Triaxial testing
202(1)
6.7.3 Class 2: Shear strength of rock discontinuities
202(10)
6.7.3.1 Options for assessing shear strength of rock discontinuities
202(1)
6.7.3.2 The testing and analytical approach
202(1)
6.7.3.3 Basic friction
203(1)
6.7.3.4 Direct shear testing of rock discontinuities
203(9)
6.7.4 Assessing shear strength at the field scale
212(2)
6.7.4.1 Persistence and rock bridges
212(2)
6.7.5 Class 3: Generalised failure surface through fractured rock
214(3)
6.7.5.1 Hoek-Brown criterion
214(3)
6.7.6 Conclusions over applicability of GSI and other classifications
217(1)
6.8 Hydraulic conductivity and related parameters
217(2)
7 Foundations on rock 219(24)
7.1 Introduction
219(1)
7.2 Design of shallow foundations
219(7)
7.2.1 Building regulations/empirical approaches
219(5)
7.2.2 Settlement of surface foundations on rock
224(1)
7.2.3 Rational design
225(1)
7.2.3.1 Calculation of allowable bearing pressure
225(1)
7.3 Difficult sites
226(5)
7.3.1 Foundations on variable and complex rocks
226(1)
7.3.2 Dissolution, piping and underground openings
227(2)
7.3.3 Incorrect ground model
229(1)
7.3.4 Pre-existing geological mechanism
229(2)
7.4 Deep foundations
231(2)
7.4.1 Driven piles to rock
231(1)
7.4.2 Bored piles to rock
231(1)
7.4.2.1 Skin friction
232(1)
7.4.2.2 End bearing
232(1)
7.4.3 Examples
232(1)
7.5 Case example: The Izmit Bay Crossing: Rock engineering for the anchorage of a major suspension bridge
233(8)
7.5.1 Introduction
233(1)
7.5.2 Design concept
234(1)
7.5.3 Seismic issues
235(1)
7.5.4 Rock engineering for the North Anchorage
236(5)
7.5.4.1 Preliminary ground model
237(1)
7.5.4.2 Stage 2 investigations
237(1)
7.5.4.3 Stage 3 investigations
238(3)
7.5.5 Conclusions
241(1)
7.6 Site formation
241(2)
8 Rock slopes 243(42)
8.1 Civil engineering
243(19)
8.1.1 Introduction
243(1)
8.1.2 Analysis of slopes in rock that can be treated as isotropic/homogeneous
244(1)
8.1.3 Analysis of slopes in stronger rock
245(2)
8.1.3.1 Introduction
245(2)
8.1.4 Planar and wedge failure
247(1)
8.1.5 Analysis using stereographic projections
248(3)
8.1.6 Summary regarding stereographic methods
251(1)
8.1.7 Detailed analysis for planar failure
251(6)
8.1.7.1 Introduction
251(1)
8.1.7.2 Geological model
251(1)
8.1.7.3 Design conditions and parameters
252(1)
8.1.7.4 Factor of safety
253(1)
8.1.7.5 Analysis of Block A
254(2)
8.1.7.6 Analysis of Block B
256(1)
8.1.8 Detailed analysis of wedge failure
257(1)
8.1.9 Toppling
257(1)
8.1.10 Rock fall
257(5)
8.1.10.1 Introduction
257(2)
8.1.10.2 Rock fall hazard assessment
259(1)
8.1.10.3 Management of risk
260(1)
8.1.10.4 Hazard rating systems
261(1)
8.2 Design of engineering works
262(12)
8.2.1 Assessing need for preventive engineering measures
262(1)
8.2.2 General considerations
263(1)
8.2.3 Engineering options
264(1)
8.2.4 Surface treatment
265(1)
8.2.5 Mesh drapes
266(1)
8.2.6 Fences, catch-nets and barriers
267(1)
8.2.7 Drainage
268(2)
8.2.7.1 Surface works
268(2)
8.2.7.2 Drainage of sub-surface water
270(1)
8.2.8 Reinforcement
270(3)
8.2.8.1 Passive anchorages
270(2)
8.2.8.2 Active anchorages
272(1)
8.2.9 Buttressing and larger retaining structures
273(1)
8.3 Slope formation
274(8)
8.3.1 Safety and contractual issues
274(3)
8.3.2 Contractual and supervision considerations
277(1)
8.3.3 Methods for breakage and removal of rocks
278(3)
8.3.4 Fly-rock hazards
281(1)
8.4 Quarrying
282(2)
8.4.1 Introduction
282(2)
8.5 Open-pit slopes
284(1)
9 Underground excavations 285(42)
9.1 Introduction
285(1)
9.2 Difference between tunnels and caverns
285(1)
9.3 Stability categories for underground excavations
286(2)
9.3.1 Category A: Stable
286(1)
9.3.2 Category B: Deforming
286(1)
9.3.3 Category C: Severe instability
286(1)
9.3.4 Other issues
287(1)
9.3.5 Overstressing
287(1)
9.4 Investigation
288(9)
9.4.1 Cost of investigation
288(1)
9.4.2 Investigation for tunnels: General
289(1)
9.4.3 Example of geological predictions for a long tunnel
289(3)
9.4.4 Directional drilling
292(1)
9.4.5 Pilot tunnels
292(1)
9.4.6 Geophysics
292(1)
9.4.7 Investigations for sub-sea tunnels
293(1)
9.4.7.1 Channel tunnel
293(1)
9.4.7.2 The SSDS tunnels in Hong Kong (later renamed HATS stage 1)
294(1)
9.4.8 Geotechnical baselines and risk registers
294(3)
9.4.8.1 Geotechnical baselines for tunnels
294(2)
9.4.8.2 Risk registers
296(1)
9.4.9 Investigation for caverns
297(1)
9.5 Design
297(19)
9.5.1 Introduction
297(1)
9.5.2 Design of tunnels
297(12)
9.5.2.1 Options for tunnelling
297(3)
9.5.2.2 Importance of portals
300(1)
9.5.2.3 Water inflows
301(1)
9.5.2.4 Support based on RMCs
301(2)
9.5.2.5 Use of classification systems for 'precedent design'
303(1)
9.5.2.6 Support in squeezing ground
303(1)
9.5.2.7 Support measures and internal liners including pressure tunnels
304(2)
9.5.2.8 Tunnels designed for TBM excavation
306(3)
9.5.2.9 Tunnelling in weathered rock
309(1)
9.5.3 Design of caverns
309(6)
9.5.3.1 Cavern shape
310(1)
9.5.3.2 Case example: Preliminary design for large-span underground station
310(1)
9.5.3.3 Rock load
311(3)
9.5.3.4 Conclusions regarding Taegu calculation of rock load
314(1)
9.5.4 Numerical modelling
315(1)
9.6 Construction
316(7)
9.6.1 Construction of tunnels by drill and blast or roadheader
316(1)
9.6.2 The observational method
316(1)
9.6.3 Mapping
317(1)
9.6.4 Monitoring
318(1)
9.6.5 Investigating in front of the tunnel during construction
319(1)
9.6.6 Installation of support
319(1)
9.6.7 Support in advance of the tunnel
320(1)
9.6.7.1 Reinforcing spiles
320(1)
9.6.7.2 Other methods
321(1)
9.6.8 TBM excavation
321(2)
9.7 Cavern construction
323(4)
Appendix: Conversion factors (to two decimal places) 327(2)
References 329(18)
Index 347
Steve Hencher is research professor in engineering geology at the University of Leeds, UK, and an honorary professor in the Department of Earth Sciences at the University of Hong Kong. Up until recently, he was a director of Halcrow (China) and head of Geotechnics in the Hong Kong Office for approximately ten years. Previously, he worked with Bechtel on the design of the high-speed railway in South Korea and for the Geotechnical Control Office of the Hong Kong Government. He also spent 12 intervening years teaching an MSc course in engineering geology and conducting research at the University of Leeds.